Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UNRESTRICTED
May 2005
Document ID : SP-1097
Filing key :
Keywords:
API 1104
Duplex Stainless Steel
Inspection
Off-plot
Pipelines
Procedure Qualification Record
Production Welding
Testing
Welding Procedure Specification
Welder Qualification
This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor any
part of this document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise)
without prior written consent of the owner.
Version 2.0
Signed :............................................................
UER (UEC/1)
CFDH Materials and Corrosion
The following is a brief summary of the 4 most recent revisions to this document. Details of all
revisions prior to these are held on file by the issuing department.
Version No.
Version 1.0
Date
3/8/99
Author
OTT/112
Version 2.0
25/05/05
UEC/11
May 2005
Scope / Remarks
Extensive revision of original issue of SP
1189.
Updated based on past experience
SP-1097
Version 2.0
Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Purpose..............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Changes to the Specification.............................................................................................1
2. Specification for Welding Duplex Stainless Steel...............................................................2
2.1 Specification Requirements...............................................................................................2
2.2 Process Deliverables..........................................................................................................2
2.3 Process Owner's Responsibility.........................................................................................2
2.4 Performance Levels / Indicators........................................................................................2
2.5 Performance Monitoring...................................................................................................3
2.6 Effective period..................................................................................................................3
2.7 Review and Improvement..................................................................................................3
Appendix A Glossary of Definitions, Terms and Abbreviations............................................4
Appendix B Amendments/Supplements to API Spec 1104.....................................................7
1 General...................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Scope..................................................................................................................................7
2 Referenced Publications.......................................................................................................7
3 Definition of Terms................................................................................................................7
4 Specifications.........................................................................................................................7
4.1 Equipment.........................................................................................................................7
4.2 Materials............................................................................................................................8
4.2.1
Pipe and fittings................................................................................................8
4.2.2
Filler metal.......................................................................................................8
4.2.3
Shielding gases.................................................................................................9
4.3 Quality System.................................................................................................................10
5 Qualification of Welding Procedures for Welds Containing Filler Metal Additives.....11
5.1 Procedure Qualification...................................................................................................11
5.2 Record..............................................................................................................................11
5.3 Procedure Specification...................................................................................................12
5.3.1
General...........................................................................................................12
5.3.2
Specification information...............................................................................12
5.2 Essential Variables...........................................................................................................15
5.4.2
Changes requiring requalification.................................................................15
5.5 Welding of Test Joints - Butt Welds................................................................................17
5.6 Testing Of Welded Joints - Butt Welds............................................................................18
5.6.1
Preparation.....................................................................................................18
5.6.3
Nick-break test................................................................................................18
5.6.6
Macroscopic examination and hardness test.................................................19
5.6.7
Ferrite measurement.......................................................................................19
5.6.8
Charpy V-Notch Impact Testing.....................................................................20
5.6.9
Corrosion Testing...........................................................................................20
5.6.10
Chemical analysis...........................................................................................21
5.6.11
Retests.............................................................................................................21
5.7 Welding of Test Joints - Fillet Welds...............................................................................22
5.8 Testing Of Welded Joints - Fillet Welds..........................................................................22
5.8.1
Preparation.....................................................................................................22
5.8.2
Method............................................................................................................23
5.8.3
Requirements..................................................................................................23
5.9 Welding of Test Repair Welds.........................................................................................23
5.10
Testing of Repair Welds.......................................................................................23
5.10.1
Preparation.....................................................................................................23
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5.10.2
Method............................................................................................................23
5.10.3
Requirements..................................................................................................23
5.11
Records.................................................................................................................23
6 Qualification of Welders.....................................................................................................24
6.1 General............................................................................................................................24
6.2 Single Qualification........................................................................................................24
6.2.1
General...........................................................................................................24
6.2.2
Scope...............................................................................................................24
6.3 Multiple Qualification.....................................................................................................25
6.3.1
General...........................................................................................................25
6.3.2
Scope...............................................................................................................25
6.4 Visual Examination.........................................................................................................25
6.5 Destructive Testing..........................................................................................................25
6.5.1
Sampling of test butt welds............................................................................25
6.5.2
Tensile strength, nick-break and bend test procedures for butt welds...........25
6.5.6
Sampling of test fillet welds...........................................................................25
6.5.6
Sampling of Test Fillet Welds and Branch Welds..........................................25
6.5.7
Test methods and requirements for fillet welds.............................................26
6.5.7
Test Methods and Requirements for Fillet Welds and Branch Welds............26
6.6 Radiography - Butt Welds Only......................................................................................26
6.6.1
General...........................................................................................................26
6.6.2
Inspection requirements.................................................................................26
6.7 Retesting..........................................................................................................................26
6.8 Records............................................................................................................................26
7 Production Welding.............................................................................................................27
7.1 General............................................................................................................................27
7.1.1
Handling and storage.....................................................................................27
7.1.2
Weather protection.........................................................................................28
7.2 Alignment........................................................................................................................28
7.3 Use of Line-Up Clamp for Butt Welds............................................................................28
7.4 Bevel................................................................................................................................29
7.4.2
Field bevel......................................................................................................29
7.7 Cleaning Between Beads.................................................................................................29
7.8 Position Welding..............................................................................................................29
7.8.2
Filler and finish beads....................................................................................29
7.10
Identification of Welds.........................................................................................29
7.11
Pre- and Post-Heat Treatment..............................................................................30
7.11.1
Preheat and interpass temperature control and measurement.......................30
7.11.2
Post-weld heat treatment................................................................................30
7.12
Separation of Girth Welds....................................................................................30
7.13
Weld Interruption.................................................................................................30
7.15
Weld Finishing.....................................................................................................30
7.16
