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SUPERPAVE
Mix Design Workshop
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Prepared and Presented by
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SUPERPAVE
Superior Performing
Asphalt Pavements
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Table of Content
Session
Title
Page
Session 1
Getting Started
Session 2
Introduction
12
Session 3
SUPERPAVE Overview
21
Session 4
Mixture Criteria
28
Session 5
Selection of Binder
41
Session 6
Selection of Aggregate
56
Session 7
62
Session 8
80
Session 9
89
Session 10
98
Appendix
----
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Session No 1
Getting Started
2
WELCOME
Icebreaking
My Specialty
Handouts & Software
Participation & Quizzes
Time Management
Assistance (AdEC to them)
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Quiz No (1)
1.
What is your?
Name:
________________________________________________
Company:
_____________________________________________
Degree:
_____________________________________________
Years in materials:
2.
Define the following:
Air voids:
_____________________________________________
VMA:
________________________________________________
VFA:
3.
4.
Connect the points below using four connected lines without
passing twice over any line:
My Specialty
Interaction and continues evaluation.
Participation is root of Success.
If you teach me then you know it ??!!
Continues Process Improvement (CPI).
Quizzes during process not after the fact !
All are TQM Fundamentals.
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Total Quality
Management (TQM)
relays heavily in many
concepts one of which
is participation and
teamwork. That is,
also, so important in the
learning process. As
others usually leave
evaluation at the end of
the process, we will
incorporate it within the
process to have the
chance to improve as
we proceed not after the
fact.
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ePAVE, AdEC
development, was
designed to:
1. Do the
SUPERPAVE
computation and
decisions.
2. Be a user friendly
3. Produce a design
report.
4. Give some hints
for the designers
to solve some
design problems.
Time Management
Workshop for five days (Sat. to Wed.)
Start 8:10 sharp
End the sessions 12:00 sharp
No late arrivals will be allowed
Questions and comments are open
If lab. work needs, group continue after 12:0
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Time is live ..
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Assistance
AdEC
AdEC is
is always
always ready
ready to
to work
work with
with you
you to
to
handle
handle all
all issues
issues and
and matters
matters related
related to
to
highway
highway engineering
engineering especially
especially materials
materials
(PMA,
).
(PMA, NA,
NA, HMA,
HMA, PCC,
PCC, Soil,
Soil,).
P.O
P.O Box
Box 8658
8658
Riyadh
Riyadh 11492,
11492, Saudi
Saudi Arabia
Arabia
Tel:
Tel: 4567377
4567377 ,, Fax:
Fax: 4548166
4548166
Mobile:
Mobile: 0505814198
0505814198
Email:
Email: nasik@zajil.net
nasik@zajil.net
9
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Workshop Program
Day
8:10 -9:00
9:00 9:50
Sat.
Session 1:
Getting Started
Sun.
Mon.
9:50 10:00
10:00 11:00
11:00-12:00
Session 2:
Introduction
Session 3:
Overview
Session 4:
Mixture Criteria
Session 5:
Selection of
Binder
Session 6:
Selection of
Aggregate
Session 7:
Design Aggregate Structure
Session 8:
Design Asphalt
Content
Session 9:
Moisture
Sensitivity
Brake
Lab. Work:
RV, Gyratory Comp. and ITS
Demo.
Tues
.
Session 10:
Solving Some SUPERPAVE Mix
Design Problems.
Design Example:
ePAVE Solution
Wed.
Exam
10
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Session No. 2
Session
Introduction
2
Locally
MOT instructions circular No. 2253
MOT second circular No. 30789
Saudi Arabia Roads Accidents 1425
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This workshop is
important because
MOT wants to use
SUPERPAVE in the
design of asphalt mixes
and stop using other
methods.
SUPERPAVE method
is not simple and needs
a good understanding to
correctly use it and
benefit from its power.
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A
B
C
Vis.
soft
25
60
135
Temperature ,C
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C o n s is t e n c y ( p e n e t r a t io n )
A
B
C
25
Temperature ,C
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Hveem
Important volumetric properties are not determined.
Expensive and not portable.
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SUPERPAVE is
defined as a "Hot
Asphalt Mix design
system that
includes both the
design method and
the mixture
specifications".
