Heat Chap08-061

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
Review Problems
8-61 Geothermal water is supplied to a city through stainless steel pipes at a specified rate. The electric
power consumption and its daily cost are to be determined, and it is to be assessed if the frictional heating
during flow can make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the
flow is fully developed. 3 The minor losses are negligible because of the large length-to-diameter ratio and
the relatively small number of components that cause minor losses. 4 The geothermal well and the city are
at about the same elevation. 5 The properties of geothermal water are the same as fresh water. 6 The fluid
pressures at the wellhead and the arrival point in the city are the same.
Properties The properties of water at 110C are = 950.6 kg/m 3, = 0.25510-3 kg/ms, and Cp = 4.229
kJ/kgC (Table A-9). The roughness of stainless steel pipes is 210-6 m (Table 8-3).
Analysis (a) We take point 1 at the well-head of geothermal resource and point 2 at the final point of
delivery at the city, and the entire piping system as the control volume. Both points are at the same
elevation (z2 = z2) and the same velocity (V1 = V2) since the pipe diameter is constant, and the same
pressure (P1 = P2). Then the energy equation for this control volume simplifies to
P1 V12
P
V2
z1 hpump,u 2 2 z 2 h turbine h L
g 2 g
g 2 g
That is, the pumping power is to be used to overcome the head losses
due to friction in flow. The mean velocity and the Reynolds number are
V
V
1.5 m 3 /s
1
Vm
5.305 m/s Water

2
2
Ac
D / 4
(0.60 m) / 4
hpump,u h L
2
D = 60 cm
Vm D
(950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s)(0.60 m) 1.5 m /s
Re
1.186 10 7
0.255 10 3 kg/m s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The
relative roughness of the pipe is
/D
L = 12 km
2 10 6 m
3.33 10 6
0.60 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading error, we determine
it from the Colebrook equation using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1
f
/D
2.51
3.7
Re f
2.0 log
3.33 10 6
2.51
3.7
1.187 10 7
2.0 log
It gives f = 0.00829. Then the pressure drop, the head loss, and the required power input become
P f
L Vm2
12,000 m (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s) 2
0.00829
D 2
0.60 m
2
W elect
W pump, u
pump- motor
VP
pump- motor
1 kPa
1 kN

2218 kPa
2
1000 kg m/s 1 kN/m
(1.5 m 3 /s )(2218 kPa )

1 kW
5118 kW
3
0.65
1 kPa m /s
Therefore, the pumps will consume 5118 kW of electric power to overcome friction and maintain flow.
(b) The daily cost of electric power consumption is determined by multiplying the amount of power used
per day by the unit cost of electricity,
Amount W
elect,in t (5118 kW)(24 h/day) 122,832 kWh/day
Cost Amount Unit cost (122,832 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh) $7370/day
8-42

(c) The energy consumed by the pump (except the heat dissipated by the motor to the air) is eventually
dissipated as heat due to the frictional effects. Therefore, this problem is equivalent to heating the water by
a 5118 kW of resistance heater (again except the heat dissipated by the motor). To be conservative, we
consider only the useful mechanical energy supplied to the water by the pump. The temperature rise of
water due to this addition of energy is
W
elect VC p T T
pump - motor W elect,in

VC p
0.65 (5118 kJ/s)

(950.6 kg/m 3 )(1.5 m 3 /s) ( 4.229 kJ/kg C)
Therefore, the temperature of water will rise at least 0.55C, which is more than the 0.5C drop in
temperature (in reality, the temperature rise will be more since the energy dissipation due to pump
inefficiency will also appear as temperature rise of water). Thus we conclude that the frictional heating
during flow can more than make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Discussion The pumping power requirement and the associated cost can be reduced by using a larger
diameter pipe. But the cost savings should be compared to the increased cost of larger diameter pipe.
8-43
0.55C