Shielding and Backing Gas.................................................................................31
8 Inspection and Testing of Production Welds.....................................................................31
8.2 Methods of Inspection.....................................................................................................31
8.3 Qualification of Inspection Personnel.............................................................................31
8.4 Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel.......................................................31
8.4.1
Procedures......................................................................................................31
8.5 Extent of Inspection and Testing.....................................................................................32
8.6 Records............................................................................................................................32
9 Acceptance Standards for Non-Destructive Testing........................................................32
9.1 General............................................................................................................................32
9.3 Radiographic Testing.......................................................................................................33
9.3.1
Inadequate Penetration...................................................................................33
9.3.2
Inadequate penetration due to high-low........................................................33
9.3.3
Incomplete Fusion..........................................................................................33
9.3.6
Burn-Through.................................................................................................33
9.3.8
Slag Inclusions...............................................................................................33
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9.3.9
Cracks.............................................................................................................33
9.4 Magnetic Particle Testing................................................................................................34
9.5 Liquid Penetrant Testing.................................................................................................34
9.5.2
Acceptance standards.....................................................................................34
9.6 Ultrasonic Testing............................................................................................................34
9.6.2
Linear indications...........................................................................................34
10 Repair and Removal of Defects..........................................................................................34
10.1
Defects Other Than Cracks..................................................................................34
10.1.1
Authorisation for repair..................................................................................34
10.1.2
Removal and preparation for repair...............................................................35
10.1.3
Testing of Repairs...........................................................................................35
10.2
Authorisation and Procedure for Repair of Cracks.............................................35
11 Procedures for Non-Destructive Testing............................................................................35
11.1
Radiographic Test Methods..................................................................................35
11.1.1
General...........................................................................................................35
11.1.3
Exposure geometry.........................................................................................36
11.1.4
Type of penetrameters....................................................................................36
11.1.5
Selection of penetrameters.............................................................................36
11.1.6
Placement of penetrameters...........................................................................36
11.1.9
Storage of film and other imaging media......................................................36
11.1.10 Film density....................................................................................................37
11.1.10 Film density and sensitivity...........................................................................37
11.1.11 Image processing............................................................................................37
11.2
Magnetic Particle Test Method............................................................................37
11.4
Ultrasonic Test Method........................................................................................37
12 Automatic Welding..............................................................................................................37
13 Automatic Welding Without Filler-Metal Additions........................................................37
14 Documentation.....................................................................................................................38
14.1
General.................................................................................................................38
14.2
Certificate of Conformity.....................................................................................38
Appendices to API 1104............................................................................................................39
A Alternative Acceptance Standards for Girth Welds........................................................39
A1 General............................................................................................................................39
B In-Service Welding..............................................................................................................39
Figure A - Location of Macrosection and Impact Test Specimens.......................................40
Figure B - Orientation and Location of Charpy Impact Specimens...................................41
Figure C - Hardness Indent Locations....................................................................................42
Appendix C References...........................................................................................................43
Appendix D Determination of the Volume Fraction of Ferrite in Duplex Stainless Steel by
Systematic Point Count.......................................................................................................45
Appendix E Certificate of Compliance . 48
Error! Bookmark not defined.
User Comment Form................................................................................................................50
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1.
Introduction
1.1
Purpose
This specification is a revision of SP-1097 version 1.0, Specification for Welding of Duplex
Stainless Steel Pipelines, issued in July 1999.. The purpose of this specification is to define
the minimum technical requirements for the welding of duplex stainless steel pipelines and
flowlines.
The basis of this specification is API Std 1104 nineteenth edition, September 1999
including Errata dated October 31 2001.
1.2
Version 2.0
2.
2.1
Specification Requirements
Welding, fabrication and inspection shall be in accordance with the requirements of API
Std 1104, nineteenth edition, September 1999 including Errata dated October 31 2001, as
amended and supplemented by Appendix B of this specification.
The scope of API Std 1104 is confined to carbon and low alloy steels and the extensive
amendments and supplements of the text in Appendix B have been necessary to incorporate
the special requirements for welding duplex stainless steels. Other general amendments
and supplements are included in Appendix B where considered necessary to ensure pipeline
integrity in accordance with PDO and Shell Group requirements
The Clause numbering in Appendix B follows that of API Std 1104. Where clauses of API
1104 are not amended or supplemented they shall apply in their entirety.
2.2
Process Deliverables
Process deliverables comprise field welded duplex stainless steel pipelines, flowlines and
related welded fabrications designed to ASME B31.4 or ASME B31.8 and intended for offplot oil and gas service.
2.3
2.4
2.5
Performance Monitoring
Requirements for monitoring welding process variables, welder performance and weld
quality are detailed in relevant sections of API Std 1104 as amended by Appendix B of this
specification.
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2.6
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Effective period
The requirements of this specification shall remain in force indefinitely unless superseded
by an authorised revision.
2.7
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General Definitions
Contractor
Manufacturer/
Supplier
Company
User
Corporate Functional
Discipline Head
shall
should
may
Specific Definitions
Batch or Lot
(see App. B, 4.2.2.1)
Nominal thickness
Verified Copy
SP-1097
A photocopy of an original document which has been reendorsed and signed by the organisation producing the
photocopy to verify that none of the information has been
adulterated.
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Welding Co-ordinator
Version 2.0
Abbreviations
a
AWS
CSWIP
FCAW
GMAW
GTAW
HAZ
HV
Vickers Hardness
NDE
Non-destructive Examination
PAMS
PCN
PQR
PRE
PT
Penetrant Testing
PWHT
RT
Radiographic Testing
SAW
SMAW
Nominal Thickness
TA
UNS
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WPS
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General
Scope
Replace existing section as follows:
This specification covers the arc welding of butt and fillet welds in duplex stainless steel for
pipelines and related facilities.
Welding may be carried out by a SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, SAW, or gas shielded FCAW
process, or a combination of these processes. A manual, semi-automatic, or automatic
welding technique, or combination of these techniques, may be used. The first and second
passes of single sided butt welds shall be made using the manual or automatic GTAW
process. Filler metal shall be used for all passes. Roll welding shall be accepted by the
Company only when an automatic welding process is used.
GMAW, GTAW, and gas shielded FCAW shall be restricted to construction areas protected
against wind and draught.
This specification also covers the procedure requirements and acceptance standards for test
and production welds destructively tested or inspected by radiography, ultrasonics, or liquid
penetrant techniques.
Referenced Publications
See also Appendix C of this specification.
Definition of Terms
See also Appendix A of this specification.
4
4.1
Specifications
Equipment
Replace existing section as follows:
Welding plant, instrumentation, tools, and accessories shall be suitably maintained in
accordance with manufacturers' instructions and shall have adequate capacity for the
welding procedures to be employed. GTAW power units shall incorporate a high frequency
starting unit, slope-out control and gas delay facility as a minimum. Welding plant
electrical output, portable voltmeters/ammeters, wire feed speed meters, and gas flow
meters shall be calibrated immediately prior to welding, and thereafter at intervals defined
in the Contractor's calibration procedure. A log of the calibration status shall be
maintained.
Pipe handling equipment, rollers, and line-up clamps shall neither damage nor contaminate
the pipes and shall achieve the specified fit-up. As far as is practicable, direct contact shall
be prevented between duplex stainless steel and carbon steel equipment. Line-up clamps
and supports shall have stainless steel inserts or shall be lined/overlaid with a compatible
material. Spacing tools shall be of stainless steel. Nylon slings shall be used for lifting
duplex stainless steel components.
