Beruflich Dokumente
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7-99 Wind is blowing over the roof of a house. The rate of heat transfer through the roof and the cost of this
heat loss for 14-h period are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re cr = 5105. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 10C, the properties of
air are (Table A-15)
k 0.02439 W/m.C
1.426 10
Pr 0.7336
-5
Tsky = 100 K
Air
V = 60 km/h
T = 10C
m /s
1.426 10 5 m 2 /s
Tin = 20C
hL
(0.037 Re L 0.8 871) Pr 1 / 3 [0.037(2.338 10 7 ) 0.8 871](0.7336)1 / 3 2.542 10 4
k
k
0.02439 W/m.C
h Nu
(2.542 10 4 ) 31.0 W/m 2 .C
L
20 m
Nu
In steady operation, heat transfer from the room to the roof (by convection and radiation) must be equal to
the heat transfer from the roof to the surroundings (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to
the heat transfer through the roof by conduction. That is,
Q Q
Q
Q
room to roof, conv+rad
roof, cond
Taking the inner and outer surface temperatures of the roof to be Ts,in and Ts,out , respectively, the quantities
above can be expressed as
Q room to roof, conv + rad hi As (Troom Ts ,in ) As (Troom 4 Ts ,in 4 ) (5 W/m 2 .C)(300 m 2 )(20 Ts ,in )C
Ts ,in Ts ,out
Ts ,in Ts ,out
Q roof, cond kAs
( 2 W/m.C )(300 m 2 )
L
0.15 m
Q roof to surr, conv + rad ho As (Ts ,out Tsurr ) As (Ts ,out 4 Tsurr 4 ) (31.0 W/m 2 .C)(300 m 2 )(Ts ,out 10)C
Q gas
Qtotal
Q t
(28.03 kJ/s)(14 3600 s) 1 therm
15.75 therms
0.85
0.85
0.85
105,500 kJ
Finally, the money lost through the roof during that period is
Money lost (15.75 therms)($0.60 / therm ) $9.45
7-84
k 0.02439 W/m.C,
Pr 0.7336
and
Analysis The outer diameter of insulated pipe is Do = 4.6+23.5=11.6 cm = 0.116 m. The Reynolds number
is
Steel pipe
Re
V Do
(4 m/s)(0.116 m)
3.254 10 4
5
2
1.426 10 m /s
Di = D1 = 4 cm
D = 4.6 cm
Insulation 2
= 0.3
0.5
hDo
0.62 Re
Pr
0.3
k
1 0.4 / Pr 2 / 3
1/ 3
1/ 4
Re
282
,
000
5/8 4/5
and
Di
3.254 10 4
0.62(3.254 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7336)1 / 3
0.3
1
2 / 3 1/ 4
282,000
1 0.4 / 0.7336
4/5
5/8
107.0
Steam, 250C
k
0.02439 W/m C
ho
Nu
(107.0) 22.50 W/m 2 C
Do
0.116 m
Area of the outer surface of the pipe per m length of the pipe is
Do
Air
3C, 4 m/s
In steady operation, heat transfer from the steam through the pipe and the insulation to the outer surface (by
first convection and then conduction) must be equal to the heat transfer from the outer surface to the
surroundings (by simultaneous convection and radiation). That is,
Q Q
Q
pipe and insulation
surface to surroundings
Using the thermal resistance network, heat transfer from the steam to the outer surface is expressed as
1
1
0.0995 C/W
2
hi Ai
(80 W/m .C) (0.04 m)(1 m )
ln(r2 / r1 )
ln(2.3 / 2)
0.0015 C/W
2kL
2 (15 W/m.C)(1 m)
ln(r3 / r2 )
ln(5.8 / 2.3)
3.874 C/W
2kL
2 (0.038 W/m.C)(1 m)
R conv ,i
R pipe
Rinsulation
and
Rconv,i
T1 Ts
(250 Ts )C
R pipe Rinsulation
(0.0995 0.0015 3.874) C/W
Q surface to surr, conv + rad ho Ao (Ts Tsurr ) Ao (Ts 4 Tsurr 4 ) ( 22.50 W/m 2 .C)(0.3644 m 2 )(Ts 3)C
(per m length)
7-85
7-101 A spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen is exposed to winds. The rate of evaporation of the liquid
nitrogen due to heat transfer from the air is to be determined for three cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 20C are (Table A-15)
k 0.02514 W/m.C
1.516 10 -5 m 2 /s
Insulation
1.825 10 5 kg/m.s
s , @ 196 C 5.023 10 6 kg/m.s
Pr 0.7309
Analysis (a) When there is no insulation, D = Di = 4 m,
and the Reynolds number is
Re
Do
Wind
20C
40 km/h
Di
2.932 10 6
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
Nitrogen tank
-196C
Nu
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
6 0.5
2 0.4(2.932 10 )
and
1/ 4
0.06( 2.932 10 )
2/3
(0.7309)
0.4
1.825 10 5
5.023 10 6
1/ 4
2333
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(2333) 14.66 W/m 2 .C
D
4m
hA (T T ) h(D 2 )(T T )
Q
s
s
0.804kg/s
hif
198 kJ/kg
(b) Note that after insulation the outer surface temperature and diameter will change. Therefore we need to