8-62 Geothermal water is supplied to a city through cast iron pipes at a specified rate. The electric power
consumption and its daily cost are to be determined, and it is to be assessed if the frictional heating during
flow can make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the
flow is fully developed. 3 The minor losses are negligible because of the large length-to-diameter ratio and
the relatively small number of components that cause minor losses. 4 The geothermal well and the city are
at about the same elevation. 5 The properties of geothermal water are the same as fresh water. 6 The fluid
pressures at the wellhead and the arrival point in the city are the same.
Properties The properties of water at 110C are = 950.6 kg/m 3, = 0.25510-3 kg/ms, and Cp = 4.229
kJ/kgC (Table A-9). The roughness of cast iron pipes is 0.00026 m (Table 8-3).
Analysis (a) We take point 1 at the well-head of geothermal resource and point 2 at the final point of
delivery at the city, and the entire piping system as the control volume. Both points are at the same
elevation (z2 = z2) and the same velocity (V1 = V2) since the pipe diameter is constant, and the same
pressure (P1 = P2). Then the energy equation for this control volume simplifies to
P1 V12
P
V2
z1 hpump,u 2 2 z 2 h turbine h L
g 2 g
g 2 g
That is, the pumping power is to be used to overcome the head losses
due to friction in flow. The mean velocity and the Reynolds number are
V
V
1.5 m 3 /s
1
Vm
5.305 m/s
Ac
D 2 / 4 (0.60 m) 2 / 4
Water
hpump,u h L
Vm D (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s)(0.60 m) 1.5 m3/s
1.187 10 7
0.255 10 3 kg/m s
Re
D = 60 cm
= 12
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The relative roughnessL of
thekm
pipe is
/D
0.00026 m
4.33 10 4
0.60 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading error, we determine
it from the Colebrook equation using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1
f
/D
2.51
3.7
Re
f
2.0 log
4.33 10 4
2.51
3.7
1
.
187
10 7
2.0 log
It gives f = 0.01623 Then the pressure drop, the head loss, and the required power input become
P f
L Vm2
12,000 m (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s) 2
0.01623
D 2
0.60 m
2
W elect
W pump,u
pump-motor
VP
pump-motor
1 kPa
1 kN

4341 kPa
2
1000 kg m/s 1 kN/m
(1.5 m 3 /s)(4341 kPa )

1 kW
10,017 kW
3
0.65
1 kPa m /s
Therefore, the pumps will consume 10,017 W of electric power to overcome friction and maintain flow.
(b) The daily cost of electric power consumption is determined by multiplying the amount of power used
per day by the unit cost of electricity,
Amount W
elect,in t (10,017 kW)(24 h/day) 240,429 kWh/day
Cost Amount Unit cost (240,429 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh) $14,426/day
(c) The energy consumed by the pump (except the heat dissipated by the motor to the air) is eventually
dissipated as heat due to the frictional effects. Therefore, this problem is equivalent to heating the water by
a 5118 kW of resistance heater (again except the heat dissipated by the motor). To be conservative, we
consider only the useful mechanical energy supplied to the water by the pump. The temperature rise of
water due to this addition of energy is
8-44
W
elect VC p T T
pump-motorW
0.65 (10,017 kJ/s)
elect,in
1.08C
VC p
(950.6 kg/m 3 )(1.5 m 3 /s)(4.229 kJ/kg C)
Therefore, the temperature of water will rise at least 1.08C, which is more than the 0.5C drop in
temperature (in reality, the temperature rise will be more since the energy dissipation due to pump
inefficiency will also appear as temperature rise of water). Thus we conclude that the frictional heating
during flow can more than make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Discussion The pumping power requirement and the associated cost can be reduced by using a larger
diameter pipe. But the cost savings should be compared to the increased cost of larger diameter pipe.
8-45

8-63 The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given. The radius of the
pipe, the mean velocity, and the maximum velocity are to be determined.
Assumptions The flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed.
Analysis The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is
r2
V (r ) Vmax 1 2
R
The velocity profile in this case is given by

V ( r ) 6(1 100r 2 )
Comparing the two relations above gives the pipe radius, the
maximum velocity, and the mean velocity to be
1
R2
R 0.10 m
100
Vmax = 6 m/s
Vm
V(r)=Vmax(1-r2/R2)
Vmax 6 m/s
3 m/s
2
2
8-46
r
0
Vmax