During preparation for welding and cleaning or dressing of weld deposits and components,
only grinding wheels dedicated to stainless steel work shall be used. Wire brushes shall be
of stainless steel. All such dedicated equipment and consumables shall be identified by
colour coding or other suitable means.
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4.2
4.2.1
Materials
Pipe and fittings
Replace existing section as follows:
Pipe shall be in accordance with one of the following:
PDO SP 1189
PPS Specifications
Shell/Company MESC codes
The Contractor shall obtain verified copies of the materials certificates for all free-issue
items to be welded. Contractor supplied items shall have original or verified copies of
materials certificates and certification. Items without materials certificates shall not be
used unless they are re-certified through re-testing and material is positively identified by
suitable marking on the pipe.
4.2.2
Filler metal
4.2.2.1
The chromium and nickel contents of each batch should be equal to or higher than
those of the filler used in the corresponding procedure qualification test.
The PRE of the filler metal, as calculated from the batch test certification on the basis
defined below, should be at least 2 units higher than the minimum specified for the
base material to be welded.
PRE = (%Cr) + 3.3(%Mo + 0.5%W) + 16(%N)
NOTE: Tungsten (W) analysis need be considered only if specified as an alloying addition.
Each batch of consumables shall be tested in accordance with the AWS procedures specified
for the consumable classification. For SDSS, batch testing shall be conducted with third
party witness and verification at a Company-approved facility. The definition of a batch is
given in Appendix A of this specification.
All filler metals shall have classification society, e.g. Lloyd's, DNV type approval. And shall
be from a manufacturer acceptable to the Company Welding TA-2.
4.2.2.2
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Consumables that show signs of damage or deterioration, e.g., cracked or flaked coatings,
shall be disposed of to the satisfaction of the Company.
All manual electrodes shall be properly identifiable up to the time of usage, each electrode
being distinguishable by a coding marked near the grip end. Electrodes without a code
marking shall not be used. Wire spools shall be stored in cabinets with supplier's wrapping
in place and shall remain clearly identifiable up to the point of usage. Unidentifiable wire
shall not be used.
Flux shall be handled and stored in accordance with the flux manufacturers
recommendations, The Contractor shall furnish the Company with manufacturer's
datasheets for the flux prior to its arrival at site. Flux shall remain identifiable and
traceable. Recycling shall not be permitted.
Vacuum packed electrodes should be used. Basic coated electrodes not supplied in vacuum
packs shall be removed from the containers and baked in ovens in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions. The electrodes shall be transferred to holding ovens set at
150C after baking from where they shall be issued to heated quivers maintained at a
minimum temperature of 70C. Duplex stainless steel electrodes shall not be stored in the
same heated cabinets as electrodes of other materials. The maximum stacking height shall
be four layers. The baking ovens and the holding ovens shall have automatic heat controls
and a temperature read-out display. A map or other acceptable method shall be employed
so as to identify the contents and their location in the baking and holding ovens. Oven
internal storage arrangements shall not allow intermixing of different electrodes
(manufacturers and/or sizes).
Consumable control shall be such that any basic coated electrodes shall be used within four
hours of issue to a quiver. Where this is not possible due to operational reasons, vacuum
seal packed electrodes shall be used, (for which the requirement for issue into a heated
quiver shall still apply). Those electrodes not used within four hours shall be returned to
the baking oven. Electrodes shall be baked a maximum of two times, i.e. one initial bake
and one re-bake. The Contractor shall have a system for identification of baked electrodes.
Prior to the commencement of qualification or production welding, whichever is sooner, the
Contractor shall submit a consumable handling procedure to the Company for review and
approval. Test welding or production welding shall not commence until the consumable
handling procedure has been approved by a Company Welding TA Level 2 or higher.
4.2.3
Shielding gases
4.2.3.1
Types
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SP-1097
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4.3
Quality System
The work shall be undertaken only by Contractors that have been approved by the Company
specifically for the welding of duplex stainless steel. Approval of Contractors shall be
based on Company document GU-225.
The welding Contractor shall maintain and operate a quality system which shall be in
accordance with ISO 9001 and SP-1171. A quality system based on alternative standards to
those of ISO may be considered for agreement by the Company. All welding and related
activities shall satisfy the requirements of ISO 3834-2.. It is recommended to follow the
guidelines given in PD CR 13576.
5
5.1
The welding shall be within the essential variables defined in this specification.
The WPS and PQR are owned and controlled by the Contractor.
The WPS and PQR are approved by the welding TA-2 for each project.
Notes:
Provisions for the welding and testing of fillet welds, included in API Std 1104 and this specification shall be taken to
apply additionally to full penetration branch welds.
A PQR shall be used only by the Contractor who had direct operational control during production of the test welds.
The provisions of ASME Section IX, QW-201 shall be referenced for detailed definition of the Contractors
responsibility
Any welding procedure qualified to meet project specific requirements for which the
Company has paid/reimbursed the cost of qualification shall be owned by the
Company. The Company will keep original PQR copies.
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5.2
Version 2.0
Record
Add the following:
The PQR shall include the following Documents:
5.3
5.3.1
The WPS Approved for Qualification with all the details specified in clause 5.3.
The actual welding details with all the details specified in clause 5.3
Material certificates.
Consumables certificates.
PAMS printout of the welding parameters*.
Summary of welding parameters including heat input calculation
Pre-heat treatment records (as applicable)
PWHT records (as applicable)
Visual inspection report.
NDT reports.
Laboratory test report.
Welding parameters shall be recorded by means of a calibrated portable arc monitoring system with printout facility.
Procedure Specification
General
Add the following:
The WPS shall show the following non-technical information:
5.3.2
Date
Revision number
Contract number
Project title
Contractors signature and endorsement
Client: PDO
Specification information
5.3.2.1
Process
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When the use of qualification ranges is agreed by the Company, the following limits shall
apply for all diameters and thicknesses:
Qualified diameter range; when D <323mm, 0.5D to 2 D; when D > 323mm; 0.5D to
maximum to be welded.
Qualified wall thickness range, 0.75t to 1.5t. but not < 5mm. For t < 5mm, a change
outside the range t to 1.5t
Qualified throat thickness, (fillet weld), 0.75a to 1.5a.
Joint design
Electrical characteristics
Flame characteristics
Position
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qualified in the production welding position or, to cover all positions, in the 6G position, at
the option of the Contractor.
5.3.2.9
Direction of welding
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5.4
5.4.2
amplitude of weave;
frequency of weave; and
dwell time.
