1.

What is channelization code for?

Transmissions from a single source are separated by channelization codes, i.e. downlink
connections within once sector and the dedicated physical channel in the uplink from one
terminal. Channelization codes of UTRA are based on the Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
OVSF technique.

ANSW : Synchronisation Codes

Channelisation Codes OVSF

To spread and channelise within a cell or UE.

Scrambling Codes Gold Code

2.

To enable an unsynchronised UE to synchronise and determine the

scrambling code of the cell

To separate the UEs and cells

What is scrambling code?

a. Scrambling Codes Gold Code
To separate the UEs and cells (0-511) used in network SC Planning Code

3.

What is processing gain?

Gain due to spreading the data into wide bandwidth, depend on the RAB used
Processing Gain for RAB Data 64 K = 10 * log (3840000/64000)=17.78
4.

Can you give some example values of processing gain?

Gain =: 10 log(3840000/384000) = 10
5.

What is Eb/No? What is Eb/No target in your design?

Is the energy bit per noise usually use 5 to 7 depend on traffic type or on diversity stage
6.

What is Ec/Io? What is typical Ec/Io value in your design?

Is energy chip / Interference usually higher than -10 considered good , minimum -14 or -15
7.

What is noise rise? What does a higher or lower noise rise mean?

Answ ; NR =10 log (N intra + N inter + N thermal ) /N thermal

Fractional Cell Load = 1- 1/10^(NR/10)
8.

What is the relationship between noise rise and network loading?

When Network load is increased it will increase the Noise rise

9.

What is pole capacity? For AMR 12.2kbps voice what is the theoretical pole capacity?
In your experience with vendor what is their proposed pole capacity?
Uplink Mpole
The Uplink pole capacity Mpole, is the theoretical limit for the number of
simultaneous users that the radio interface can support for a single cell.

At this limit the interference level in the system is infinite and thus the
coverage reduced to zero.
Mpole depends on the channel model and the RAB utilized by the service,
and is calculated according to the following equation:
1

1 F

M pole

1
(1 GDTX )

N0

W
Eb
Where:

Pole Capacity
F
is the ratio between the interference from other cells and the(1 i )

interference generated in the own cell in the uplink / downlink

GDTX
is the DTX gain
is the C/I target of the RAB expressed as a linear ratio, and is calculated
as:

R Info
Rchip

10 ( Eb /N 0 ) / 10 10

( Eb / N 0 ) G P
10

GP
is the processing gain, i.e. the logarithmic ratio between the
system chip rate and the information bit rate [dB].
Downlink Mpole
The downlink pole capacity Mpole is the theoretical limit for the number of
simultaneous users per cell. This limit is obtained when the total output
power is infinite and no common channels are assumed to be present.
Mpole can be expressed by:

M pole

(1 G DTX )

n AS

( ) F 1
b 2

(b) b 1 G SHO (b)

1 G SHO (b)

Where

is the downlink C/I target (linear scale) for the RAB,

C/I compensation term for fast fading,

is the non-orthogonality factor

F
is the system average downlink F
nAS
is the typical size of the active set
b
is the number of active links for the connection (b 2 implies soft
or softer handover),

is the fraction of users that are in soft/softer handover, and is a

function of the number of active links b,
GSHO is the system average of the soft handover gain. GSHO is also a
function of the number of active links b
GDTX is the DTX gain
Number of simultaneous users (Mpole)

Loading Factor

Actual Throughput
Pole Capacity

For M identical users with data rate R :

Loading Factor

MR
W

Eb 1 i
N
0

Eb M 1 i
N
0

W
R
10.

What is pilot pollution?

ANSW: When too many signals from many sites where the difference among the signals are
similar
11.

What is the handover window size? Do you use absolute threshold or relative threshold?

ANSW: The windows for UE event triggered Reporting range (Relative) , Time to triggered are
in absolute
12.

What are soft handover and softer handover?

ANSW: Soft When UE do intra frequency HO to different site , Softer to the same site
13.

Why is there handover gain for CDMA? Describe the differences between
uplink/downlink and between soft/softer handover.

ANSW: Because of diversity with rake receiver

In softer the rake will be in site (maximal combiner ) using 1 CE for voice but in soft the rake
will be in RNC with more than one CE
On uplink will reduce the UE tx power hence the noise rise reduced
For Downlink using Rake receiver especially with softer will give maximal combiner
14.