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SUPERPAVE
researchers have
introduced new:
1. Binder grading
system
2. Aggregate
selection
3. Design method
A unique feature of the
SUPERPAVE is that it
is performance-based
specification. The tests
and analysis is directly
related to field
performance
Performance property
Mode of failure
Cracking
RV
Flow
DSR (HT)
Permanent Deformation
Rutting
DSR (IT)
Fatigue Cracking
Cracking Structural
Thermal Cracking
10
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Session No. 3
SUPERPAVE
Overview
2
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This is an overview of the
SUPERPAVE design
system showing the main
steps needed to
accomplish the mission.
There are four steps to
design a hot mix asphalt.
A main feature of the
SUPERPAVE design
method distinguishing it
from the conventional
design methods (Marshall
and Hveem) is the
optimization of the
aggregate gradation in the
DAS step before the
designer searches for the
optimum asphalt content
in the DAC step.
Note:
DAS = Design Aggregate
Structure.
Binder
Aggregate
Modifiers
Others
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Develop
Trial Blends
Compact
Evaluate and
select
confirming blend
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The selection of Design
Aggregate Structure (DAS)
is a new introduction to the
HMA design by
SUPERPAVE. Before
selecting the Design
Asphalt Content (DAC), or
the optimum asphalt
content as refer to in
Marshall Mix design
method, the aggregate
gradation (or structure)
must be selected.
Selection of the DAS is the
most complex part of the
method. To fully
understand this part, the
designer must place special
attention and care.
Selection of Design
Aggregate Structure will be
illustrated by solving
manually a design project
example.
Compact
Analyze
Select
DAC
Nmax
verification
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After selecting the DAS
(i.e. by selecting the most
promising aggregate
blend), the Design Asphalt
content (DAC) can be
selected. Computation in
DAC and DAS are similar.
Select the DAC at 4.0 air
voids and check to confirm
that the other volumetric
properties and Dust
Proportion is within the
requirements.
Note: Preparation of
specimens in DAS and
DAC are gyratory
compacted to Ndes only not
Nmax.
Select Nx
Compact
Evaluate
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http://training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/03-3_body.htm
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Session No. 4
Design Parameters
NMS
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SUPERPAVE
Basic Design
Parameters
Location
Traffic
(ESALs)
Design Parameters
NMS, Nominal Maximum Size is One
sieve size larger than the first sieve
to retain > 10%.
Five Mixture Gradation
NMS
MS
37.5 mm
50.0 mm
25.0 mm
37.5 mm
19.0 mm
25.0 mm
12.5 mm
19.0 mm
09.5 mm
12.5 mm
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The first design parameter that
is needed by the SUPERPAVE
method is the nominal
maximum size of the aggregate
comprising the mixture. The
definition of the nominal
maximum size is as given here,
and, consequently, the
maximum size is one sieve
larger than the NMS in the
standard SUPERPAVE sieve
group. Five NMSs have been
included in the SUPERPAVE.
The selection of the Nominal
Maximum Size for a specific
location must be based on
engineering judgment with the
following considerations:
1. The contract documents
2. SUPERPAVE
implementation
guidelines issued by
MRDTM.
NMS Example
Sieve Size, mm
Sieve Size, in
% Passing
MS
25
100.0
NMS
19
94.0
>10%
12.5
76.6
9.5
3/8
63.7
4.75
No 4
37.2
2.36
No 8
28.2
1.18
No 16
20.9
0.6
No 30
14.2
0.3
No 50
7.8
0.15
No 100
4.0
0.075
No 200
3.1
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3. The Layer thickness
requirements using
the general formula
outlined in MOT
specifications stating
that the target or
design thickness
equals three (3)
times the nominal
maximum size.
4. The nominal
maximum size
should increase with
depth.
In this example, the
Maximum Size (MS) is
25.0 mm, the Nominal
Maximum Size (NMS) is
19.0 mm and the Sieve that
retains more than 10% is
12.5 mm.
Design Parameters
Location:
1. The geographical location of
the project where the Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) will be used.
2. The position of the layer
within the pavement
6
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The second parameter is
the location. This
parameter covers two
types, the first is the
geographical location of
the project; the second is
the position of the layer
within the pavement.
The project location is
needed by SUPERPAVE to
allow the designer to select
the binder asphalt grade
(PG). This selection is
based on:
1. High pavement
design temperature
at a depth of 20mm
from the pavement
surface and
2. Low pavement
design temperature.
