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PARTICLES,
BUBBLES &
DROPS
Their Motion, Heat
and Mass Transfer
PARTICLES,
BUBBLES &
DROPS
Their Motion, Heat
and Mass Transfer
E. E. Michaelides
Tulane University, USA
LONDON
SINGAPORE
BEIJING
SHANGHAI
HONG KONG
TAIPEI
CHENNAI
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 981-256-647-3
ISBN 981-256-648-1 (pbk)
To my children
Preface
It has been almost thirty years since the publication of the classic
book with a similar title, written by Clift, Grace and Weber. During this
time a vast body of literature on particles, bubbles and drops have
been created. The field of Multiphase Flows has grown tremendously
and is now regarded by some as a discipline. Engineering applications,
products and processes with particles, bubbles and drops have grown
exponentially. An increasing number of conferences, scientific fora and
archival journals are committed to the dissemination of information on
the flow, heat and mass transfer involving particles, bubbles and
drops. Perhaps the most important development of the last thirty years
is the emergence of the computer as a tool for scientific inquiry and
engineering optimization. Numerical computations and "thought
experiments" have almost replaced physical experiments. The literature
on computational fluid dynamics with particles, bubbles and drops has
grown at an exponential rate in the last twenty five years, giving rise to
new results and theories, better understanding of the complex transport
processes and has opened new fields of investigation.
There are many and important similarities in the flow behavior of
particles, bubbles and drops. The objective of this book is to present the
theories of these objects in a way which is as unified as the differences in
the flow behavior allow. The unified treatment of particles, bubbles and
drops involves a description of the similarities in the theory and results
and an exposition of the limitations of the results. Significant differences
in the flow behavior and transport properties are always pointed out.
Another objective of the book is to present the final results on the
transport properties of fluids with particles, bubbles and drops. Details of
Vll
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the methods from which these results were derived are not described.
The interested reader will be able to find all of these details by consulting
the pertinent references, all of which are in the open literature.
In the exposition of the subject of flow, mass and heat transfer of
dispersed multiphase fluids, it is important to present in detail the theory
and results for a single particle, bubble or drop in a large fluid domain,
which may be applied to dilute mixtures. The first five chapters of this
book address this task. The next four chapters deal with interactions of
these immersed objects with solid and fluid walls, effect of their
interactions with fluid turbulence, electric and thermal influences and
effects of higher concentration and collisions with boundaries, which
may be applied to intermediate and dense mixtures. The last two chapters
present the relatively modern ways of modeling of dispersed mixtures
and several numerical methods that have been successfully used with
particles, bubbles and drops.
Many have helped in the writing of this book: My former student and
current research colleague, Prof. Zhi-Gang Feng supplied a great deal of
the computational results and a good number of the figures. Prof. Zu-Jia
Xu, also supplied some of the figures. Mr. Adam Baran and Mr. Lorenzo
Craig conducted useful literature searches on unfamiliar topics. Ms.
Valentina Tournier assisted greatly with some of the library work, the
references, and some figures. I am very indebted to my own family, not
only for their constant support, but also for lending a hand whenever it
was needed. My wife, Laura, proofread some of the earlier publications
this book is based on and was a constant source of inspiration.
Emmanuel devoted a good part of his vacation time to check the format
and accuracy of the references. Given that there are more than six
hundred references in this book, this was a task of Olympian proportions.
Dimitri has helped with the creation of the index and little Eleni was
always there to help and encourage. I owe to all my sincere gratitude.
Efstathios E. Michaelides
New Orleans, August 2005
Contents
Preface
vii
1. Introduction
1.1
Historical background
1.1.1 Forces exerted by a fluid and the equation of motion
1.1.2 Heat transfer
1.2 Terminology and nomenclature
1.2.1 Common terms and definitions
1.2.2 Nomenclature
1.2.2.1 Latin symbols
1.2.2.2 Greek symbols
1.2.2.3 Subscripts
1.2.2.4 Superscripts
1.2.3 Common abbreviations
1.2.4 Dimensionless numbers (Lch=2a)
1.3 Examples of applications in science and technology
1.3.1 Oil and gas pipelines
1.3.2 Geothermal wells
1.3.3 Steam generation in boilers and burners
1.3.4 Sediment flow
1.3.5 Steam condensation
1.3.6 Petroleum refining
1.3.7 Spray drying
1.3.8 Pneumatic conveying
1.3.9 Fluidized beds
1
2
7
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
27
33
36
37
41
43
44
44
45
48
53
54
57
59
63
flows
3.1
Conservation equations
3.1.1 Heat-mass transfer analogy
3.1.2 Mass, momentum and heat transfer - Transport coefficients
3.2 Steady motion and heat/mass transfer at creeping flow
3.3 Transient, creeping flow motion
3.3.1 Notes on the history term
3.3.2 Hydrodynamic force on a viscous sphere
3.3.3 Equation of motion with interfacial slip
3.3.4 Transient motion of an expanding or collapsing bubble
3.4 Transient heat/mass transfer at creeping
flow
3.5 Hydrodynamic force and heat transfer for a spheroid at creeping flow
3.6 Steady motion and heat/mass transfer at small Re and Pe
3.7 Transient hydrodynamic force at small Re
3.8 Transient heat/mass transfer at small Pe
63
65
66
69
74
76
80
81
84
85
89
93
96
102
107
4.1
4.2
flows
107
107
114
118
118
121
122
124
128
133
Contents
xi
4.2.7
157
5.1
157
158
161
165
165
168
172
175
175
177
179
181
181
190
191
192
195
202
203
205
211
213
213
217
218
219
221
222
225
Effects of turbulence
227
227
232
7.3
7.4
Drag reduction
Turbulence models for immersed objects
7.4.1 The trajectory model
7.4.2 The Monte-Carlo method
7.4.3 The two-fluid model
7.5 Heat transfer in pipelines with particulates
7.6 Turbophoresis and wall deposition
7.7 Turbulence and coalescence of viscous spheres
238
242
242
243
251
254
256
260
261
8.1
261
262
264
265
268
270
272
278
280
282
283
284
285
286
8.2
8.3
8.4
Electrophoresis
8.1.1 Electrophoretic motion
8.1.2 Electro-osmosis
8.1.3 Effects of the double layer on the electrophoretic motion
8.1.4 Electrophoresis incapillaries-microelectrophoresis
Brownian motion
Thermophoresis
8.3.1 Particle interactions and wall effects in thermophoresis
8.3.2 Thermophoresis in turbulent flows
Porous particles
8.4.1 Surface boundary conditions
8.4.2 Drag force on a porous sphere at low Re
8.4.3 Heat transfer from porous particles
8.4.4 Mass transfer from an object inside a porous medium
289
9.1
289
290
296
297
298
306
307
307
308
311
312
316
318
319
322
323
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Contents
xiii
325
325
331
333
337
338
343
345
345
346
347
348
350
350
351
354
359
360
360
364
365
367
370
References
373
Subject Index
407