Essential Variables
Changes requiring requalification
5.4.2.2
Base material
Replace as follows:
Any change in UNS number. A change in the PREN exceeding 1.5 or +2.5.
In addition to the above for super-duplex grades any change in manufacturer or product
form shall be considered an essential variable. A procedure qualified by welding together
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products from different manufacturers or different product forms shall qualify both the
combination and welds between each product.
5.4.2.3
Delete existing section and replace by:
Any change in bevel dimension outside the tolerance stated in the approved WPS, unless
otherwise agreed by the Company. Branch welds shall require separate qualification in
accordance with Section 5.7.
5.4.2.4
Position
Filler metal
Subject to the approval of the Company Welding TA-2, a change to a different trade name
of solid filler wire may be accepted without re-qualification.
5.4.2.10 Shielding gas and flow rate
Change title to:
5.4.2.10 Shielding/backing gas and flow rate
Add the following:
A change of shielding or backing gas flow rate to one outside the range 20% of the
average value qualified and specified shall also constitute an essential variable.
Any increase in the oxygen content of the effluent backing gas beyond that qualified shall
necessitate re-qualification.
Any decrease in the number of passes before cessation of backing gas flow shall constitute
an essential variable.
5.4.2.11 Shielding flux
Replace existing section as follows:
Any change in classification or trade name constitutes an essential variable.
5.4.2.12 Speed of travel
Add the following:
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SP-1097
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Any change in the range of qualified speed of travel, or electrode run out length, outside the
range 15% of that qualified shall constitute an essential variable. See also 5.4.2.13,
following.
Add the following new sections, 5.4.2.13 5.4.2.20:
5.4.2.13 Welding current or heat input
Any change in average welding heat input per pass outside the range 10% of that
qualified and the addition or deletion of pulsating current shall be considered essential
variables. The allowable range for volts, and amps and travel speed (2.4.2.12) shall be
15% of the individual values determined from the PQR. However, the Contractor shall
control these parameters so as to comply with the heat input requirements stated above.
5.4.2.14 Wire feed speed
Any change outside of the range specified on the approved for construction WPS shall
constitute an essential variable.
5.4.2.15 Preheat and interpass temperature
Any increase greater than 50C in the specified minimum preheat temperature or any
increase in maximum interpass temperature shall constitute an essential variable.
5.4.2.16 Post-weld Heat Treatment
The inclusion or deletion of PWHT or any change in PWHT parameters shall constitute
essential variables.
5.4.2.17 Number and sequence of weld beads
Any change in the sequence of deposition shall constitute an essential variable.
5.4.2.18 Removal of line-up clamp
Removal of the line-up clamp at a stage earlier than stated in the approved for construction
WPS shall constitute an essential variable.
5.4.2.19 Partially completed joint
Any change in the minimum number of runs before the joint is allowed to cool shall
constitute an essential variable.
5.4.2.20 Diameter
See clause 5.3.2.3 of this specification.
5.5
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Sufficient test welds shall be made to extract all the destructive test specimens required for
qualification testing. Test welding shall be witnessed by a Company representative having
a Welding Technical Authority level 3 or higher.. The Contractors Welding Engineer who
is approved by the Company shall supervise the entire welding procedure qualification
process. The Contractor shall give the Company a minimum of 48 hours' notice of the
intention to proceed with test welding.
Immediately prior to test welding, the Contractor shall have available at the test site for
Company inspection, the following documents:
The Contractor shall have a minimum of one Company-approved calibrated portable arc
monitoring system with hard copy facility available at the test site to record welding
parameters. No test welding is permissible without recording the welding parameters using
a calibrated portable arc monitor.
5.6
5.6.1
NDT shall be witnessed by a Company Welding TA-3 (or higher) or by a Third Party
Inspector nominated by the Company.
The NDT shall consist of the following:
Visual examination
Liquid penetrant testing
Radiographic testing
Ultrasonic testing, where thickness permits.
NDT on all test welds shall be performed with the weld at ambient temperature using
equipment and Company-approved procedures that will be employed for production. NDT
of a test weld may serve as a qualification test for the NDT procedures.
The acceptance criteria shall be as stated in Section 6 of this specification. Any weld that
fails to meet the acceptance criteria shall not be offered for destructive testing. Visual
examination of all butt welds shall include the pipe bore surfaces. The degree of oxidation
present on these surfaces following welding shall be within the visual acceptance criteria of
DEP 30.10.60.31-GEN.
5.6.1.2
Following Company approval of the NDT, all test welds shall be sectioned at the locations
shown in Figure 3 of API Std 1104 and Figure A of this specification. Sectioning and
testing shall be performed at a Company-approved test laboratory.
The Contractor shall appoint a Company-approved agency to witness the destructive
testing. This agency shall certify that all tests are made in accordance with API Std 1104
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SP-1097
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and the additional requirements of this specification. The Company shall have the option
to witness the destructive testing or to appoint an agency to act on its behalf. All test
reports shall be endorsed and signed by the testing organisation, the Contractor, and the
Third Party Inspector who witnessed the testing.
5.6.3
Nick-break test
Delete this section.
Add the following new sections, 5.6.6 5.6.11:
5.6.6
Preparation
Method
The macrosections shall be examined at a minimum magnification of x5. Macrophotographs showing the hardness indentations shall be included in the PQR.
The hardness shall be measured in accordance with ASTM E92, using HV10. For pipe butt
welds, the hardness indentations shall be as shown in Figure C of this specification. For
pipe of t less than 10 millimetres, the mid-thickness traverse may be omitted.
5.6.6.3
Requirements
The macrosections shall not show defects exceeding the acceptance standards given in
Section 6 of this specification. Each specimen shall exhibit a smooth and regular profile
and the reinforcement shall blend smoothly with the parent metal. Slight intermittent
undercut with a maximum depth of 10% of the pipe wall thickness or 0.4 millimetres,
whichever is the smaller, shall be deemed acceptable. Excess penetration shall not exceed
the requirements of clause 9.3.6.4 of this specification. Joint misalignment shall not exceed
1.6 millimetres.
The maximum hardness values from each traverse shall not exceed 325 HV10.
5.6.7
Ferrite measurement
5.6.7.1
Preparation
Measurements of ferrite level shall be made on the prepared sections used for macroexamination and hardness measurements.
5.6.7.2
Method
The ferrite content shall be determined by microscopic point counting in accordance with
ASTM E562 and Appendix D of this specification, or by a magnetic measurement
technique using an instrument calibrated to AWS 4.2 (for DSS only). Ferrite determinations
shall be made in the weld metal and both HAZ areas at a depth of 1mm from the inside and
from the outside surfaces, or for magnetic techniques, as close to the surface as is
SP-1097
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practicable. Additional checks shall be made in the centre of the unaffected base material
on each side of the weld.