8-64E The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given. The volume flow
rate, the pressure drop, and the useful pumping power required to overcome this pressure drop are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed. 2 The pipe is horizontal.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 40F are = 62.42 lbm/ft3 and = 3.74 lbm/fth
= 1.03910-3 lbm/fts, respectively (Table A-9E).
Analysis The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is
r2
V (r ) Vmax 1 2
The velocity profile in this case is given by
V(r)=Vmax(1-r2/R2)
V ( r ) 0.8(1 625r 2 )
R
Comparing the two relations above gives the pipe radius, the
maximum velocity, and the mean velocity to be
1
R2
R 0.04 ft
625
Vmax = 0.8 ft/s
Vm
r
0
Vmax
Vmax 0.8 ft/s
0.4 ft/s
2
2
Then the volume flow rate and the pressure drop become
V Vm Ac Vm (R 2 ) (0.4 ft/s)[ (0.04 ft) 2 ] 0.00201 ft 3 /s

PD 4
V horiz
128L
0.00201 ft 3 /s
32.2 lbm ft/s 2
1 lbf
lbm/ft s)(80 ft)
128(1.039 10
It gives
P 5.16 lbf/ft 2 0.0358 psi
Then the useful pumping power requirement becomes
1W
W pump,u VP (0.00201 ft 3 /s)(5.16 lbf/ft 2 )

0.014 W
0.737 lbf ft/s
Checking The flow was assumed to be laminar. To verify this assumption, we determine the Reynolds
number:
Re
(P ) (0.08 ft) 4
Vm D (62.42 lbm/ft 3 )(0.4 ft/s)(0.08 ft)
1922
1.039 10 3 lbm/ft s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar.

Discussion Note that the pressure drop across the water pipe and the required power input to maintain
flow is negligible. This is due to the very low flow velocity. Such water flows are the exception in practice
rather than the rule.
8-47

8-65 A compressor is connected to the outside through a circular duct. The power used by compressor to
overcome the pressure drop, the rate of heat transfer, and the temperature rise of air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties.
Properties We take the bulk mean temperature for air to be 15C since the mean temperature of air at the
inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a higher
temperature. The properties of air at this temperature and 1 atm pressure are (Table A-15)
C p 1007 J/kg.C
1.225 kg/m 3
k 0.02476 W/m.C
Pr 0.7323
1.568 10 m /s
The density and kinematic viscosity at 95 kPa are
95 kPa
P
0.938 atm
101.325 kPa
Air
3
(1.225 kg/m 3 )(0.938) 1.149 kg/m10C,
95 kPa
-5
-5
Indoors
20C
D = 20 cm
3
-5 /s 2
m /s)/(0.938) = 1.673 0.27
10 m
m /s
(1.568 10
Analysis The mean velocity of air is
Vm
Then
L = 11 m
V
0.27 m 3 /s
8.594 m/s
Ac
(0.2 m) 2 /4
Re
Vm Dh
(8.594 m/s)(0.2 m)
1.0275 10 5
5
2
1.673 10 m /s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.2 m) 2 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume fully developed flow in a smooth
pipe, and determine friction factor from
0.2
f (0.790 ln Re 1.64) 2 0.790 ln(1.0275 10 5 ) 1.64

0.01789
The pressure drop and the compressor power required to overcome this pressure drop are
V (1.149 kg/m 3 )(0.27 m 3 /s ) 0.3101 kg/s
m
P f
(11 m) (1.149 kg/m 3 )(8.594 m/s ) 2

L Vm 2
(0.01789)
41.74 N/m 2
D 2
(0.2 m)
2
P (0.3101 kg/s )(41.74 N/m 2 )

m
W pump
11.3 W
1.149 kg/m 3
(b) For the fully developed turbulent flow, the Nusselt number is
hD
Nu
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(1.0275 105 ) 0.8 (0.7323)0.4 207.5
k
k
0.02476 W/m.C
h
Nu
( 207.5) 25.69 W/m 2 .C
and
Dh
0.2 m
Disregarding the thermal resistance of the duct, the rate of heat transfer to the air in the duct becomes
As DL (0.2 m)(11 m) 6.912 m 2
T1 T 2
20 10
497.5 W
1
1
1
1
h1 As h2 As
(25.69)(6.912) (10)(6.912)
(c) The temperature rise of air in the duct is

m
C p T 497.5 W (0.3101 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C) T T 1.6C
Q
8-48

