EXPERIMENT NO- 1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL BAR

Objective:
To determine the thermal conductivity of a good conductor material, say Brass.

Apparatus required:

Main experimental set-up

Measuring jar
Stopwatch

Specifications:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Length of the metal bar

460mm
Diameter of the metal bar
20mm
Number of thermocouples mounted of the bar
5
Number of thermocouples mounted in the insulating shell
4
Cooling water jacket diameter
100mm
Temperature indicator (Digital type)
0-200 EGC
Capacity of heater coil
1.0kW

Description of apparatus

The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an

electric heating coil while the other end projects inside the cooling water
jacket. The middle portion of the rod is surrounded by an insulating material
like asbestos to minimize lateral heat transfer from the rod and thus ensure a
more nearly constant temperature gradient throughout the length of the rod.
The temperature of the bat is measured at five different locations while the
radial temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouple at two
different sections in the insulating shell. The heater is provided with a dimmer
stat for controlling the heat input. Water can be circulated through the jacket
and its flow rate and temperature rise can be noted down.
Heat conduction in a Rod: -

Procedure:
1. Connect the equipment to the power supply
2. Five heat input to the heater by slowly rotation the dimmer stat knob and
adjust the voltage to say 50V.
3. Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust it to some
value.
4. Allow sufficient time to reach steady stead state condition, say 20-30min.
5. Note down the temperature from T1 to T 9 by using temperature selector
switch .
6. Note down the time taken to collect known quantity of water to measure
mass flow tate
7. Repeat the experiment for other heat inputs and note down the readings.

Observation Table:-

Heat
Input
V

Metal bat Thermocouple

Reading in oC
T1

T2

T3

T4

Insulating Shell
Temperature in oC

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

Cooline
water
Temp. in
o
C
T10
T11

Mass
Flow
rate
Cc/mi
n

Specimen calculations (For S I. NO)

Draw a graph of the variation of temperature along the length of the bar From t
graph:
dT /dX =
Heat flowing out of the bar = heat carried away by the cooling water
KA (dT /dX) = (mw C pw ) (T11 T10)..(2)
A = area of the metal rod = d2/4
Where d is the diameter of the metal rod in mm
Mass flow rate of cooling water mw in kg/sec
Cpw = Specific heat of water at constant pressure = 4.2kj/kg k

Result:
Thermal conductivity of metal bar; K =100 W /m K
S.No
.

Heat input

Thermal Conductivity in

01
02
03

W/m K

EXPERIMENT NO- 2 TEST ON HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH

COMPOSITE WALL
Objective:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for the composite wall and
to compare the same
with that calculated theoretically

Apparatus require:

Man experimental setup

Measuring jar
Stopwatch

Specifications:
Diameter of the composite wall
Thickness of each slab
Thermal conductivity of the MS slab
Thermal conductivity of the Asbestos slab
Thermal conductivity of the Brass slab

= 150mm
= 6mm
= 45 W/m K
= 0.1662 W/m K
= 100 W/m K

Description of apparatus
Apparatus consists of a composite wall of the three slab mild steel, asbestos and
brass, which are bolted together. Bottom most is mild steel (M.S.) plate and on
top of the composite wall assembly water cooling jackets are provided to
facilitate directional extraction of heat. Whole assembly is placed in a cylindrical
metal shell. Caps are filled with fiber glass so to avoid any lateral heat flow from
the composite wall.
Temperature is being measured at the three junctions both on the hot ad cold
side by the help of thermocouples. Along with it water temperature is also being
measured through proper thermocouples placed at inlet and outlet so to keep a
note on temperature rise of the water.

Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the equipment with power supply.

Adjust the power input to the required level.
Allow sufficient time to attain steady state.
Note down all the temperatures by operating the knob.
Measure water flow rate and its rate in temperature
Repeat the experiment for different power input.
3

Observation Table:
Temp. of hot end
o
C

Heat Input
S.
No.

V
Volts

A
Amp
.