5.6.7.3
Requirements
Ferrite content determined by microscopic point counting shall be in the range 40 - 60% for
the parent material and 35 - 65% in the weld/HAZ regions. The ferrite range for magnetic
measurements shall be between 30 70 FN. In the event that borderline unacceptable or
otherwise doubtful results are obtained using magnetic measurement, a check pointcounting determination may be made if agreed by the Company Welding TA-2. If the
results of these repeat tests are satisfactory, the ferrite content shall be considered to be
acceptable.
5.6.8
Preparation
Each procedure qualification shall include impact testing unless the nominal pipe wall
thickness is less than 4.8 mm.
One set of three specimens shall be taken at each of the following positions:
When the wall thickness exceeds 20 millimetres, an additional set of three specimens shall
be taken at each of the following positions:
Testing in accordance with ASTM A370 and this specification shall be conducted at -20C
or at the minimum design temperature, whichever is the lower. The test temperature shall
remain the same for all specimen thicknesses.
For each set of three specimens, only one of the individual values may be below the
minimum average energy requirement with an absolute minimum as defined by the
minimum individual acceptance criterion.
The acceptance criteria are detailed in the Table below. For other standard specimen
dimensions, the acceptance criteria shall be applied pro rata.
Specimen Size, mm
10 x 10
May 2005
Minimum Single
40
30
Page 19
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5.6.9
10 x 7.5
30
23
10 x 5
20
15
Corrosion Testing
5.6.9.1
Preparation
Method
A pitting corrosion resistance test shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM G48,
Method A using the total immersion ferric chloride test. The specimen shall be degreased,
dried and weighed to three decimal places and the weight recorded.
The specimen shall be held in the solution at an angle of 45, with inside surface
uppermost. Unless otherwise directed, the test shall be conducted for a period of 24 hours
at a temperature of 22C 2C. For 'superduplex' grades the test temperature shall be
35C -37C Unless specified otherwise .
On completion of the test period the specimen shall be rinsed, cleaned, dried and weighed
using the procedures specified in ASTM G48A.
5.6.9.3
Requirements
Further testing may be required by the Company where duplex stainless steels are specified
for service in environments containing H2S.
5.6.10 Chemical analysis
Chemical analysis shall be conducted of the root run weld metal. The weld metal sample
shall be taken from an adjacent or equivalent location to that shown for the impact test
specimens in Figure A. The elements required for calculation of the PRE (see Section
4.2.2.1) shall be determined. The PRE value shall exceed the minimum specified for the
base material to be welded.
5.6.11 Retests
5.6.11.1 General
If the results of destructive testing are unsatisfactory owing to defective specimen
preparation or a localised weld defect, the Contractor shall inform the Company and obtain
approval to proceed with retests as detailed below.
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5.7
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8.1
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Prior to cutting, test welds shall be visually inspected and liquid-penetrant tested. If the
weld is deemed acceptable in accordance with the acceptance criteria detailed in Section 6
of this specification it may be offered for destructive testing
Test specimens for macroscopic examination and hardness testing shall be cut from the
joint at the locations shown in Figure 10 of API Std 1104. The specimens should be
machine cut and one face shall be prepared for macroscopic examination by grinding or
other suitable method to a 600 grit paper finish. The prepared surfaces shall be etched
using a suitable etchant to reveal the pass sequence, HAZ, defects etc.
5.8.2
Method
Replace existing section as follows:
Macroscopic examination and hardness measurement shall be carried out in accordance
with section 5.6.6.2 of this specification. On full penetration branch welds, ferrite checks
shall also be conducted in accordance with section 5.6.7.2 of this specification.
5.8.3
Requirements
Replace existing section as follows:
Macroscopic examination, hardness and ferrite requirements shall be in accordance with
clauses 5.6.6.3 and 5.6.7.3 of this specification.
Add the following new sections5.9 5.11:
5.9
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5.10.3 Requirements
The acceptance criteria shall be as for the original welding procedure qualification.
5.11 Records
The procedure qualification record shall include the following:
Approved for qualification WPS
Print-outs from the portable arc monitoring system for each pass
Visual inspection and NDT reports
Heat treatment reports
Original laboratory test certificates, including macrophotographs
Original or verified copies of materials certificates for the test coupon materials
Original or verified copies of batch certificates for the filler materials and
shielding/backing gases employed for test welding.
The PQR shall be submitted to the Company for review and approval with the revised WPS
for production welding.
6
6.1
Qualification of Welders
General
Add the following:
Welders who weld the procedure qualification test coupons, which are satisfactory, shall be
deemed as being qualified.
Welders shall have a valid Company qualification within the validity defined in this
specification or they shall be qualified on contract materials using the Approved For
Construction WPS. Qualification shall be valid for a period of six months. This period
may be extended by a further six months when it can be shown by NDT from production
welding that the welder has produced satisfactory welds using the approved for construction
WPS. After 12 months the welder shall be re-qualified, unless otherwise agreed by the
Company.
Welders shall be re-qualified when the Company has reason to question the welder's ability
to make welds that meet this specification.
For butt welds, welders shall be qualified by visual examination, radiographic testing, bend
testing and macro-examination. Where automatic welding has been used, ultrasonic testing
shall also be undertaken where section thickness permits.
For branch welds and fillet welds, welders shall be qualified by visual examination, liquid
penetrant testing, and macro-examination.
6.2
6.2.1
Single Qualification
General
Delete first sentence and replace as follows:
The use of segments of pipe nipples shall not be permitted. Each of the two pipe nipples
used to make the test weld shall be a minimum length of D or they shall be of sufficient
length to accommodate the alignment device being used, whichever is greater.
May 2005
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6.2.2
Scope
Delete items a., b., c., d., e., f., and g. and replace with the following:
For sour service applications, as determined by the Company in the Contract document, the
limits of welder qualification are the essential variables of the WPS. In such cases, any
change that necessitates re-qualification of the WPS shall be cause for re-qualification of
welders to the new, approved WPS unless the Company agrees that the variable that has
changed has no effect on a welder's performance. Otherwise, the following essential
variables shall be applied for welder qualification:
(a) A change from one welding process to another or a change from manual to automatic
or vice versa.
(b) A change in joint thickness to more than twice the thickness of the test joint.
(c) A change in pipe or branch diameter outside the range 0.5D to 2 D, where D is the test
pipe diameter.