8-66 Air enters the underwater section of a duct. The outlet temperature of the air and the fan power
needed to overcome the flow resistance are to be determined.
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 The surface of the duct is at the temperature of the water. 5 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 6 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 20C since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a lower
temperature. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
1.204 kg/m 3
River water
15C
k 0.02514 W/m.C
1.516 10 -5 m 2 /s
Air
25C
3 m/s
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7309
D = 20 cm
Analysis The Reynolds number is
L = 15 m
V D
(3 m/s)(0.2 m)
Re m h
3.959 10 4
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.2 m) 2 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hD h
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(3.959 10 4 ) 0.8 (0.7309) 0.3 99.75
k
and
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(99.75) 12.54 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.2 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air,
As DL (0.2 m)(15 m) = 9.425 m 2

(0.2 m) 2
4
Vm Ac (1.204 kg/m 3 )(3 m/s)

m
= 0.1135 kg/s
and
Te Ts (Ts Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
15 (15 25)e
(12.54 )( 9.425 )
( 0.1135 )(1007 )
18.6C
The friction factor, pressure drop, and the fan power required to overcome this pressure drop can be
determined for the case of fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes to be
f (0.790 ln Re 1.64) 2 0.790 ln(3.959 10 4 ) 1.64
P f
L Vm2
15 m (1.204 kg/m 3 )(3 m/s) 2
0.02212
D 2
0.2 m
2
W fan
W pump,u
pump- motor
VP
pump- motor
0.2
1N
1 kg m/s 2
0.02212
1 Pa
8.992 Pa
1 N/m 2
(0.1135 m 3 /s)(8.992 Pa )
1W
1.54 W
3
0.55
1 Pa m /s
8-49

8-67 Air enters the underwater section of a duct. The outlet temperature of the air and the fan power
needed to overcome the flow resistance are to be determined.
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a lower
temperature. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
1.204 kg/m 3
Mineral deposit
0.15 mm
k 0.02514 W/m.C
River water
15C
1.516 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Water
25C
3 m/s
Pr 0.7309
Re
D = 20 cm
L = 15 m
Vm Dh
(3 m/s)(0.2 m)
3.959 10 4
5
2
1.516 10 m /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.2 m) 2 m
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number and h from
Nu
hD h
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(3.959 10 4 ) 0.8 (0.7309) 0.3 99.75
k
and
k
0.02514 W/m.C
Nu
(99.75) 12.54 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.2 m
As DL (0.2 m)(15 m) = 9.425 m 2

(0.2 m) 2
4
Vm Ac (1.204 kg/m 3 )(3 m/s)

m
= 0.1135 kg/s
The unit thermal resistance of the mineral deposit is

Rmineral
L
0.0015 m
0.0005 m 2 . C / W
k 3 W / m. C
which is much less than (under 1%) the unit convection resistance,
Rconv
1
1
0.0797 m 2 .C/W
2
h 12.54 W/m .C
Therefore, the effect of 0.15 mm thick mineral deposit on heat transfer is negligible.
Te T s (T s Ti )e
Cp )
hA /( m
15 (15 25)e
(12.54 )( 9.425 )
( 0.1135 )(1007 )
18.6C
The friction factor, pressure drop, and the fan power required to overcome this pressure drop can be
determined for the case of fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes to be
f (0.790 ln Re 1.64) 2 0.790 ln(3.959 10 4 ) 1.64
8-50
0.2
0.02212
P f
L Vm2
15 m (1.204 kg/m 3 )(3 m/s) 2
0.02212
D 2
0.2 m
2
W fan
W pump,u
pump- motor
VP
pump- motor
1N
1 kg m/s 2
1 Pa
8.992 Pa
1 N/m 2
(0.1135 m 3 /s)(8.992 Pa )
1W
1.54 W
3
0.55
1 Pa m /s
8-51

