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The impedance of a transformer is marked on most nameplates - but what is it and what does
the Z% figure mean?
Definition
The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full load due to the winding
resistance and leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.
It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to circulate full-load
current under short circuit conditions
Measuring Impedance
The impedance is measured by means of a short circuit test. With one winding shorted, a
voltage at the rated frequency is applied to the other winding sufficient to circulate full load
current - see below:
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Continue Impedance__
A transformer with a lower impedance will lead to a higher fault level (and vice versa)
The figure calculated above is a maximum. In practice, the actual fault level will be
reduced by the source impedance, the impedance of cables and overhead lines between the
transformer and the fault, and the fault impedance itself.
As well as fault level considerations, the impedance value also:
determines the volt drop that occurs under load - known
affects load sharing when two or more transformers operate in parallel
as
'regulation'
End