For the local conditions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Dr. Hammad AL-Abdullwahb,
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Dubabe and other coworkers have developed temperature zoning map of
the Kingdom in KACST project "Adaptation of SHRP Performance Based Binder
Specifications to the Gulf Countries"1996
Position in Pavement
Pavement Surface
Top 100 mm
Bottom 100 mm
Aggregate Base Coarse
Note: if less than 25% of the layer is within the surface then consider in the bottom.
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Design Parameters
Traffic is the anticipated
project traffic level in terms
of ESALs expected on the
design lane over a 20-year
period regardless of the
actual design life of the
roadway.
10
Design Parameters
Ministry of Transport (MOT) has identified the
following ESAL classes:
Class
ESAL
Designation
Range
VL
Less than 300,000
Traffic
Description
Very Light
Typical
Applications
Agricultural roads, local
& city streets (no trucks)
Feeders, collectors ...
300,000 to 3 million
Light
3 million to 10 million
Medium
10 million to 30 million
Heavy
Very Heavy
VH
11
ESAL
Class
(million)
VL (<0.3)
L (0.3 to <3)
M and H (3 to <30)
VH (> 30)
Nini
SGCE
Ndes Nmax
6
7
8
9
50 75
75 115
100 160
125 205
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< 90.5
M (3 to <10)
H (10 to <30)
VH (> 30
<89.0
96.0
< 98.0
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The compacted
specimens at the GCE
must meet the criteria
of the density as shown
here at varying traffic
levels and SGCE.
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VFA %
NMS = 19.0
NMS = 9.5
NMS = 25.0
NMS = 37.5
and 12.5 mm
mm
mm
mm
VL (<0.3)
70-80 70-80 67-80
L (0.3 to <3) 65 78
65 78 64-80
73 -76
M (3 to <10)
65 -75
H (10 to <30) 65 -75
VH (> 30
15 Session 4 First Day - Design Parameters & Mixture Criteria
Add Notes and Ask Questions Below:
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DP Ratio
ARZ
0.6 1.2
BRZ
0.8 1.6
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Quiz No (2)
1. State three reasons for the importance of this subject?
a)
b)
C)
2. How does SUPERPAVE protect against:
Rutting:
Fatigue Cracking:
3. What are SUPERPAVE mix design steps?
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
4. Define:
NMS: ______________________________________________
Location: ____________________________________________
Traffic:
5. What GCE we must use to prepare DAS specimens?
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Session No. 5
Selection of Binder
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SUPERPAVE binder
grading system is
performance based.
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PG x-y
Where:
x is the average
seven-day
maximum
pavement
temperature
y is the minimum
pavement design
temperature
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SUPERPAVE binder
grading system is
unique. Rheological
values are fixed but
temperatures to meet
these values vary. This
made the specifications
very sensitive to
temperature because
behavior asphalt is
really highly dependent
on temperature.
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Use of engineering
judgment in selecting
the appropriate grade is
crucial to handle the
boarder lines and
protect against the
dominating failures
encountered in the area.
Selection of Asphalt
Binder Grade is Based
on the Kingdom
Temperature Zoning Map
7
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ESAL
VL <0.3
Standing
Slow
Standard
(<20 km/h) (20-70 km/h) (>70 km/h)
optional
L(0.3-<3)
Two Grades
One Grade
One Grade
One Grade
optional
One Grade
One Grade
12
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The laboratory
compaction and mixing
temperatures are
determined by
measuring the rotational
viscosity at two
different temperatures
(say 135 and 165 C).
V is c o s it y , P a .s
10
Compaction Range (0.28 Pa.s)
Mixing Range (0.17 Pa.s)
0.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C
10
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Example
Property
Value
Flash point
325 C
Specific Gravity
1.02
0.494 Pa.s
0.075 Pa.s
16
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Example
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Example
Results
SUPERPAVE Criteria
Fresh Binder - original
Flash point
328
> 230 C
1.562
< 3 Pa.s
1.495
4.085
19
2.362
156
0.305
> 0.300
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Session No. 6
Selection of Aggregates
ASTM D5821
AASHTO T304
ASTM D4791
AASHTO T176
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The aggregate
requirements in
SUPERPAVE are in
two groups:
1. The consensus
properties
2. The Source
properties
The proposed aggregate
for the project must
meet the consensus
requirements according
to SUPERPAVE
criteria.