8-68E The exhaust gases of an automotive engine enter a steel exhaust pipe. The velocity of exhaust gases
at the inlet and the temperature of exhaust gases at the exit are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the pipe are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 Exhaust gases have the properties of air, which is an ideal gas with
constant properties.
Properties We take the bulk mean temperature for exhaust gases to be 700C since the mean temperature
of gases at the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the exhaust pipe whose surface is
at a lower temperature. The properties of air at this temperature and 1 atm pressure are (Table A-15)
C p 0.2535 Btu/lbm. F
0.03422 lbm/ft 3
80F
Pr 0.694
k 0.0280 Btu/h.ft.F
0.5902 10 -3 ft 2 /s
Noting that 1 atm = 14.7 psia, the pressure in atm is
Exhaust
800F
0.2 lbm/s
P = (15.5 psia)/(14.7 psia) = 1.054 atm. Then,
(0.03422 lbm/ft 3 )(1.054 ) 0.03608 lbm/ft 3
D = 3.5 in
L = 8 ft
(0.5902 10 -3 ft 2 /s)/(1.054) = 0.5598 10 -3 ft 2 /s

Analysis (a) The velocity of exhaust gases at the inlet of the exhaust pipe is
Vm Ac Vm
m
m
0.2 lbm/s
82.97 ft/s
Ac (0.03608 lbm/ft 3 ) (3.5/12 ft) 2 / 4
(b) The Reynolds number is
Re
V m D h (82.97 ft/s)(3.5/12 ft)
43,231
0.5598 10 3 ft 2 /s
roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(3.5 / 12 ft) 2.917 ft
which are shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent
flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
and
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(43,231)0.8 (0.694)0.3 105.4
k
hi h
k
0.03422 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(105.4 ) 10.12 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
(3.5 / 12) ft
As DL (3.5 / 12 ft)(8 ft) = 7.33 ft 2

In steady operation, heat transfer from exhaust gases to the duct must be equal to the heat transfer from
the duct to the surroundings, which must be equal to the energy loss of the exhaust gases in the pipe. That
is,
Q Q
Q
E
internal
external
exhaust gases
Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of Ts , the quantities above can be expressed as
Q internal :
Te Ti
Q hi As Tln hi As
T s Te
T s Ti
ln
Q external :
E
T 800F
Q (10.12 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(7.33 ft 2 ) e
T Te
ln s
Ts 800
h A (T T ) Q
(3 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(7.33 ft 2 )(T 80 )F
Q
o s
s
o
s
exhaust gases :
m
(0.2 3600 lbm/h)(0.2535 Btu/lbm. F)(800 T )F
C p (Te Ti ) Q
Q
e
This is a system of three equations with three unknowns whose solution is

11,635 Btu/h, T 736.3F, and T 609.1F
Q
e
s
8-52

Therefore, the exhaust gases will leave the pipe at 865F.
8-69 Hot water enters a cast iron pipe whose outer surface is exposed to cold air with a specified heat
transfer coefficient. The rate of heat loss from the water and the exit temperature of the water are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the pipe are smooth.
Properties We assume the water temperature not to drop significantly since the pipe is not very long. We
will check this assumption later. The properties of water at 90C are (Table A-9)
965.3 kg/m 3 ;
k 0.675 W/m.C
/ 0.326 10
-6
m /s;
C p 4206 J/kg.C
Water
90C
0.8 m/s
Pr 1.96
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of water is
Ac V (965.3 kg/m 3 )
m
10C
Di = 4 cm
Do = 4.6 cm
(0.04 m) 2
(0.8 m/s) 0.9704 kg/s L = 15 m
4
The Reynolds number is
Re
Vm Dh
(0.8 m/s)(0.04 m)
98,062
0.326 10 6 m 2 /s
roughly
L h Lt 10 D 10(0.04 m) 0.4 m
which are much shorter than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire pipe. The friction factor corresponding to Re = 98,062 and /D = (0.026 cm)/
(4 cm) = 0.0065 is determined from the Moody chart to be f = 0.034. Then the Nusselt number becomes
Nu
and
hD h
0.125 f Re Pr 1 / 3 0.125 0.034 98,062 1.961 / 3 521.6
k
hi h
k
0.675 W/m.C
Nu
(521.6) 8801 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.04 m
which is much greater than the convection heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m 2.C. Therefore, the
convection thermal resistance inside the pipe is negligible, and thus the inner surface temperature of the
pipe can be taken to be equal to the water temperature. Also, we expect the pipe to be nearly isothermal
since it is made of thin metal (we check this later). Then the rate of heat loss from the pipe will be the sum
of the convection and radiation from the outer surface at a temperature of 90C, and is determined to be
Ao D0 L (0.046 m)(15 m) = 2.168 m 2
2
2
Q
conv ho Ao (T s T surr ) (15 W/m .C)(2.168 m )(90 10)C = 2601 W
Q rad A0 (Ts 4 Tsurr 4 ) (0.7)(2.168 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 ) (90 273 K) 4 (10 273 K) 4 942 W
Q total Q conv Q rad 2601 + 942 = 3543 W
(b) The temperature at which water leaves the basement is

