Define the term iodine number and calculate the number of C=C double bonds in an unsaturated fat/oil using

addition reactions
Iodine Number- mass of I2 needed to satisfy a particular reaction. Used to identify the number of C=C in a
particular unsaturated fat.
Using an Iodine Number
Example: Linoleic acid has the formula C18H22O2. What is the iodine number of this acid
Steps
1. Convert so that it is in the molecular formula
C17H31COOH C18H32O2
2. Determine the number of double bonds
A saturated fat with 18 carbons should have 36 hydrogens. This compound has 32. Therefore, the 4 missing
hydrogens suggests 2 double bond
3. Set up a molar ratio
For every 1 mole of C17H31COOH, youll need 4 moles of iodine. However, since iodine only comes in the
I2 form
The ratio of C17H31COOH to I2 will be 1:2
4. Set up a mass ratio
Molar mass C17H31COOH = 280 g mol-1
Molar mass I2 = 254 g mol-1 x 2 mol
Ratio will be 280 g to 508 g
5. Find the amount of Iodine needed to react with 100g of the fatty acid
280 g
=
X
.
-1
254 g mol
508 g mol-1
0.393700mol =

X
.
508 g mol-1

ANSWER: 181 grams. The iodine number is 181

Explain the higher energy level of fats as compared to carbohydrates
Fat metabolism occurs more slowly because a greater degree of oxidation is required to convert them into
CO2 and H2O (carbohydrates already have one oxygen atom per carbon atom)
The lack of C-O bonds means that more energy will be released per molecule
Explain the important roles of lipids in the body and the negative effects they can have on health

Benefits: HIS STOP

Hormones
Insulation
Store energy
STructural component of membranes
Omega-3 fats reduce the risk of heart disease
Poly-unsaturated fats may lower level of LDL cholesterol
Problems: HO
Higher risk of heard disease from LDL cholesterol and trnas fats
Obesity
V. Nutrients
Outline the difference between macro- and micro-nutrients
Micronutrients- Substances required in very small quantities. Make up <0.005% body weight. Include vitamins
and trace minerals
Macronutrients- Substances required in much larger quantities. Make up >0.005% body weight. Include
proteins, fats, carbs, and minerals
Compare the structures of retinal (Vitamin A), calciferol (Vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
Retinol (Vit A)- Relitively heavy oil that is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in glycerol due to its 1 hydroxyl
group and non-polar alkene/methyl groups
Calciferol (Vit D)- Heavy powder that is insoluble in water and highly soluble in glycerol (due to its 1 hydroxy
group and alkane/alkene/methyl groups
Ascorbic Acid (Vit C)- Relatively light solid that is soluble in water (due to its 4 hydroxyl groups) and insoluble in
glycerol
Deduce whether a vitamin is water- or fat-soluble from its structure
Water soluble vitamins- are defined by a high proportion of polar molecules such as OH and N (Examples:
Vitamins B1 and C)
Fat soluble vitamins- are defined by a lack of polar molecules and an abundance of long hydrocarbon chains
(Examples: Vitamins D and K)