What is compressed mode?

ANSW: When UE Start to measure other frequency (inter frequency HO or IRAT)

15.

What are the events 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a?

ANSW 1a is to add to active site, 1b to remove from active , 1c to change the weakest active , 1d
to change the primary , 2a to start compressed mode . 3a for IRAT
16.

How fast is the power control?

ANSW : 1500 per second

17.

What is the purpose of open loop control?

ANSW: When UE initially set the power to access the network

18.

What is the purpose of outer loop power control?

ANSW: To maintain to any particular FER / BLER , when the BLER is higher than the threshold
the system will ask to set a net SIR Target
19.

What is the purpose of inner loop power control?

ANSW: To Maintain the SIR for all users accessing the cell
20.

Briefly describe cell search process. What are P-SCH and S-SCH for during cell search?

ANSW

Synchronisation codes are a limited form of Gold Codes which are a special subset of
pseudo random sequences that have low cross-correlation.

Synchronisation codes have length 256 chips and duration 66.67ms.

The primary synchronisation channel code is the same throughout the network.

The secondary synchronisation codes identify 1 group from 64 groups of 8 primary

codes, each primary code having 15 secondary codes.

A total of 8192 codes, 512 primary codes & 7680 secondary codes.
Cell Search the strongest synch channel with primary channel while they are the same in the
whole network. Hence mobile can synch to secondary channel based on timing of primary
sch
From secondary SCH mobile can have the info of scrambling code and frame synch

21.

In scrambling code planning, how do you group the codes (how many groups and how
many codes in each group)? Do you assign sister cells (cells on same site) with codes
from the same code group or from different code group? Why?

ANSW : 8 colour Codes with 64 group

Different code, same colour code (multiple by 8) also related with the synchronization
process

22.

Briefly describe admission control.

ANSW :
Max. uplink noise rise 3
Admission power factor 0.8
Capacity limit (ASE) DL 240
Capacity limit (ASE) DL 160
When the noise rise reach maximum no new call will be accepted
23.

Briefly describe load control.

This based on the load of congestion in the sytem , when is congest it will ask UE to HO to GSM
or other frequency , reduce throughput , or drop the low priority call
24.
ANSW

In your design process, what kinds of plots do you usually use to determine if you have
met design targets?
-

RSCP Plots

EcNo Plots based on Monte Carlo Model

BLER

Type of Failure

25.

Briefly describe Monte Carlo simulation. What is the difference between static analysis
and Monte Carlo simulation?
ANSW: statistical analysis is calculating the margins for a tuned propagation model to allow for
interference (No Laoding)
Monte Carlo simulation , using snapshop of user while their location are vary with randomize
distribution
26.

How many iteration and snap shots do you usually run for Monte Carlo simulation?

ANSW : Usually with 50 iteration and 100 snapshot

27.

Could you name a few reasons for failure in Monte Carlo simulation?

ANSW:
i. Low Pilot EcIo
ii. max Numbr of Channel
iii. Insufficient TxPower (Mobile Uplink Eb/No , BTS Downlink Eb/No)
iv. Noise Rise
28.

What do you do when Monte Carlo has noise rise failure.

ANSW:
tilting antenna
Reduce Pilot Power
Lower Antenna

29.

How do you spread traffic in your design? Do you use live traffic or assume same load
every

where?
ANSW : Initially using same load traffic distribution unless we have accurate data from live
traffic
30.

Is there a parameter to adjust handover margin on a per-adjacency base?

ANSW: no but for cell selection and reselection use QOFFSETN

31.

How much power is assigned to control channels (including CPCH) and traffic channels?

ANSW:Noise Rise 3.9

Standard Deviation 7
Eb No 7 db
Pilot 33
Common Chnnel 33
Synch 33
Max tx power 43
Channel
PCPICH
PCH
SCH1
SCH2
FACH1
FACH2
BCH
AICH
PICH

Power (dBm)
31
1.22
0.22
2.12
3.42
3.12
1.52
52
102

Activity Factor
1.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.9
0.1
1.0

Spreading Factor
2561
128

128
128
2561
2561
2561