However, the source
properties are agency
specific (i.e. MOT); no
requirements in
SUPERPAVE were
specified for them.
Selection of Aggregate
SUPERPAVE Aggregate Requirements
ESAL
L (<0.3)
LM (0.3-<3)
M (3-<10)
MH (10-<30)
H (> 30
16
CAA
<100
55/
75/
85/80
95/90
100/100
>100
50/
60/
80/75
100/100
FAA
<100
40
45
45
45
>100
40
40
40
45
10
10
10
10
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SUPERPAVE specifies
gradation using the 0.45-power
gradation chart. The x-axis is an
arithmetic scale of sieve size in
mm raised to the power 0.45 as
shown in the upper figure on
the left.
Example:
4.75 mm Sieve Plots at (4.75)0.45 = 2.02
100
% P a s s in g
80
60
40
20
20
100
% P a s s in g
80
60
40
Maximum Size
20
19.0 mm
Sieve Size Raised to the 0.45 Power
Aggregate Gradation
Requirements
100
80
% P a s s in g
Control Point
60
Restricted Zone
Nominal
Maximum Maximum
Size
Size
40
20
12.5 mm 19.0 mm
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Restricted Zone. The
restricted zone resides along the
maximum density gradation
between the intermediate size
(either 4.75 mm or 2.36 nun)
and the O.3-mm size. Figure
3.10 shows the control points
and restricted zone for a 12.5mm SUPERPAVE mixture
(12.5-mm nominal maximum
and 19.0-nun maximum size).
The restricted zone forms a
band through which it is
generally recommended that
the gradation not pass.
Gradations that pass through
the restricted zone from below
the zone have often been called
"humped gradations" because
of the characteristic hump in
the grading curve that passes
through the restricted zone.
In most cases, a humped gradation indicates an over-sanded mixture and/or a mixture that
possesses too much fine sand in relation to total sand. This gradation often results in
tender mix behavior, which is manifested by compaction problems during construction.
These mixtures may also offer reduced resistance to permanent deformation (rutting)
during their performance life. The restricted zone prevents a gradation from following the
maximum density line in the fine aggregate sieves. Gradations that follow the maximum
density line often have inadequate VMA to allow room for sufficient asphalt for
durability. These gradations are typically very sensitive to asphalt content and can easily
become plastic with even minor variations in asphalt content.
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Quiz No (3)
1. In SUPERPAVE, What are the bases for selecting?
GCE
Density
VMA%
VFA%
D/P ratio
2. Which statement is correct?
A) ___
B) ___
A) In the binder specs. temperature is fixed and property varies
B) In the binder specs. temperature varies and property is fixed
3. How can we determine compaction and mixing temperatures ?
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Session No.
No. 77
Session
Selection of Design
Aggregate Structure
Trial Blends
Compact
Evaluate
C) Evaluation
Analyze and select the most appropriate blends to be used
to select DAC
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SUPERPAVE requires
developing a minimum
of three blends from the
available hot bins
samples in the project
site.
The blending percentages
are selected using
ePAVE so that the
resulted gradation line:
1 is away from the
maximum density line.
2. is within the control
points.
3. is outside the restricted
zone (strong
recommendation).
Blending Percentage of
aggregate from hot bin
B1
B2
B3
B4
P1
P2
P3
P4
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To compact specimens
from the three blends, we
need to estimate asphalt
content. The design can
select and use any one of
the shown methods.
By computation which
will be shown in details
in the next slides.
By the designer
experience which can
help in identifying the
initial asphalt binder
content based on the
historical information
applicable to the project
and aggregate used.
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Or by utilizing
SUPEPRAVE suggested
values shown below:
NMS
37.5
25.0
19.0
12.5
9.5
Suggested %
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
The Computation
method to estimate
asphalt content for the
three trial blends based
on AASHTO PP28 is
shwon.
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Computation method to
estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends
12
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Computation method to
estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends
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Computation method to
estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends
Design project example
data.
Hand computation is
not recommended; use
of ePAVE simplifies
the process and
guarantees the accuracy
of the results.
17
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18
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19
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HNdes
HNx
Where:
HNdes = Height of specimen at Ndes
HNx = Height of specimen at any N
20
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To determine the
% Gmm at any N
(gyratory compactor
rotation) use the shown
formula.