T1

T2

Temp. of Cold end

o
C

T3

T4

T5

T6

1
2
3

Calculations:
Let;
Qw = Heat taken by water
m = water flow rate in kg/s
Cpw = Specific heat of water (4.2 kJ/kg. K )
Th and Te = Temperature of the water at hot and cold end ( oC)
d and A are the diameter and surface area of the plate.
Qw = m Cpw (T8 T7)
T1 + T2 + T3
Th =

T 4 + T5 + T6

--------------------

And

Tc =

-------------------3

A = IId2 / 4
1

Qw

Utheo = ------------------------------- And

l1

l2

Uexp = ----------------l3

A( Th - Tc )

---------- + ------- + -------k1

k2

k3

Results and discussions

Temp. of
water (oC)
T7

T8

Water
flow
Rate
W
(m1/mi
n)

EXPERIMENT NO-03 GUARDED HOT PLATE

S.No
.

Heat input (V A)

Uexp

Utheo

Objective:
To Calculate the thermal conductivity (K) of test specimen by using two slab guarded hot plate method.

Apparatus:
The heater plate is surrounded by heating rod for stabilizing the temperature. The primary heater prevents
heat loss radially around the edges .The primary and guarded heater are made of mica sheets in which is
bound closely spaced packed with upper and lower mica sheet. These heaters together form a flat heat
which together with upper and lower copper plates and rings end from copper plate assembly .Two
thermocouples are used to measure the face temperature at the upper and lower center plate assembly
copper plate. Two more thermocouples are used to check balance in both the heater inputs. Specimen are
held between the heater and cooling unit on each side at apparatus thermocouple number 5 & 6 .Measure
the temperatre at upper and lower side at apparatus.The heater plate assembly together with cooling plate
and specimen and in horizontal position by using steel and nuts on the base plate. The cooling chamber is
composite assembly at a spiral grooved aluminum plate cover with entry and exit for water inlet and
outlet.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Thermocouple

6 nos

Insulation Box

-375 x 375 x 375 mm3

Temperature indicator 0 to 3000C

CALCULATION :The thermal conductivity K of circular plate is

K=.Q. x . L .
5

ZA
Where Q/Z

(tn -tc)

Heat flow through each specimen

Area at plate.

Thickness of specimen

tn

Temperature of hot plate

tn

Temperature of cold plate

If the specimen thickness are different and then the thermal conductivity is given by

K=.Q. x . L .
2A

(th tc1)

PROCEDURE:The specimen are placed on either side of heating plate assembly uniformly touching all cooling plates.
Then the outer container is fluid with insulation such as glass wool supplied in as small packets.
1. Cooling circuit is started.
2. The calculated heat input is given to central or guard heater through separate single phase
power supply with a dimmer state in each time and it is adjusted to maintain desired
temperature.
3. The guard water input is adjusted in such away that there is no radial heat flow which is
checked from thermocouple reading.
4. The input to central heater (in watt) and the thermocouple readings are recorded every 10
min till steady state condition is reached.
5. The readings are recorded in a table, the steady state values are taken for final
calculation.
OBSERVATION TABLE:Central Heater

Guard Heater

Cooling Water

S.No.

T10C

T20C

T30C

T40C

T50C

T60C

123.5

125.5

112

124

348

38

125.5

127

113

125

53

38

126.5

128.0

115

126

58

38

125.17

127

113.8

125

53

38

80VOLT

1amp

64watt

.19 M

.16 M

.02 M

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:

=3.753 W/M 0C

1. Thermal Conductivity of list specimen

2. Temperature of specimen uniformity

UC(5)

UI(1)

DI (2)

UO(3)

(4)DO

DC(6)

A
7

A-Central Heater , B-Central Guard Plate , C-Guard Heater ,

D- Guard Surface Plate, E-Cooling Plates , F-Test Specimen , I-Insulation

TWO SLAB GUARDED HOT PLATE APPARATUS

Where
A= central heater core
B=Central Structure plate
C=Guard water
D=Guard surface plate
E=Cooling unit with surface plate
F=Test Specimen
I=Insulation sheet
Calculation :Power supplied P=V I cos
P=80 x 1x 0.8
P=64 watt

Thermal Conductivity of test specimen

K=.Q. x . L .
2A

(th tc)

Where A= d2 = (0.16)2 =0.0201m2

L = 0.19 m
th = th1 + tn2 = 125.17 + 127
2
tn = 126.0580C

tc = t5 + t6

53 + 38

2
tc = 45.50C

Q=P = 64 watt
K= 64

2 x .0201

19

(126.085-45.5)

K=3.753 W/M0C

EXPERIMENT NO -4 Thermal conductivity of liquid

Objective:

To find the thermal conductivity of liquid

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Keep the unit near a 230 V 5 Amps power source.

