Ionic equilibrium

Arrhenius theory
- Only for aqueous solution, not for amines, all acid containing hydrogen, but not all acid containing
hydrogen is acids.
- Amines compounds are not Arrhenius bases.
Bronsted-Lowry theory
- For liquid and gaseous reactions.
- Defined acid as a substance (molecule or ion) that donates protons (H +) to a base.
- Base is a substance that receives the H+ ions donated by the acid.
- Proton donor= acid, proton receiver= base.
- Acid-base reaction is reversible.
- A base usually a negative ion which can form covalent dative bond (coordinated bond) with the
proton.
- The Bronsted-Lowry definition is not only includes only the substance we normally call acids and
bases but also solvents that cause them to ionise.
- When HCl dissolves in water, the water itself acting as a base since it accepted the proton that lost
by the acid.
- In the other hand, water also can acts as an acid, a donor of proton.
- Hydroxonium ion, (H30+) is also known as oxonium ion or hydronium ion.
- Thus, water is known as amphoteric solvent.
Conjugate pairs.
- Every acid has its conjugate base and every base has its own conjugate acid.
- A conjugate acid is the species (molecule or ion) formed when a proton was added into a base.
- A monoprotic acids is known as a monobasic acid because can only form 1 conjugate acid.
- A diprotic acid called a dibasic acid because it has two conjugate bases.
- Aqueous solutions of hexaaqua complex ions such as [Al (H2O)6]3+ are acidic because the complex
ions acts as Bronsted-Lowry acids. They donate protons to the water molecules to form
hydroxonium ions which make the solution more acidic.
Lewis theory
- An acid is a species (an atom, ion or molecule) which can form a dative covalent bond by accepting
an electron pair from a base
- A base i s a species that have an unshared electrons which can be donated to form dative
covalent bond with an atom, molecule, or an ion.
- In other word, Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor and Lewis base is an electron donor.
- Importance= the reactions includes reactions in which proton are not involved.

Chemistry:ionic equilibrium
1. If <5%, then calculation for can be simplified to
2.
3.
4. The bigger the ,the smaller the
Ostwald Dilution Law
Initial (mol) : c
1. At equilibrium:
[ ][ ]
2. [ ]

3. THAT IS : = Ostwald Dilution Law

4. The above expression is known as the Oswald Dilution Law. For weak electrolyte, is very small,
thus:
5.
 6.
7. √ or [H+]= √ √

pH scale : Concentration of hydrogen Ions

1. [ ] [ ]
2. neutral solution: [H30+]> 10-7 mol dm-3 and pH = 7 at 25⁰C (298K)
3. [ ]
4. at 298 K , [ ][ ]
5. that is; 14 = pH –log [OH-]
]
6. [

Note: dibasic acids need to multiply with their number of H+ ions to justify their concentration

pH value of STRONG ACID AND BASES

1ST LOOK FOR THE EQUATION FIRST. SEE THE RATIO
ND
2 FIND THE VOLME IN EXCESS FOR H+ OR OH-
RD
3 FIND FOR NUMBER OF MOLE OF EXCESSIVE SUBSTANCES
4TH FIND THE TOTAL VOLUME IN THE SYSTEM
TH
5 CONCENTRATION OF IONS ARE FOUND USING :

6TH FIND THE PH USING –log [H+]

If found using H+, then OH- = 14-pH.
If found using OH-, then H+ = 14-pOH

If different moles:
1st Write down the formula first
nd
2 Look for ratio differences
rd
3 See how much (in volume) [H+] or [OH-] has reacted
th
4 See how much of [H+] or [OH-] left
5th Find the mole of unreacted [H+] or [OH-]
th
6 Find the total volume
th
7 Find the concentration of [H+] or [OH-] in mol dm-3
th
8 Use pH formula : pH = -log (concentration in mol dm-3)

Kw formula: 10-14

For weak bases: [ ]

STRONG ACID-STRONG BASE TITRATION

1. The use of indicators to show the end point of the titration
2. End point= the point where the indicator changes colour
3. Equivalent point= acid and base has the same amount (in moles) of H3O and OH-. Neutralisation
completed. No acid or base in the solution.
Colour change
Indicators pH HIN Ph range
Acid Alkali
Methyl orange 3.7 3.2-4.2 Red Yellow
Methyl red 5.1 4.2-6.3 Red Yellow
Bromothymol blue 7.1 6.0-7.6 Yellow Blue
Phenolphthalein 9.3 8.2-10.0 Colourless Red
 [ ]
If [ ]
[ ]
If [ ]
STEPS TO DETERMINE THE THE GRAPH
1ST DETERMINE THE MAX/ MIN PH VALUE OF ACID/ ALKALI
2ND WRITE OUT THE EQUATION
RD
3 FIND THE RATIO AND THE RATIO
TH
4 FIND THE PH FOR THE ACID/ALKALI
TH
5 SKETCH THE GRAPH USING THE DATA AVAILABLE
STEPS ARE OBTAINED AUTOMATICALLY

STRONG ACID WEAK ALKALI

1. Usually using
2. Usually use methyl orange as indicator

WEAK ACID STRONG BASE

1. Usually use Ethanoic acid,
2. Usually graph starts at more than pH 1 as is a weak acid (disassociate slightly to water)

Polyprotic solution- many hydrogen ions in one compoundd. Example, H2SO4

Phosphoric acid= tribasic acid. It react with alkalis for three times.

Buffer solution
Buffer solution is a solution which can receive a small amount of H+ or OH- ions changing its pH value
slightly.

Action of acidic buffer solution:

Small OH- ions added
Partial disassociation

Small H+ ions added

Complete disassociation
COUNTER ATTACK SYSTEM.

Action of alkaline solution

partial Small H+ ions added
disassociation
complete Small OH- ions added
disassociation

Buffer capacity
Buffer zones