21
H, mm
% Gmm
129.0
85.1
Nini = 8
127.0
86.5
10
125.7
87.7
30
120.1
91.5
40
119.0
92.4
50
118.0
93.1
60
117.2
93.8
80
116.0
94.7
Ndes = 100
115.2
95.4
Gmb
2.445
Gmm
2.563
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Design project
example.
VMA using:
% VMAestimated = %VMA initial + C(4-Va)
Note:
C = 0.1 if Va < 4.0
C = 0.2 if Va > 4.0
VFA using:
% VFAestimated = 100 x (%VMAestimated - 4.0)/% VMAestimated
22
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IMPORTANT
SUPERPAVE system
design the mixes by
determining the
aggregate gradation
(DAS) and asphalt
content percentage
(DAC) for the HMA at
a level of Air Voids of
4.0%
DP using:
DP = P0.075 / Pbe
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Quiz No (4)
1. What are the bases for the selection of the NMS?
2. Define:
Control points:
Restricted zone:
3. Why we have to do the short term oven aging? For how long?
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Session No.
No. 88
Session
Selection of
of
Selection
Design Asphalt
Asphalt Content
Content
Design
Compact
Analyze
Select
DAC
Nmax
verification
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B. Analyze
i. mixture Volumetric properties
ii. Generate graphs
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A) Compact Samples
Prepare HAM using four Asphalt Binder %s:
X
X - 0.5
X + 0.5
X + 1.0%
Where: X = Estimated binder content from step 2
at 4.0 air voids for the selected blend
Measure Gmm
Compact 2 specimens @ each AB% to Ndes
Measure specimen height and Gmb
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10
11
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C) Select DAC
From the graphs @ 4.0 % air voids determine
DAC and check:
VMA and VFA and % Gmm @ Nini
Compute DP at DAC
12
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D) Nmax Verification
Gyratory compact 2 specimens to Nmax
Compute %Gmm @ Nmax
Compare the results with SUPERPAVE criteria and
adjust your design as needed.
14
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Quiz No (5)
1. What is SUPERPAVE suggested asphalt binder content
percentages to start the selection of DAC process?.
3. Define :
Nmax:
Ndes:
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Session 9
Moisture Sensitivity
Evaluation
Select Nx
Compact
Evaluate
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Compact specimens
6 specimens
Compact to Nx
Evaluate
AASHTO T283
Tensile strength ratio is 80% minimum.
Compare with SUPERPAVE criteria and adjust your
design as needed.
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A) Select Nx
Use the densification data of the Nmax
verification step to determine the
number of gyrations to achieve 7% air
voids.
Note: 7% air voids = %Gmm of 93.0
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max x
HNmax
HNx
Where:
HNmax = Height of specimen at Nmax
HNx = Height of specimen at any N
8
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Example
H, mm
% Gmm
129.0
85.1
127.0
86.5
10
125.7
87.7
30
120.1
91.5
40
118.1
93.0
70
117.2
93.8
100
116.0
94.7
160
115.2
95.4
50
92.4
119.0
50
93.0
118.1
Gmb
2.445
Gmm
2.563
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B) Compact Samples
10
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C) Evaluate
Three specimens are control (no conditioning)
o
11
Load
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C) Evaluation
Compute ITS
Maximum allowable ITS loss is 20%
Compare with SUPERPAVE criteria and adjust
your design as needed.
12
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Session No 10
Typical Problems in
SUPERPAVE Mix Design
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Session 10 Fifth Day
Main Problems .
Asphalt Binder:
Aggregate:
Inaccurate measurements of Specific Gravities. (Gsb, Gsa, Gmb, Gmm )
FAA method selection in AASHTO T304.
Hot Mix:
Low VMA.
The designed mix fail in the moisture sensitivity testing (TSR is less than 80%).
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Asphalt
Page 100
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Session 10 Fifth Day
1.0 Problem:
What binder PG must be selected in case the project crosses two zones?
Solution:
Select the highest PG
Split the project in to two PG or more.
Use engineering judgment to select the PG based on the historical performance
of the project or similar in the area.
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Asphalt
Page 101
(AdEC)
Session 10 Fifth Day
2.0 Problem:
How can we adjust PG for speed and ESAL in a project where these factors are
different in some of the project locations?
Solution:
Select the highest ESAL and the lowest speed (check cost ?)
Use more than one PG.