2. Fill water in provided plastic bucket and keep the bucket above the table
panel .connect the rubber tube to inlet and outlet to the respective control
valves provided on the table . immerse the inlet tube into the bucket and
outlet to drain . open both the control values and start the flow by siphoning
method . by keeping inlet valve fully open control the outlet valve to have a
flow rate about 5 to 10 cc/min with the help of the measuring jar provided
along with the equipment
3. Plug in the main power socket to the power source. The digital instrument
indicate zero on voltmeter and the room temperature on the temperature
indicator
4. Fill the liquid into the test section with the help of cyrenge through the inlet
capillary tube provide on unit . keep filling the liquid until it comes out of
the outlet capillary
5. Gibe a suitable power to the heater (about 20-50 volts) by rotating the
dimmer knob in clockwise direction
9

6. Allow the unit to stabilize for about 30 to 45 mins

7. Note down the following reading
a) Volts
b) Amps
c) Temperature from T1-T4
d) Water flow rate
8 calculate the thermal conductivity of liquids by the given formula
K=QT/X
Where h= heat input = vx1x
X= thickness the liquid film = 3 mm
A= area of the test section = d2/4
Where d= 75 mm
T= temperature difference between = t2,t1

Calculations
Liquid layer diameter =d=75 mm
Liquid layer thickness =x=3.0 mm
Area of liquid normal to direction of heat flow as = 2
= d2/4mt

Heat input =Q=v*I

T=(t top t bottom ) =oc
K= Q*X/t*As=

As indicating face side area of liquid

10

EXPERIMENT NO- 5 HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL

CONVECTION
Objective:
1. To determine the convective heat transfer co-efficient for a vertical cylinder losing heat to the
ambient by free or natural convection.
2. To find the theoretical convective heat transfer co-efficient & to compare with the Experimental
value.

Specifications:
1. Diameter of the tube;
2. Length of the tube:

45mm
450mm

Description of apparatus
The apparatus consists of a vertical stainless steel tube enclosed in a regular
rectangular duct; front side of the duct is made of transparent section to facilitate
visual observation. An electrical heating element embedded in a copper tube act as
the heat source. The surface temperature is measured at different heights using
thermocouples. The surface of the tube is polished to
minimize radiation losses.
A voltmeter and an ammeter enable the determination of wattage
dissipated
by the heater. The chamber temperature can also be measured.
PROCEDURE;
1. Connect the equipment to the electric power supply set the voltmeter to
some value say 50V Using the dimmer stat ad maintain it constant
2. Allow sufficient time for obtained steady state conditions(say 30 minutes)
11

3. After steady/state is reached , note down the temperature T1 to T2 from

the indicator by operating the temperature selector switch/
4. Note down the ambient temperature T
5. Note down the distance of the thermocouple from the starting end (given
in the enclosed diagram)
6. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs
Observation table
s.n Heat
o
input

Suface temperature

Ambient
temperatu
re T

1
2
3
4

CALCULATION
Heat input q =..w
Average surface temperature T avg = Ts =deg c
Ambient temperature T=
Surface area of pipe A = *d*l
Q=ha(Ts-T)
H experimental =q/A(Ts-T) w/m2 k
THEORETICAL VALUES OF H
Film temp
Tf=(T+Ts)/2

,,= 1/Tf

,t = (Ts-T)

NOTE THE FOLOWING PROPERTIES OF AIR AT FILM TEMPERATURE

V= m2/sec
K= w/m k
Ra = Gr*Pr
Gr*Pr=L3**gTPr/V2
12

If the values of Re lies between

3 109

10

GrPr
.33
Nu =0.59(

h theoretical= (Nu*K)/L =..W/M2 K

Results:
Theoretical value of h = .W / m2 K
Experimental value of h =.. W / m2 K

Result Table:
S. No

Heat Input

Theoretical value
of h in W / m2 K

Experimental value
of h in W / m2 K

1
2
3
4

EXPERIMENT NO-6 PIN FIN APPARATUS

Objective
1. To draw the variation of temperature along the length of pin under forced
convection
2. To determine the value of heat transfer coefficient under forced and to find
A) Theoretical value of temperature along the length of pin
B) Effectiveness and efficiency of the pin fin for insulated and boundary
condition

