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Transportation
is
everything
involved in moving either the person
or goods from the origin to the
destination.
Transportation Engineering is the
application
of
principles
of
engineering, planning, analysis and
design to the disciplines comprising
transportation:
its
vehicles,
its
physical infrastructure, safety in
travel, environmental impacts and
energy usage.
Transportation Goals:
Cost Utility
n
t
t= hi
i=1
q=
n
n
hi
i=1
q=
1
h
Where:
h=average
headway
hi
h=
n
1
u t = ui
n i=1
b. Space-Mean Speed
1
n
l
(
)
u=
i =1
t = 1 [ t 1 ( l 1) + t 2 ( l 2 ) +...+ t n ( l n ) ]
n
u=
L
1
n
( ) t
i =1
n
l
1. Speed-Density Model
( kk )
u=u f 1
2. Flow-Density Model
2
( )
k
q=uf k
kf
q m=
uf k j
4
3. Speed-Flow Model
( uu )
k =k j 1
( )
q=k j u
u
uf
Example Problem 1:
A section of highway is known to have
a free-flow speed of 90 km/h. In a
given hour, 2100 vehicles were
counted at a specified point along this
highway section. If the linear speeddensity relationship applies, what
would you estimate the space-mean
speed of these 2100 vehicles to be?
Example Problem 2:
On a specific westbound section of
highway, studies show that the speeddensity relationship is
[ ( )]
u=u f 1
k
kj
3.5
Example Problem 1:
Pattern
D
or
Departure Characteristics
(deterministic
=
D
or
exponential = M)
Queue Disciplines (FIEO
first in-first-out or LIFO =
last-in-first-out)
Queuing Models
1.
First Value =
assumption (D or M)
arrival
rate
D/D/1 Queuing
Example Problem 1:
Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a
recreational park. There is a single
gate (at which all vehicles must stop),
where a park attendant distributes
free brochure. The park opens at 8:00
A.M., at which time vehicles begin to
arrive at a rate of 480 veh.hr. After 20
minutes, the arrival flow rate declines
to 120 veh/hr and continues at that
M/D/1 Queuing
Traffic intensity,
Q=
2(1 )
2 (1)
2
2 (1)
Problem:
Consider
the
entrance
to
the
recreational park described in the
previous problem. However, let the
average arrival rate be 180 veh/h and
Poisson distributed (exponential times
between arrivals) over the entire
period from park opening time (8:00
A.M.) until closing at dusk. Compute
the average length of queue (in
vehicles), average waiting time in
queue and average time spent in the
system assuming M/D/1 queuing.
M/M/1
Queuing
Traffic intensity,
Q=
2
(1)
( )
Problem:
Consider again the entrance to the
recreational park described in the
previous problem. Assume that the
<1
N
1
nc
n ! +
nc =0
N ! 1
Where:
number
nc
n P 0
for n N
n!
n
P n=
P0
N
nN
N!
for n N
P0
Q=
N!N
[( ) ]
1
t = + Q
The average
queue,
waiting
time
in
the
w=
1
p+ Q
Pn> N =
P0 N +1
N ! N 1
Problem:
At an entrance to a toll bridge, four
toll booths are open. Vehicles arrive at
the bridge at an average rate of 1200
veh/h and at the booths, drivers take
an average of 10 seconds to pay their
tolls. Both the arrival and departure
rate
can
be
assumed
to
be
Additional Problems
Problem #1: At a parking lot,
vehicles arrive according to a Poisson
process and are processed (parking
fee collected) at an exponentially
distributed rate at a single station.
The mean arrival rate is 4 veh.min and
the processing rate is 5 veh/min.
Determine the average length of
queue (in vehicles), time spent in the
system and waiting time spent in the
queue.
Traffic Analysis at
Signalized Intersections
Definitions:
Approach A lane or group of lanes
through which traffic enters an
intersection.
Cycle one complete sequence (for
all approaches) of signal indications
(greens, yellows, reds).
Cycle length The total time for
the signal to complete one cycle
(identified by the symbol c and
usually expressed in seconds).
Traffic Signal Phase The part of
the cycle length allocated to a
traffic movement that has the right
of way, or any combination of
traffic movements that receive the
right of way simultaneously. The
intersection
under
prevailing
highway and traffic conditions,
given the effective green time
allocated to the approach. It is
equal to the saturation flow
multiplied by the ratio of effective
green to cycle length (C=sg/c)
Major Street The street at an
intersection that has the higher
traffic-volume approaches.
Minor Street The street at an
intersection that has the lower
traffic-volume approaches.
Protected
Turn
A
turning
movement made without the
conflict of opposing traffic or
pedestrians. This turn is made
during an exclusive turning phase
(e.g., left-turn arrow).
Permitted
Turn
A
turning
movement that is made through
opposing traffic flow or through
conflicting pedestrian movement.
This turn is made during gaps (time
headways) in opposing traffic and
conflicting pedestrian movements.
Signal Timing The operating
characteristics of the signal with
the parameters being the signal
cycle length, green time, red time,
yellow time and all-red time (the
settings
produce,
for
all
approaches, effective green and
red times).