Use engineering judgment to select the PG based on the historical performance
of the project or similar in the area..
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Asphalt
Page 102
(AdEC)
Session 10 Fifth Day
3.0 Problem:
What shall we do if the PMA lab testing results are different from the
manufacturer recommendations?
Solution:
Check PMA production instructions as given by the manufacturer for mixing
mechanism, time and temperature.
Check the polymer content.
If everything is OK, use your results, since the PMA physical and rheological
properties are asphalt source dependent.
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Aggregate
Page 103
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Session 10 Fifth Day
1.0 Problem:
Inaccurate measurements of Specific Gravities. (Gsb, Gsa, Gmb, Gmm )
Solution
The volumetric properties are the heart of the SUPERPAVE mixture design
system , which depends on the specific gravities of the materials; hence,
high caution must be practiced in the measurements of the needed
specific gravities.
Read the standard procedures carefully and make sure they are applicable to
your case.
Check all of your laboratory equipment for calibration, damage and errors.
Do some self training and education.
Follow the standard procedure carefully.
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Aggregate
Page 104
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Session 10 Fifth Day
2.0 Problem:
Which method we should use to measure the FAA in AASHTO T304
Solution
Use method A
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Hot Mix
Page 105
(AdEC)
Session 10 Fifth Day
1.0 Problem:
What can I do to increase the VMA in my design?
Solution
The VMA is an aggregate property which depends on the packing
characteristics of the aggregate.
Gradation:
1.
2.
3.
Surface texture:
1.
2.
3.
More ..
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How to Increase Voids in Mineral Aggregate
Guidelines to Increase VMA of SUPERPAVE Mixtures (1)
Introduction
The heart of the SUPERPAVE mixture design system is aggregate properties and volumetric
properties. If all the requirements are met, the resulting mix design should have:
A strong aggregate skeleton for permanent deformation resistance.
Sufficient asphalt binder for fatigue and asphalt binder aging resistance.
Sufficient air voids space to hold plastic properties at bay and prevent permanent
deformation.
Problem
An issue which has been experienced is the difficulty of obtaining adequate voids in the
mineral aggregate (VMA). Although the number of mixtures which have experienced
difficulty is in the minority, the mix designers have become frustrated. Problem mixes
typically will have low VMA and will be non-responsive to changes in gradation.
For example, a 19.0 mm nominal maximum size mixture calls for 13.0% VMA. Say a mix
designer who is trying to design below the restricted zone finds the estimated VMA in trial
blends to be in the low 12's. Further, he finds that if the gradation is varied within the range
available below the restricted zone that the VMA varies from the low 12's to the high 12's,
13.0% seems unachievable. The designer knows that adding additional sand will open up the
mixture. But what about the restricted zone? What to do?
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First, the designer should realize that the packing characteristics of aggregate particles and
hence VMA is dependent on three factors:
1. gradation
2. surface texture
3. shape
In the example, the designer has investigated the effect of gradation within the limits below
the restricted zone but has not yet considered surface texture or shape. The mix designer is
correct that additional fine aggregate will increase VMA but the specifications prevent adding
sand because of the weakening effect which will occur in the aggregate skeleton. If the
contract allows mixtures above the restricted zone the designer can investigate such mixes,
although other problems will be faced, in particular, meeting density requirements at N
initial.
Two competing demands are occurring during the mix design. Sufficient inter-particle space
must be available for a minimum amount of asphalt binder and the aggregate must have a
sufficiently strong skeleton to carry the traffic loads. SUPERPAVE specifications demand
that adequate VMA be obtained without weakening the aggregate skeleton.
Gradation Effect
Changing the gradation (particle size distribution) of a mixture will influence the amount of
space in the aggregate skeleton. The effect of gradation is separated from shape and surface
texture effects if all sized particles have the same shape and texture. Research published by
Nijboer in the 1940's, Goode and Lufsey in the 1960's and the Asphalt Institute in the 1980's
provide a basis for the 0.45 power chart.
Nijboer investigated aggregate gradations plotted as the log percent passing versus log
particle size. He showed a maximum packing density for both gravel and crushed aggregates
when the slope was 0.45. Goode and Lufsey reconfirmed Nijboer's results on gravel
aggregates. Hence, the basis of the 0.45 power chart. Work by the Asphalt Institute evaluated
the drawing of maximum density lines on a 0.45 power chart for both gravel and crushed
limestone mixtures.
