E

MCH 315
Mechanical Response of Engineering Materials

Lecture 28
Creep II
Chap. 10

FALL 2013: EMCH 315

Lecture 28: Slide 1

Creep occurs at > Tm

(Light bulb)

Table of melting or softening temperatures.

FALL 2013: EMCH 315

2. Creep Rupture

At constant T

III
I

II

III
II

ss = (/0

)m

e-H/kT

Dorn-Miller steady
state creep
rate equation.

FALL 2013: EMCH 315

Some design situaBons will be constrained by complete failure due to

creep. This is called creep rupture (failure).
Grain boundary

Voids, holes

Strain-induced micro-voids grow,

coalesce, and form macro-scale
cracks.

Inter-grainular failure
1 m

Taken from www3.toshiba.co.jp/ddc/eng/materials/e_tan_3.htm

Fish mouth failure, very spectacular rupture, very damaging failure.

Super heater tube of stainless steel (ASME SA-213)

Figures 4 & 5 are from Understanding How Components Fall, Second Edition. Written
by, Donald J. Wulpi. 1999. Pgs.231 & 232.

FALL 2013: EMCH 315

LIFETIME-LIMITED DESIGN
LifeBme of the component prior to failure is criBcal (creep
strains can be tolerated): requires predicBve equaBons for
creep rupture.
We want to determine = f (material properBes, , T, t).
thermally activated rate
Rupture phenomenon is________________________
process.
Challenge is to predict service life using experimental
data.
Service life up to _____________
Experimental creep data only ___________________
Use data from relaBvely short Bme tests, but at
temperatures above the service temperature of interest.
Then ___________________ the behavior for the longer
Bmes at the service temperature.
FALL 2013: EMCH 315

Creep Life PredicBon: Temperature-compensated Bme

For accelerated tesBng, a higher
temperature is used at the same
General Example of Arrhenius Relationships and
stress so as to cause a shorter Bme Plots
to failure such that temperature is
traded for Bme.
Based on the fact that there is an
Arrhenius relaBon between creep
rate and temperature has led to a
number of Bme temperature
parameters to be developed which
enable extrapolaBon and
predicBon of creep rates or creep
rupture Bmes to longer Bmes than
have been measured.
It is assumed that the failure mechanism does not change and hence is not a
funcBon of temperature or Bme.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

The governing Arrhenius relaBonship for Bme-to-rupture, tr

tr-1 = _________

Define Hr for creep rupture process

In general, Hr Hss (ss = steady-state)

new coefficient ___ is a matl parameter

Decomposing the Arrhenius relationship logarithmically
log10 (t r1 ) = log10 (1) log10 (t r )
r
r
1 H

kT
kT
log10 (t o )x e
=
log
(1
/
t
)
+
log
e
10
o ]
[ 10

H r

= [ log10 (1) log10 (t o )] +

log10 e
kT

and thus

H r

H r
1
1
kT
log ( t r ) = log t o e
(0.434) kT = log10 t 0 + log10 t r

NOTE: infinite T is physically

meaningless and so is tr = to
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

Time-to-rupture depends on stress and temperature.

Stage III creep strain accumulate until strain-induced microvoids grow and coalesce to form micro-cracks. Hence, there
isnt enough material to bear load and rupture (failure) ensues.

FALL 2013: EMCH 315

Experimental observaBons reveal two rupture responses for

diering materials .
experimental temperatures __________ than actual service
temperatures to __________ rupture to within 102 to 104 hours
Creep rupture data plotted in log10tr vs 1/T
Rearrange

H r
(0.434)
= log10 t o + log10 t r
kT
for plotting as

Employ parametric approaches

A single parameter is used to relate variables instead of a general predictive
equation relating stress, temperature, and time-to-rupture
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

Experimental observaBons reveal two rupture responses for

diering materials.

Hr depends on stress : ___________________

Case 1 _____________________
creep rupture prediction via ___________________
parametric approach
most commonly used in engineering practice
[______________________________________]

Hr independent of
Case 2 - ________________________
: ________________
creep rupture prediction via ___________________
parametric approach
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Case I. Collections of data log10tr vs. 1/T for different s

log10 tr

____

log10 t0

3> 2 > 1

= 0.434 Hr/k
___________
__________
(1/T)

1/T (Abs)

__________________

________________

t0

____________________

(1/T): range of T, within which creep rupture occurs in moderate amounts

of testing time
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Larson-Miller Approach
Defines Larson-Miller parameter, P:

H r ( ) 1
log10 t r = log10 t 0 + (0.434)
k
T
P = T ( o Abs) [ C + log10 t r ]
Defines Larson-Miller constant, C:
C is material dependent.
based on rate theory, to on the order of ______
-15 to 10-30
10
experimental variations suggest ________________

commonly ranges from 15 to 30

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

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Master Life Curve

Results of many experiments of the type used to generate the failure lines

log10

Actual shape of
curve depends on the
material

P = T( Abs)[C + log10 tr]

H r ( )
P (0.434)
k

Because the underlying stress relationship is unknown,

the Larson Miller parametric correlation is used to relate the variable for any given
material.
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Case 2: same slope and dierent y intercept

1 2

log10tr

Same slope Hr does not

vary with stress.

different
intercept

1/T (Abs)
to has a dependence
log10t0 (varies with stress)

rearrange previous
equation to reflect stress
dependence of to

H r ( ) 1
log10 t r = log10 t 0 + (0.434)
k
T
H r ( ) 1
log10 t o = log10 t r (0.434)
k
T

Take antilog of new eqn

to = tr e

H r ( )
kT

= P

Dorn parameter

Master life curves for case 2: log10 vs Dorn parameter

Most researchers have found that t0 is stress independent, as shown in Case 1. So case I is closer
FALL 2014: EMCH 315
14
to reality.

Hints for Home Work 6 (Chapter 10)

#5. A plot between log10 vs T(Abs)(C + log10 tr)
#6. Use the master life curve plotted in #5 and determine:
(a) maximum operating stress for at least 300,000 hours at 1325 F

(b) If the data for the point on the master life curve used in the first
part (part a), were to be obtained from a 1,000 hr creep rupture
test, what would be the best temperature.

FALL 2013: EMCH 315

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