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LA FORMACIN DEL
PROFESORADO EN TIC:
MODELO TPACK
(Conocimiento Tecnolgico,
Pedaggico y de Contenido)
Julio Cabero Almenara (dir.)
Julio Barroso Osuna - Adriana Mara Cadena Len
Carlos Castao Garrido - Uriel R. Cukieman - M del
Carmen Llorente Cejudo - scar M. Gallego Prez Mara Granada Prez Rastrollo - Tania Jimnez Inmaculada Maiz Olazabalaga - Vernica Marn Daz
Santiago Mengual Andrs - Ileana Miyar -Juan M.
Muoz Gonzlez - Begoa E. Sampedro Requena - Jos
Luis Serrano Snchez - Rosabel Roig Vela Mary Paz
Prendes Espinosa Angel Puentes Puente- Juana Mara
Ortega Tudela - Ana Mara Ortiz Coln.

Jos Luis Prez Diez de los Ros Roco Prez Garca


(estadsticos)








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