Lower the Minus 0.075 mm Content
Lowering the dust content in a mixture will increase the VMA. This effect may not be
entirely from the effect of gradation, but never the less it has one of the stronger effects on
VMA. Reducing dust content to the lower end of the specification will maximize the amount
of VMA which can be obtained. If the dust content is coming from mineral filler adjusting
the gradation can be simply a matter of reducing the amount being used. If the dust is coming
predominately from one of the aggregate stockpiles, say screenings, try to reduce the amount
of that stockpile. If the screenings are the only manufactured fines coming into the mix it may
be necessary to wash them or blend them with a washed screening. But first check out other
easier ways of increasing VMA. Make sure to add baghouse fines during the mix design if
the fines are going to be added back into the mix during production. These fines will reduce
VMA of the produced mixture. If friable aggregate particles are used, a greater quantity of
dust should be used during the design since they tend to create more dust during construction.
Including baghouse fines in the mix will make the design more accurate and reduce the
amount of "VMA collapse" which occurs from design to production.
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Hot Mix
Solution
The VMA is an aggregate property which depends on the packing
characteristics of the aggregate.
Shape:
1.
2.
3.
Use aggregate with low flat and elongated particles (1:3 instead of 1:5)
Examine crunching operation (feed rate, cone setting,)
VSI crushers tend to produce more cubical particles than cone crunchers.
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Shape Effect
For any given gradation the
density to which aggregate
particles will pack is influenced
by the shape of the particles.
Cubical particles will not pack
as tightly as flat "potato chip"
particles. In the gyratory
compactor, as under traffic, the
flat particles lay down flat, one
on top of the other. Therefore,
there is not much space between
them. The VMA is low. Under
traffic, particles are flattened
out. They roll down. The same
effect occurs in a gyratory
compacted specimen
Under Marshall compaction the particles are not so free to rotate. In fact, flat particles tend to
bridge in a Marshall mold and give high VMA. Therefore, be aware of the influence of
particle shape when comparing Marshall specimens to SUPERPAVE specimens.
Evaluate Flat and Elongated Particles
If a mix design is giving low VMA measure the flat and elongated particles. SUPERPAVE
specifications limit the percentage of particles with a ratio 5:1. Measure the percentage of
particles which exceed a 3:1 or 2:1 ratio. If the percentages are high, say greater than 40%,
try adding a coarse aggregate which has a lower percentage. It may be possible to change just
one of the coarse aggregate stockpiles for another which is more cubical. Adding an
intermediate sized coarse aggregate with cubical shapes will disturb the larger particles from
lying flat, one on top of the other. The VMA will increase. The crushing operation can make
a difference. Examining the feed rate, cone settings, etc. is beneficial. Vertical shaft impact
(VSI) crushers tend to produce more cubical particles than cone crushers.
Conclusion
Obtaining adequate VMA in a SUPERPAVE mixture is an important part of the mix design
which must be met. VMA is only one parameter, aggregate skeleton strength is another. The
challenge to SUPERPAVE mix designers is to select aggregates which will give the proper
amount of VMA without weakening the skeleton. Many mixtures meet the SUPERPAVE
requirements without difficulty, others require more design work. This guidelines are
intended to help mix designers with the decision of which materials to use.
(1) Source: "How to Increase Voids in Mineral aggregate Guidelines to increase VMA of SUPERPAVE Mixture" prepared
by Ad Hoc Mix Design Task Group, Presented to the FHWA SUPEPEVE Mixtures Expert Task Group., 1996
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Hot Mix
2.0 Problem:
What can be done if the designed mix fail in the moisture sensitivity testing (TSR
is less than 80%).
Solution
1.
Compact another six (6) specimens replacing part of the filler with an approved
mineral fillers according to item 4.05.2.3 of MOT General Specifications. Mineral
fillers shall be either Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement or lime
conforming to the following requirements:
Material
Requirement
Portland Cement, Type I or II
ASTM C-150 (AASHTO M204)
Blended Hydraulic Cement, Type IP
ASTM C-595
Lime, Type N or S
ASTM C-207 (AASHTO M303)
or chemical anti-stripping agents according to item 4.05.2.4 of MOT General
Specifications
If this procedure fails, redesign the mix.
No effort must be done to increase the DAC
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Others
Page 110
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Session 10 Fifth Day
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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