Technical specification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Length of fin
Diameter of fin
Thermal conductivity of the fin material (brass)
Diameter of the orifice
Width of the duct
Breadth of the duct
Coefficient of discharge of the orifice
Density of manometric
13.6*1000/kg/m3
13

150mm
12mm
110w/mk
0.02m
0.15m
0.1m
0.61

Procedure
7. Connect the equipment to the electric power supply
8. Keep the thermocouple selector switch to zero position
9. Turn the dimmer stat knob and adjust the power input to the heater to the
desired value
10.Switch on the blower
11.Set the air flow rate to the any desired value by adjusting the difference in
mercury levels in he manometer
12.Allow unit to stabilize and to attain steady state
13.Turn the thermocouple selector switch and note down the temperature t1
to t6
14.Note down the difference in label of the manometer
15.Repeat the experiment for different power input to the heater

Observation Table:

S.l

Heater input
V

Pressure
drop in
cm of
water

Temperature in deg . c
T1

T2

T3

T4

01
02
03
04

Calculations:
Velocity at orifice = vo= cd [2gh(p-pa)/x1/1-B4]
P m = density of manometric fluid = 13.6*1000 kg/m3
P a=density of air = 1.17 kg/m3
B =do /dp
Vo= m/s v
V a = velocity of air in the duct
Velocity at orifice * cross sectional area /cross sectional area of duct

Where d p = diameter of the pipe =38mm

Do =diameter of the orifice =0.02m
W= width of the duct =0.15m
B= breadth of the duct =0.1 m
14

T5

T6

V a= m/s
Average surface temperature of fin is given by
T s =(t1+t2+t3+t4+t5)/5 =

too = ambient temperature =

t m = mean temperature =(Ts +too) /2 =

properties of air Tm
v= m2 / s Pr = k=w/m k
R e =v a d f/v=
Df = diameter of the fin =0.012m
The relationship for nu is

Nu = c Re pr 1/3
For Re= 0.4to4.0

c=0.989

and n=0.33

Re 4.0 to 40.0

c= 0.911

and n=0.385

Re 40 to 4000

c= 0.683

and n= 0.466

Re 4000 to 40000 c=0.27

Re 40000 to 400000

c=0.27

and n=0.681
and n=0.805

H c = nu k/d = w/m*m K

Thermal conductivity of the fin material = 110 w/km k

M= (hp/k A )
Temperature distribution is given by
(T-T oo) /(T-T oo) = cosh m (l-X) / cosh m L
T = Too +(To-Too) ( L-X) / cosh m L
X1 =

T1 =

X2=

T2 =

X3=

T3 =

X4=

T4=

15

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Efficiency of the fin = (Pk /h c A) tan h m L
Efficiency of fin = tan h m L/m L
Result table

Distance X in m

Temperature from
experiment Deg . c

Temperature deg .c from

calculation

0.045
0.075
0.0105
0.135

EXPERIMENT NO- 7 HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED

CONVECTION
Objective:
1. To determine the convective heat transfer coefficient for a horizontal
pipe through which air flows under forced convection.
2. To find the theoretical heat transfer for the above condition and to
compare with the experiment value
3. Draw the graphs between;
i.
Log Nu (Experiment) Vs log Re
ii.
Log Nu (Theoretical) Vs log Re

Apparatus required:
1. Main experimental set-up
2. Measuring jar
3. Stopwatch

Technical Specifications
1. Inside diameter of the tube
16

= 40mm

2. Orifice diameter
3. Cd (coefficient of discharge)
4. L (test section length)

=20mm
=0.62
=300mm

Description of the apparatus

The apparatus consists of a blower to supply air .The from the blower passes
through a flow passage, heater and then to test section. Airflow is measured by an
orifice meter placed near the test section. A band heater placed around the tube
heats the air and is controlled by dimmer stat. temperature of the air at inlet and
outlet are measured using thermocouples embedded in the walls at different
distances from the entrance. Test section is enclosed in a water jacket where the
circulating water removes heat. Water flow rate is determined using a measuring
jar. A bypass on the air system enables tests to be conducted at different Reynolds
number.