(d) A major change in joint configuration, e.g. U to V preparation
(e) Any change in welding position, except that qualification in the 6G position shall
qualify all positions.
(f) A change in welding progression from uphill to downhill or vice versa.
(g) For manual welding electrodes, a change from one coating type to another
(h) Any change in the nominal composition of the shielding gas.
6.3
6.3.1
Multiple Qualification
General
This clause of API Std 1104 shall not be applicable.
6.3.2
Scope
This clause of API Std 1104 shall not be applicable.
6.4
Visual Examination
Delete existing section and replace with the following:
Performance of visual examination and the acceptance criteria shall be as defined in section
9 of this specification.
6.5
6.5.1
Destructive Testing
Sampling of test butt welds
Delete existing section, including Table 3, and replace with the following:
After satisfactory radiographic testing, the test weld shall be sectioned for macroexamination in accordance with Section 5.6.6. Hardness testing may be omitted. The
number of macro-sections shall be two per welder's portion. The acceptance criteria shall
be as defined in Section 9.
6.5.2
Tensile strength, nick-break and bend test procedures for butt welds
Add the following:
The specified tensile strength and nick-break tests may be omitted.
6.5.6
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6.5.6
Version 2.0
6.5.7
6.5.7
Test Methods and Requirements for Fillet Welds and Branch Welds
Replace existing section as follows:
The fillet weld samples shall be prepared and subjected to macro-examination in
accordance with section 5.8 of this specification.
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
Inspection requirements
Add the following:
The test weld shall meet the requirements of API Std 1104 as modified by this specification.
6.7
Retesting
Replace existing section as follows:
If the test weld does not meet the specified acceptance criteria, the welder may carry out
two repeat tests. Both of the repeat welds shall meet the specified acceptance criteria.
Failure of one or both repeat welds shall result in disqualification of the welder until such
time as the Contractor can demonstrate to the Company by records that satisfactory training
has been received. The welder may then be presented for further qualification testing.
6.8
Records
Add the following:
The Contractor shall maintain the records of the tests and test results of each welder. The
Contractor shall assign each welder a unique identification number, letter, or symbol to
ensure traceability to specific welds. If a welder ceases to work for the Contractor, the
unique identification shall not be re-assigned to another welder.
May 2005
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SP-1097
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7
7.1
Production Welding
General
Replace existing section as follows:
Limitations imposed by the essential variables detailed in this specification and API Std
1104 shall be adhered to in production welding. No production welding shall be carried out
before the WPSs have been endorsed as 'Approved for Construction' by the Company and
the welders qualified to weld using the approved WPSs.
The approved WPSs shall be available at the construction site with either the welder, the
welding supervisor, or the welding inspector.
Welding operations shall not be performed when the welding inspector is not present at the
construction site.
The preparation and welding of pipeline components shall be in accordance with the
qualified and approved WPS.
Fusion faces and the surrounding surfaces within a minimum of 25 millimetres of the joint
shall be free from heavy scale, moisture, oil, paint, or any other substance which may have
a deleterious effect on the weld quality or progress.
If welding works are to be performed in the vicinity of equipment already installed,
adequate protection shall be provided to prevent damage from weld spatter.
Arcs shall be struck only on fusion faces or on striking plates provided as an aid to arc
starting. Stray arc strikes shall be removed by grinding. The ground area shall be liquid
penetrant tested and thickness checked. Where the thickness is below the specified
minimum, the section of pipe shall be removed. The Contractor shall ensure a good earth
connection and periodically examine the condition of the earth cables and attachments.
Any arcing from a poor connection shall be treated as an arc strike. Connections shall be
made to the work by clamps having stainless steel contact surfaces. Earth cables shall not
be welded to pipeline components.
A Company-approved circular cap to prevent entry of foreign material shall be used to
cover open ends of the pipe when interruptions to work expected to last two or more hours
occur. All open ends of pipe strings shall be capped off and sealed when welding is
completed.
7.1.1
General
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Storage
a)
Pipe handling
c)
Supports, rollers and other pipe handling equipment shall be of compatible material or
shall be suitably lined to prevent damage or contamination of the pipework.
d) Slings and supports for lifting duplex stainless steel pipe and assemblies shall be of
Nylon or similar compatible material.
e) Pipe handling by means of hooks in pipe ends shall not be permitted.
7.1.2
Weather protection
f)
Work shall not be performed when the weather and/or degree of protection does not
permit satisfactory workmanship.
g) Enclosures giving adequate protection to the weld area at all times from wind, rain and
moisture shall be provided. In windy conditions the pipe ends shall be sealed to
prevent through draughts.
h) Weld surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned and dried before welding. Moisture shall be
removed by means of blowers, or in exceptional cases a heating torch may be used
provided no signs of surface oxidation are allowed to develop.
7.2
Alignment
Replace existing section as follows:
The pipeline components shall be firmly supported in both the vertical and horizontal plane
and no welding shall be carried out until the alignment specified in the approved WPS has
been achieved.
Any misalignment shall be reduced to a minimum by rotation of the pipe to achieve the best
fit. Hammering or heating of the pipe shall not be permitted.
If the offset exceeds 1.6 millimetres, provided that it is caused by dimensional variations
within the specified tolerances, or where alignment of two pipeline components of different
nominal thickness and the same outside diameter is required, joint design shall be in
accordance with ASME B31.4 or B31.8. Any taper shall not be steeper than 1 in 4.
When a pipe with one longitudinal seam is used, this seam shall be within the top 120 of
the circumference. The longitudinal seams of consecutive pipes shall be offset by at least
45.
7.3
May 2005
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SP-1097
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Root bead segments used with external line-up clamps shall be cleaned, feathered at each
end, and visually inspected prior to completion of the root pass. Any segment, which does
not meet the acceptance criteria of Section 9 of this specification, and API Std 1104 shall be
removed and re-deposited before completion of the root pass.
Pipe shall not be moved or lowered off until the second pass has been completed.
Where an internal or external line-up clamp cannot be used, alignment may be achieved
using tack welds. Tack welds shall be temporary bridge or bullet tacks using suitable duplex
stainless steel material. Welding parameters shall be in accordance with the appropriate fill
pass. Tack welding shall be performed only by welders qualified to weld with the WPS. The
tack welds shall be removed by grinding as welding progresses around the joint.
Fully penetrating root tacks shall not be allowed.
7.4
7.4.2
Bevel
Field bevel
Replace existing section as follows:
Component ends shall normally be bevelled by machining or grinding. Preparation of weld
edges by plasma cutting is permissible provided a machine guided torch is used. Edges
shall be left free of slag and the cut surface shall be ground to a smooth bright uniform
finish with the removal of a minimum of 0.5 millimetres of metal.