evaluate dynamic viscosity at a new surface temperature which we will assume to be -100C. At -100C,
1.189 10 5 kg/m.s . Noting that D = D0 = 4.1 m, the Nusselt number becomes
Re
3.005 10 6
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
hD
Nu
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.825 10 5
5
1.189 10
and
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(1910) 11.71 W/m 2 .C
D
4.1 m
7-86
1/ 4
1910
As D 2 ( 4.1 m ) 2 52.81 m 2
T Ts , tan k
r2 r1
1
Rinsulation R conv
4kr1 r2 hAs
[20 (196 )]C
7361 W
(2.05 2) m
1
T Ts , tan k
0.0372kg/s
hif
198 kJ/kg
(c) We use the dynamic viscosity value at the new estimated surface temperature of 0C to be
1.729 10 5 kg/m.s . Noting that D = D0 = 4.04 m in this case, the Nusselt number becomes
Re
Nu
2.961 10 6
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.825 10 5
5
1.729 10
1/ 4
and
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(1724) 10.73 W/m 2 .C
D
4.04 m
As D 2 (4.04 m ) 2 51.28 m 2
T Ts , tan k
r2 r1
1
Rinsulation Rconv
4kr1 r2 hAs
[20 (196 )]C
27.4 W
(2.02 2) m
1
T Ts , tan k
7-87
1724
1.516 10 -5 m 2 /s
1.825 10
kg/m.s
s , @ 183C 6.127 10
kg/m.s
Insulation
Re
Do
Wind
20C
40 km/h
Pr 0.7309
Analysis (a) When there is no insulation, D = Di = 4 m,
and the Reynolds number is
Di
2.932 10 6
1.516 10 5 m 2 /s
Oxygen tank
-183C
Nu
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.825 10 5
5
1.05 10
1/ 4
and
2220
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(2220) 13.95 W/m 2 .C
D
4m
0.668kg/s
hif
213 kJ/kg
(b) Note that after insulation the outer surface temperature and diameter will change. Therefore we need to
evaluate dynamic viscosity at a new surface temperature which we will assume to be -100C. At -100C,
1.189 10 5 kg/m.s . Noting that D = D0 = 4.1 m, the Nusselt number becomes
Re
Nu
3.005 10 6
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
6 0 .5
2 0.4(3.005 10 )
and
1/ 4
0.06(3.005 10 )
2/3
(0.7309)
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(1910) 11.71 W/m 2 .C
D
4.1 m
7-88
0.4
1.825 10 5
1.189 10 5
1/ 4
1910
As D 2 (4.1 m ) 2 52.81 m 2
T Ts , tan k
r2 r1
1
Rinsulation R conv
4kr1 r2 hAs
[20 (183)]C
6918 W
(2.05 2) m
1
T Ts , tan k
0.0325kg/s
hif
213 kJ/kg
(c) Again we use the dynamic viscosity value at the estimated surface temperature of 0C to be
1.729 10 5 kg/m.s . Noting that D = D0 = 4.04 m in this case, the Nusselt number becomes
Re
Nu
2.961 10 6
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.825 10 5
5
1.729 10
1/ 4
and
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(1724) 10.73 W/m 2 .C
D
4.04 m
As D 2 (4.04 m ) 2 51.28 m 2
T Ts , tan k
r2 r1
1
Rinsulation Rconv
4kr1 r2 hAs
[20 (183)]C
25.8 W
( 2.02 2) m
1
T Ts , tan k
7-89
1724
1.702 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7255
Re L
7.051 10 4
5
2
1.702 10 m /s
T1
T2
T =30C
400 m/min
hL
0.664 Re L 0.5 Pr 1 / 3 0.664(7.051 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7255)1 / 3 158.4
k
k
0.02662 W/m.C
h Nu
(158.4) 23.43 W/m 2 .C
L
0.18 m
Nu
hA (T T ) T T Q
Q
s
2
hAs
30C
(80 0.06 ) W
( 23.43 W/m 2 .C)(0.12 m)(0.18 m)
L
Q
39.48C
kAs (T T ) T T
Q
1
2
1
2
L
kAs
39.48C
7-90
Tequiv 914
. (914
. Tambient )(0.475 0.0203V 0.304 V )
914
. 914
. (10 F) 0.475 0.0203(10 mph) + 0.304 10 mph 9 F
V = 20 mph:
Tequiv 914
. 914
. (10 F) 0.475 0.0203(20 mph) + 0.304 20 mph 24.9 F
V = 30 mph:
Tequiv 914
. 914
. (10 F) 0.475 0.0203(30 mph) + 0.304 30 mph 33.2 F
V = 40 mph:
Tequiv 914
. 914
. (10 F) 0.475 0.0203(40 mph) + 0.304 40 mph 37.7 F
In the last 3 cases, the person needs to be concerned about the possibility of freezing.
7-91
Vel [mph]
4
14.67
25.33
36
46.67
57.33
68
78.67
89.33
100
4
14.67
25.33
36
46.67
57.33
68
78.67
89.33
100
4
14.67
25.33
36
46.67
57.33
68
78.67
89.33
100
Tambient [F]
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Tequiv [F]
19.87
-4.383
-15.05
-20.57
-23.15
-23.77
-22.94
-21.01
-18.19
-14.63
39.91
22.45
14.77
10.79
8.935
8.493
9.086
10.48
12.51
15.07
59.94
49.28
44.59
42.16
41.02
40.75
41.11
41.96
43.21
44.77
7-92
60
50
60 F
40
Tequiv [F]
30
20
40 F
10
0
-10
20 F
-20
-30
0
22
44
66
Vel [mph]
7-93
88
110