Procedure:
1. Start the blower after keeping the valve fully open
2. Put on the heater and adjust the voltage to a particular value and maintain it
as constant.
3. Start the water circulation
4. Allow the system to stabilize and reach a steady state.
5. Note down all the temperatures, water flow rate, and heater wattage input &
orifice pressure drop.
6. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs and flow rates.

Observation Table:

Heater input
S.No
.
V

Air
temperatur
e
Inlet
T1

Outl
et
T7

01
02
03
04
17

Orifice
press
ure in
cm of
h20

Tube surface temperature

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

Calculations: For constant flow rate of Air

Temperature of the surface of the pipe Ts = (T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6)/5
= oC
Temperature of the air T = (T1 + T7)/2 = .oC
Surface area of the pipe A x D x L = .m 2
To find theoretical value of h
Properties of air at mean temperature T = oC
= kg/ m3 , u = -6m2/s
Pr = k = w/ m2 k
Cp = 1.005 Kj/kg k
Manometer reading = cm of water
Head of air in meters of air
Hair = w x hw/ a =

Discharge of air = Q a x cd 2g Hair = ..m2/s

A is the area of the pipe - /4d i 2
Where di is the inside diameter of the pipe
Calculate the Reynoldss number, Re = u d/
Re > 0.023 flow is turbulent, then the following formula is used to calculate
the Nusselt Number, Nu
Nu = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3
h

theoretical

= Nu K/d = w/m2 k

Experimental value of h
Heat lost by the air = heat transferred across test section surface
Heat lost by air q = ma C Pa (T1 + T7)
Ma = mass of air = discharge of air x air
Therefore, q =

= kg/s

Therefore, q = hexp A (T + Ts)

Hence hexp = w/m2 k

Result:
Theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient htheoretical = w/m 2 k
Experimental value of heat transfer coefficient hexp = w/m2 k
18

Result Table
Case1; Constant flow rate [Constant Pressure]
S. No

Heat Input

Theoretical value
of h in W / m2 K

Experimental value
of h in W / m2 K

Theoretical value
of h in W / m2 K

Experimental value
of h in W / m2 K

1
2
3
4
Case2 Constant Heat Input
S. No

Flow rate

1
2
3
4

EXPERIMENT NO- 8 HEAT EXCHANGER

Objective:
To determine the effectiveness & overall heat transfer coefficient for parallel
&counter parallel flow heat exchanger

Apparatus required
19

Main experimental set up

Measuring jar
Stopwatch

Technical Specifications
1. Inner tube material copper:

Inner diameter :
Outer diameter:

9.5mm
12.5mm

2. Outer tube material-G.I

Inner diameter:
Outer diameter:

28.5mm
32.5mm

3. Length of heat exchanger:

1500mm

Description of the apparatus

The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid namely
hot water is obtained from an electric geyser &it flows through the inner tube. The
cold fluid is cold water can be admitted at any one of the ends enabling the heat
exchanger to run as parallel flow or counter flow heat exchanger. This can be done
by operating different valves provided. The temperatures can be measured by using
thermocouples with digital display. Flow rates can be measured stopwatch &
measuring jar. The outer tube is provided with insulation to avoid loss of heat to the
atmosphere.

PROCEDURE
1. Start the flow of hot water side
2. State the flow on cold water through the annulus and run the exchanger as
counter flow unit
3. Put on geyser. A adjust the flow rate on hot water side as 500 ml /mm
4. Keep the flow rate same till the steady state condition are reached
5. Note down the temperature on hot and water side also measuring the flow
rate
6. Repeat the experiment for different flow rate as well as for parallel flow
arrangement

Observation table
Case 1 parallel flow
HOT WATER SIDE

COLD WATER SIDE

20

S.NO

FLOW
RATE
mh(kg/sec
)

Inlet
temp(THi)

Outlet temp
(THo)

Flow rate
(kg/sec)

Inlet temp
(TCi)

Outlet temp
(TCo)