The new bevel shall be visually examined and liquid penetrant tested using a Companyapproved procedure. Burns, small score marks, indentations, other imperfections, and
linear indications shall be unacceptable and the bevel shall be re-prepared. Repair by
welding shall not be permitted. Edges shall be free from slag, spatter, dirt, grease or other
foreign matter which may affect weld quality. Acetone may be used for surface cleaning.
Where pipes are cut, pipe markings shall be transferred to the off-cut in order to maintain
identification.
7.7
7.8
7.8.2
Position Welding
Filler and finish beads
Replace last sentence of first paragraph as follows:
The weld metal reinforcement at the cap shall not exceed the requirements of clause 9.3.13
of this specification.
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Marking shall be made with weather-proof chalk, paint, chloride-free crayon, or pen. Die
stamps shall not be used. The root pass welder shall make a mark at the top of the pipe.
Where two welders make the root pass, they shall each make a mark at the top of the pipe
on the side where they are about to weld. Subsequent welders shall mark the pipe below the
first code in the sequence which they work. The identification marks shall not be removed
until the welds have been inspected both visually and non-destructively.
May 2005
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SP-1097
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used for the GMAW process. Gas mixtures containing nitrogen additions may be used
subject to the approval of the Company. Hydrogen additions are not permitted.
Unless otherwise approved, gas back purge shall be maintained during the welding of all
full penetration butt joints until a minimum of 6 mm. thickness of weld metal has been
deposited. Continuation of back purging for further layers may be necessary, subject to the
root weld inner surface meeting the specified visual acceptance criteria, as determined in
procedure qualification. The same criteria shall be applied to confirm the acceptable
maximum depth of partial penetration repair welds.
Flushing with backing gas shall be carried out before welding. The oxygen content of the
exit gas shall be monitored using suitable oxygen measuring equipment and welding shall
not commence until a level of 0.2% or less is attained. Monitoring shall be continued
during welding to ensure that this limit is not exceeded.
8
8.2
8.3
Procedures
Replace existing section as follows:
All personnel shall be qualified and certificated for the method of NDT to be carried out in
accordance with ISO 9712. The roles and responsibilities of NDT personnel shall be as
defined in the levels of competence in ISO 9712. Personnel certified to ASNT Level II in
accordance with ASNT-TC-1A by examination are acceptable provided that the certifying
Level III NDT Engineer has been approved by the Company. The Company approved Level
III NDE Engineer (full time employee of NDE Company) shall continuously (monthly)
monitor the performance of NDE Personnel certified to ASNT Level II and shall take
corrective measures whenever the performance of ASNT Level II technicians is not
satisfactory.
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8.5
8.6
Records
The Contractor shall generate a weld history sheet for every weld which shall contain the
following information:
9
9.1
Weld number
Isometric and line number
Materials specification and identification
The WPS employed
The welder(s)' identity symbols
Date welded
Visual inspection disposition
NDT reports where applicable (to be attached to the weld history sheet)
Type of repair, if applicable, and WPS
NDT reports for repairs (to be attached to the weld history sheet)
PWHT if applicable (chart to be attached to the weld history sheet)
Batch number of consumables employed
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9.3
Radiographic Testing
9.3.1
Inadequate Penetration
Replace existing section as follows:
This type of defect shall be unacceptable.
9.3.2
9.3.3
Incomplete Fusion
Replace existing section as follows:
This type of defect shall be unacceptable.
9.3.6
Burn-Through
Delete sub-sections 9.3.6.2 and 9.3.6.3. Replace with new sub-section 9.3.6.2.
9.3.6.2
Acceptance Criteria
Slag Inclusions
6.3.8.1
Add the following:
Tungsten and copper inclusions shall be treated as slag inclusions for the purposes of
assessment.
9.3.9
Cracks
Replace existing section as follows:
Cracks of any type shall be unacceptable.
Add the following new section:
9.3.13
Weld reinforcement, when measured from the adjacent parent material surface, shall not
exceed the following values:
Wall thickness
(mm)
6.4 and under
6.4 - 12.7
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Over 12.7
3.0
Internal protrusion of the weld root shall not exceed 1.5mm. When measuring internal
protusion, the line of the pipe bore outside the HAZ should be taken as the reference. Local
profile changes adjacent to the fusion line should be discounted.
9.4
9.5
9.5.2
9.6
Ultrasonic Testing
9.6.2
Linear indications
Delete item a. and replace with the following:
a. All linear indications interpreted as cracks shall be unacceptable.
Delete item b. and replace with the following:
b. All linear indications (other than cracks) interpreted to be open to the surface shall be
unacceptable.
10
The repair welding procedure shall be qualified in accordance with sections 5.9 and 5.10 of
this specification on a full-thickness girth weld.
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SP-1097
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11
Radiographic testing procedure qualification may be undertaken on test welds produced for welding procedure
qualification.
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12
Special techniques are required for ultrasonic testing of duplex and super duplex stainless steels. These shall be
developed by the Contractor and agreed by the Principal prior to use.
Automatic Welding
Replace existing section as follows:
Requirements for automatic welding are included in the preceding sections of this
specification.
13
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14
Version 2.0
Documentation
14.1 General
The Contractor shall maintain a record system which ensures weld traceability. The
Contractor shall be responsible for compiling the following document packages which shall
be submitted to the Company upon completion of the works:
(a)
(b)
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In-Service Welding
Delete this Appendix in its entirety.
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Weld metal
Impact
Fusion line
specimens
Macrosection/hardness
Top of pipe
Macrosection/hardness
Macrosection/hardness
Weld metal
Impact
Fusion line
specimens
Macrosection/hardness
May 2005
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Notch
t
2mm
C/L
Specimen axis
_ 20mm
t<
Notch
2mm
FL
FL + 2
C/L
2mm
t > 20mm
2mm
Weld metal specimens
C/L
FL
FL + 2
2mm
t > 20mm
FL
FL + 2
2mm
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1.5 +- 0.5 mm
0.5t
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XXX
XXX X
X XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
1.5+- 0.5 mm
1.5 +- 0.5 mm
May 2005
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Appendix C References
In this specification, reference is made to the following publications:
Notes:
(1) See also additional references listed in API 1104 Section 1.3.
(2) Unless specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used together with any amendments.