Pretimed Signal A signal whose
timing (i.e., cycle length, green
time, etc.) is affected when
vehicles are detected (e.g., by
magnetic-loop detectors in the
Analysis of Signalized
Intersections with D/D/1
Queuing
Where: = arrival rate (typically
in vehicles per second)
t0
r
(1)
P q=
r +t 0
c
3. The proportion
stopped, P , is
of
vehicles
P s=
( r + t0 )
(r + g )
r +t 0
=Pq
c
t0 t 0
=
c c
Also,
Ps=
( r +t 0 )
( r +g )
of
Qm= r
Dt =
r
(
2 1 )
r2
1
r2
x =
2 (1 ) c 2c ( 1 )
d m=r
Example Problem:
An approach at a pretimed
signalized
intersection
has
a
saturation flow of 2400 veh/h and
is located 24 seconds of effective
green in an 80-second signal cycle.
If the flow at the approach is 500
veh/h, provide an analysis of the
intersection
assuming
D/D/1
queuing.
Analysis of Signalized
Intersections
with
Probabilistic Arrivals
Webster formula for approach
delay at a pretimed signalized
intersection is:
2
x
c
d =d +
0.65 2
2 (1x )
'
1
3
( )x
2 +5
( gc )
to
c
g
).
c=
cycle length
g = effective green
9
x2
d+
10
2 ( 1x )
Example Problem:
An approach at a pretimed signalized
intersection has a saturation flow of
2400 veh/h and is located 24 seconds
of effective green in an 80-seconds
signal cycle. If the flow at the
approach is 500 veh/h, compute the
average approach per cycle using
Websters and Allsops formulas.
Eight
Steps
in
the
Development of a Traffic
Signal Timing Plan
1. Select Signal Phasing
Type
and
Movement
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
Example Problem:
Calculate the equivalent straightthrough passenger cars for the
northbound,
southbound,
eastbound and westbound traffic
streams shown.
3. Select Critical Lane Volumes
Example Problem:
A traffic survey shows that the
through volumes of all approaches
are distributed equally among the
through lanes. Using the equivalent
straight-through passenger cars
calculated
from
the
previous
problem, determine the criticallane volumes for the east-west and
AR=
V
2 a+2 g r G
w+l
V
all-red time
w=
width of cross-street in meters
l=
length of the vehicle (taken as
a conservative 6m)
AR =
Example Problem:
Determine the yellow and all-red
times for vehicles travelling on Vine
and Maple Streets.
5. Calculate Minimum Cycle Length
Websters optimum cycle-length
formula:
e=
1.5<+5
n
1.0 y i
i=1
Example Problem:
Using Websters delay formula,
calculate the optimum cycle length
using the information provided in
the preceding examples for the
Maple
Street-Vine
Street
intersection.
6. Allocate Green Time
Example Problem:
Determine
the
green
time
allocations for the 70-second cycle
length found
problem.
in
the
previous
pedestrian
green
w
YT AR
PWS
pedestrian-walking
PWS=
speed
m/s
YT =
AR =
Example Problem:
in
in
Signal
Indication
Level of Service is a
qualitative measure describing
traffic operational conditions
and their perception by drivers.
Level of Service A
LOS A represents free-flow conditions
(i.e., traffic operates at free-flow
Level of Service C
LOS C has speeds at or near free-flow
speeds, but the freedom to maneuver
is noticeably restricted (e.g., lane
changes require careful attention on
the part of drivers). The general level
of comfort and convenience declines
significantly at his level. Disruptions in
the traffic stream such as an incident
(e.g.,
vehicular
accident
or
disablement), can result in significant
queue formation and vehicular delay.
In contrast, the effects of incidents at
LOS A or LOS B are minimal and cause
only minor delay in the immediate
vicinity of the event.
Level of Service D
PHF=
and is
hourly
15-min
to an
V
4 V 15
V
=4 V 15
PHF
MSF i=c j
( vc )
v
=
ci
Service
Service
Flow
Rates
and
Level
of
Where:
LW
LC
TLC=LC R + LC L
Where:
TLC=
is the total lateral clearance in
feet
LC =
is the lateral clearance on the
right side of the travelled lanes to
R
40
F A =0.25 NAPM
If NAPM
40
F A =10
Example Problem:
A four-lane undivided highway has 11ft (3.4-m) lanes, with 4-ft (1.2-m)
shoulders on the right side. There are
seven access points per mile (four
access points per kilometre) and the
85th percentile is 51mph (82 km/h).
What is the estimated free-flow
speed?
Service
Flow
Determinations:
v p=
Rate
V
( N ) ( PHF ) (f HV )
Where:
is the service flow rate in
passenger cars per hour per lane
(pcphpl).
v p =
Example Problem:
( vc ) (f ) (f
i
) (f HV )
Where:
All terms are as defined for freeways
with the exception of,
f HV =
1
1+ PT ( E T 1 ) + P B ( EB 1 ) + P R ( ER 1 )
Where:
PT , PB , PR
Example Problem:
Consider the conditions described in
the previous problem. If the peak-hour
vehicle count is 522 with a peak-hour
factor of 0.90, determine the level of
service.
Example Problem:
Three routes connect an origin and a
destination with performance
functions t =8+0.5 x , t =1+ 2 x and t =3+0.75 x ,
with xs expressed in thousand of
vehicles per hour and ts expressed in
minutes. If the peak-hour traffic
demand is 3000 vehicles, determine
user equilibrium traffic flows.
1
DHV
AADT
directional
design
hour
Example Problem:
A bus company is making costly
efforts in an attempt to increase worktrip bus usage ofr the travel conditions
described in the previous problem. An
exclusive bus lane is constructed that
reduces bus travel time to 10 min.
(a) Determine the modal distribution
of trips after the lane is constructed.
(b) If shared-ride vehicles are also
permitted to use the facility and travel
time for bus and shared-ride modes is
10
min,
determine
the
modal
distribution.
(c) Given the conditions described in
part (b), determine the modal