1
2
3
4

CALCULATION
1. Cph=Cpc= 4187 j/kg k
2. Q h = heat transfer from hot fluid
= m h C ph (T h I- T ho)
3. Q c = heat transfer to cold fluid
= m c* 4182 (T c o)
=W
4. Q=(Q h +Q c)/2
=W
5. LMTD =[(Tho Tco )- (Th1 Tci )]/ In [(Tho-Thi )/(Thi - Tci)]
=C
6. Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner pipe
Uo=Q/( Ao * LMTD)
Where ,
Uo is overall heat transfer coefficient
Ao is the output surface area of the inner pipe = Do L
Where
Do is the overall heat transfer coefficient
Ao is the length of the inner pipe
Therefore ,
Uo=W/m*m K

7.Effectiveness()
21

Ch = m h*Cph
Find out the weather Ch is minimum or Cc is minimum
= Q/Q max
= Ch (Thi-Tho) / C min (Thi Tci )

Case 2 counter flow

HOT WATER SIDE
S.NO

FLOW
RATE
mh(kg/sec
)

Inlet
temp(THi)

COLD WATER SIDE

Outlet temp
(THo)

Flow rate
(kg/sec)

Inlet temp
(TCi)

Outlet temp
(TCo)

1
2
3
4

CALCULATION
1. Cph=Cpc= 4187 j/kg k
2. Q h = heat transfer from hot fluid
= m h C ph (T h I- T ho)
3. Q c = heat transfer to cold fluid
= m c* 4182 (T c o-Tci)
=W
4. Q=(Q h +Q c)/2
=W
5. LMTD =[(Tho Tci )- (Th1 Tco )]/ In [(Tho-Tci )/(Thi - Tco)]
=C
6. Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner pipe
Uo=Q/( Ao * LMTD)
Where ,
Uo is overall heat transfer coefficient
Ao is the output surface area of the inner pipe = Do L
22

Where
Do is the overall heat transfer coefficient
Ao is the length of the inner pipe
Therefore ,
Uo=W/m2 K
7.Effectiveness
Ch = Mh*Cph
Find out the weather Ch is minimum or Cc is minimum
= Q/Q max
= Ch (Thi-Tho) / C min (Thi Tci )= Cc(Tco-Tci)/Cmin(Thi-Tci)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Parallel flow
Uo=.w/m2 k
=..
counter flow
Uo=.w/m2 k
=..

23

EXPERIMENT NO- 9 STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

Objective:
To determine the value of Stefan Boltzmann constant for radiation heat transfer
Apparatus Required:
Main experimental set-up
Measuring jar
Stop watch
Technical specifications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Diameter of the disc=20mm

Thickness of the disc=1.5mm
Mass of the disc=5gm
Inner diameter of the hemispherical surface= 200 mm
Emissivity of the copper disc =0.072
Specific heat of the test disc copper =380.3j/kgk
Emissivity of the hemisphere =0.072

Description of the apparatus

The apparatus consists of copper hemisphere fixed on a flat non conducting plate. A test disc
made of copper is fixed to the plate. Thus the test disc is completely enclosed by the hemisphere.
The outer surface of the hemisphere in a vertical water jacket used to heat the hemisphere to a
suitable constant temperature. Three iron Constantine thermocouples are attached at three
strategic places on the the surface of the hemisphere to obtain the temperatures . the disc is
mounted on Bakelite sleeve, which is fitted in a hole drilled at the center of the base plate.
Another iron Constantine thermocouple is fixed to the disc to record the temperature.
1. Heat the water in the tank by immersion heater provided, to a temperature of about 80 c
2. Remove the test disc before pouring the hot water to the container containing
Hemisphere surface.
3.
Pour the hot water to the container
4.

Allow sufficient time for thermal equilibrium to attain between copper hemisphere & the
plate. This is indicated by three thermocouples provided for this purpose.

5.

Now insert the test disc & position it exactly in the groove. A thermocouple is attached to the
disc to record the temperature.
Start the stop watch immediately & note down the temperature at different short intervals of
time.
Repeat the experiment the experiment at other temperatures of the hemispheres.

6.
7.

24

Observation Table :
Hemisphere temperature
(thermocouple no)
01. Hemisphere temperature
02. hemisphere temp.
03. specimen temp (initial)
04. hot water temp.