PDO Standards
Technical Authorities System
ERD-00-02
SP 1189
GU-225
GU-272
SP-1096
SP-1171
SP-1211
DEP 30.10.60.31-Gen
Welded and Seamless Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Line Pipe
(Amendments/supplements to API Spec. 5LC)
DEP 31.40.20.34-Gen
American Standards
ASME B31.4
ASME B31.8
ASME IX
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, Welding and Brazing
Qualifications
Specification for CRA Linepipe
ASTM A370
ASTM E3
ASTM E92
ASTM E562
ASTM G48
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NACE MR0175
British Standards
Welding of Steel Pipelines on Land and Offshore, Parts 2
BS 4515
PD CR 13576
International Standards
Radiographic Image Quality Indicators for Non-Destructive Testing Principles and Identification
ISO 1027
ISO 1106-3
Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements
3834-2 (Note 1)
ISO 5580
ISO 9001
ISO 9712
ISO 14175
14731 (Note 2)
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Scope
This Appendix is taken from Appendix 2 of DEP 31.40.20.34-Gen and specifies the
requirements for estimating the volume fraction of delta ferrite in duplex stainless steel by
systematic point counting on transverse metallographic sections. The procedure is a specific
interpretation of ASTM E562, which should be referenced for additional background and
definition of detail as noted.
2.
Basis of Method
The method involves the superimposition of a test grid over an image, produced by an
optical light microscope, of the appropriate microstructural area. The number of grid points
falling within delta ferrite are counted and divided by the total number of grid points, to
yield a point fraction which represents an estimate of the volume fraction of delta ferrite
present within the field of view. The average point fraction taken over a number of
appropriately selected fields gives an estimate of the volume fraction within the region
sampled.
3.
Terminology
i.
ii.
iii.
4.
Point count - the number of grid points which lie within areas of a specific phase (in
this case delta ferrite).
Point fraction (Pp) - the point count divided by the total number of points in the test
grid.
Volume fraction (Vv) - the volume of a specific phase per unit volume, expressed as
a fraction.
5.
Area Selection
The areas in which measurements have been made shall be specified precisely, as should
the exact measurement locations. The weld pass shall be stated, e.g. root, cap, fill preferably with a number, as shall the area which has been measured, i.e. weld metal, HAZ
or parent material. Where possible it should be indicated whether the area has been re-
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6.
Apparatus
An optical light microscope which projects an image of the magnified microstructure onto a
viewing screen shall be used, preferably with graduated x and y translation controls. The
magnification shall be selected such that the ferrite particles have an average dimension
approximately one half of the grid point spacing. This should be judged visually in more
than one field of view, before measurements are made.
Note:
For many weldment microstructures, particularly in re-heated areas, a magnification in the range x 500 - x
1000 is suitable.
The test grid shall be marked on a transparent sheet which shall be superimposed on the
magnified image of the microstructure. The grid shall consist of a square array of equally
spaced points, produced by the intersection of fine parallel lines (maximum width 0.3 mm),
and shall have 16 or 25 points. It is recommended that the spacing of the points should be
10 mm along both directions parallel to the edges of the square grid, e.g. as in Figure.
D2.1. At a magnification of x 1000 this corresponds to a point spacing on the actual
microstructure of 10 m.
7.
Procedure
Superimpose the test grid on the magnified image of the microstructure in the chosen area
of the parent material or weldment.
Count the number of points which lie within the delta ferrite phase; any points which
cannot be assigned positively to either phase shall be counted as one half. Delta ferrite is
the phase which is stained dark by the etch, although its colour may vary significantly
throughout the weldment. The austenite phase remains light coloured in all areas after
etching.
The test piece shall then be moved by a small amount in x and/or y so that another field is
chosen. A second point count shall be performed in the new field, provided that this field of
view still falls within the specified region of the parent material or weldment. If the field of
view falls outside the area of interest the specimen shall be moved back, without rotating, to
an appropriate position within the specified area. Where possible the test piece should be
moved without looking at the micro-structure in order to avoid bias in the choice of fields.
It is recommended that the use of overlapping fields be avoided. This process shall be
continued until a minimum of 400 points have been counted.
When measurements are being made within the coarse grained HAZ, the operator shall first
assess whether the test grid can be superimposed over an area which is entirely within the
coarse grained HAZ. This can be done simply by attempting to fit the grid within a single
coarse grain. If the grid size is less than the grain size, then the technique described above
shall be used. If the whole grid is too large, a smaller area of the grid shall be used, by
ignoring one or more whole rows of grid points. The area chosen may be either square or
rectangular. If a rectangular grid is used, the specimen shall be rotated so that the long axis
of the rectangle is kept parallel to the fusion boundary.
Measurements in the coarse grained HAZ shall be made within 0.2 mm of the fusion line.
The volume fraction, as defined by ASTM E 562, of delta ferrite shall be estimated by
taking an average of the point fractions counted in each of the n fields as follows:
VV Pp
1
Pp i
n
(equation 1)
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The 95% confidence interval (CI), as defined by ASTM E562, shall be calculated as
follows:
95%CI
2.0s
(equation 2)
n1
where
s (
1
2 0. 5
[Pp (i)Pp ] )
n 1
(equation 3)
The accuracy of the technique shall comply with the allowable errors specified in Table
D2.1 where the error is as defined in ASTM E 562.
8.
Reporting
The following details shall be included in the point counting report:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
SP-1097
Page 46
May 2005
Version 2.0
Figure D2.1
Two grid types suitable for systematic manual point counting of delta
ferrite in duplex stainless steel
Table D2.1
Error
45-50
10%
40-45
11%
35-40
12%
0-35
May 2005
14%
Page 47
SP-1097
Version 2.0
Description of pipeline
Identification no./Drawing No.
Installed by:
For
Design conditions:
Design temperature:
Medium contained:
Designed by:
We hereby declare that above pipeline has been fabricated, installed, examined and
tested in accordance with this SP-1097
Company:
Signature
(Name, position, date)
Project QA/QC In-charge
Specimen of declaration/certificate of compliance for pipeline fabrication and
installation
SP-1097
Page 48
May 2005
Version 2.0
Title:
Issue Date:
Page Number:
Heading Number:
Figure Number:
Comments:
Suggestions:
Ref.
Ind.:
Signature:
Date:
Phone:
Date:
CFDH
Ref. Ind.:
Recd.:
To CFDH:
CFDH Actions
Recd.
Decision:
Date:
Reject:
Accept, revise at next issue:
Accept, issue temporary amendment
Comments:
Originator
Advised:
May 2005
Date:
Inits.:
Inits.:
Ref.
Ind.:
Document
Control
Section
Advised:
Page 49
Date:
Date:
Inits.:
SP-1097