Temp C

Temp C

T1
T2
T3
T4

Temperature time responses

Time
5
10
15
20
25

Temp C

Temp K

30
35
40
45
50
55

Calculation:
Plot the graph of temp of the disc Vs time
Slope of the line = dT/dt =
Average temperature of the hemisphere = (T1 + T2)/2
T ave =
T = Temperature of the Disc Be Fore Inserting In To The Plate In K
Energy Emitted By the Disc Ed = Ad TD 4
The Radiation Energy Emitted By Enclosure, Falling On The Disc Is E1 = Ad T4 Avr
There Fore, Net Heat Input The Disc/ Unit Time =E1-ED= AD (T4 AVR TD4)
AD= AREA OF THE DISC =

A= d /4

Rate Of Change Of Heat Capacity Of The Disc = Net Energy Radiated On The Disc.
M CP(dT/dt)= ad (T4 avr Td4 )
= w/M2 K4
Result & discussion
Actual value of is 5.67 10-8 w/M2K4
Experimental value of is -------------- w/m2 K4

Results Table:
S. No

Temperature of hemisphere

01
02
03
25

Value of w/m2k4

04

EXPERIMENT NO- 10 EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

Objective:
To measure the Emissivity of test plate .

Apparatus:
The experimental set up consists of two circular Aluminum plates identical in size and is provided with
heating coils. The plates are mounted on an asbestos cement sheet & are kept in an enclosure so as to
provide undisturbed natural convection surroundings.
The heat input to the heater is varied by separate dimmer stats & is measured by using an ammeter & a
voltmeter/wattmeter with the help of Double Pole throw switches. The temperature of the plates is
measured by thermocouples .Separate wires are connected to diametrically opposite points to get the
average surface temperature of the plates. Another thermocouples kept in the enclosure to read the
ambient temperature of enclosure. Plate 1 is blackened by a thick layer of lamp black to form the
idealized black surface where as the plate2 is the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined.

Specifications:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Test plate = 160 mm

Black plate = 160 mm
Heater for 1) Nichrome strip wound on mica sheet & sand witched between two mica sheets
Heater for ( 2) as above
Dimmer stat for (1) 0 2A , 0 260 V
Dimmer state for ( 2 ) 0 2A , 0 260V
Voltmeter 0-100-200V, Ammeter
Enclosure size 58cm x 30cm x 30cm approx. with one side of perpex sheet.
Thermocouples Chrome Alumel-(3 Nos.).
Temperature Indicator 0-3300C with compensation for room Temperature which is to be adjusted
initially .
D.P.D.T. Switch (double pole double throw).

Basics:
Under steady state conditions:
Let

W1

Heater input to black plates, watts

W2

Heater input to test plate, watts = V2* I2

Area of plates = d2/4

TS

Temperature of black plate

Ta

Ambient Temperature

Eb

Emissivity of black plate

K.

K.

(to be assumed equal to unity)

Es

Emissivity of non-black test plate.

26

=V1 *I1

Stefan Boltzman constants.

4.876 x 10-8 Kcal/hr -m2 0K4

By using the Stefan Boltzmann Law:

(W1-W2)

Eb

Procedure:
1. Give power supply to Temperature Indicator (230 v single phase) & adjust the readings in it equal
Room-Temperature by rotating the compensation knob (Normally this is pre-adjusted).
2. Select the proper range of voltage on wattmeter/voltmeter/Ammeter.
3. Gradually increase the input to the heater to black plate & adjust it to some value viz. 30, 50, 70
watts. & adjust the heater input to test plate slightly less than the black plates 27, 35, 55 W. etc.
4. Check the Temperature of the plates with small time intervals & adjust the input of test plate only by
the dimmerstat so that the two plates will be maintained at the same Temperature
5. This will require some trial & error & one has to wait sufficiently (more than one hour or so) to
obtain the steady static condition.
6. After attaining the steady state record the readings V1, V, I, T which ever necessary.
7. The same procedure is repeated for various surface Temperature in increasing order.

Observation table:
S.No.

HEATER INPUT
TEST PLATE

TEMPERATURE
BLACK
PLATE

TEST PLATE

1.
2.
3.
4.

27

BLACK
PLATE

AMBIENT