m
C p (Ti Te )
Q
Te Ti
Q
3543 W
90C
89.1C
Cp
m
(0.9704 kg/s )( 4206 J/kg.C)
The result justifies our assumption that the temperature drop of water is negligible. Also, the thermal
resistance of the pipe and temperature drop across it are
ln( D 2 / D1 )
ln( 4.6 / 4 )
1.65 10 5 C/W
4kL
4 (52 W/m.C)(15 m)
Qtotal R pipe (3543 W )(1.65 10 5 C/W ) 0.06C
R pipe
T pipe
which justifies our assumption that the temperature drop across the pipe is negligible.
8-53

8-70 Hot water enters a copper pipe whose outer surface is exposed to cold air with a specified heat
transfer coefficient. The rate of heat loss from the water and the exit temperature of the water are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the pipe are smooth.
Properties We assume the water temperature not to drop significantly since the pipe is not very long. We
will check this assumption later. The properties of water at 90C are (Table A-15)
965.3 kg/m 3 ;
10C
k 0.675 W/m.C
/ 0.326 10 -6 m 2 /s;
C p 4206 J/kg.C
Water
90C
0.8 m/s
Pr 1.96
AcV (965.3 kg/m 3 )

m
Di = 4 cm
Do = 4.6 cm
(0.04 m) 2
(0.8 m/s) 0.9704 kg/s L = 15 m
4
The Reynolds number is
Re
Vm Dh
(0.8 m/s)(0.04 m)
98,062
0.326 10 6 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
L h Lt 10 D 10(0.04 m) 0.4 m
which are much shorter than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire pipe. Assuming the copper pipe to be smooth, the Nusselt number is
determined to be
Nu
and
hD h
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023 98,062 0.8 1.96 0.3 277.1
k
hi h
k
0.675 W/m.C
Nu
(277.1) 4676 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.04 m
which is much greater than the convection heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m 2.C. Therefore, the
convection thermal resistance inside the pipe is negligible, and thus the inner surface temperature of the
pipe can be taken to be equal to the water temperature. Also, we expect the pipe to be nearly isothermal
since it is made of thin metal (we check this later). Then the rate of heat loss from the pipe will be the sum
of the convection and radiation from the outer surface at a temperature of 90C, and is determined to be
Ao D0 L (0.046 m)(15 m) = 2.168 m 2
2
2
Q
conv ho Ao (T s T surr ) (15 W/m .C)(2.168 m )(90 10)C = 2601 W
Q rad A0 (Ts 4 Tsurr 4 )

(0.7)( 2.168 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )[(90 273 K) 4 (10 273 K) 4 ] 942 W
Q total Q conv Q rad 2601 + 942 = 3543 W
(b) The temperature at which water leaves the basement is

m
C p (Ti Te )
Q
Te Ti
Q
3544 W
90C
89.1C
Cp
m
(0.970 kg/s )(4206 J/kg.C)
The result justifies our assumption that the temperature drop of water is negligible. Also, the thermal
resistance of the pipe and temperature drop across it are
ln( D 2 / D1 )
ln( 4.6 / 4 )
1.92 10 6 C/W
4kL
4 (386 W/m.C)(15 m)
Qtotal R pipe (3543 W )(1.92 10 6 C/W ) 0.007C
R pipe
T pipe
which justifies our assumption that the temperature drop across the pipe is negligible.
8-54

8-71 Integrated circuits are cooled by water flowing through a series of microscopic channels. The
temperature rise of water across the microchannels and the average surface temperature of the
microchannels are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the microchannels are smooth. 3
Entrance effects are disregarded. 4 Any heat transfer from the side and cover surfaces are neglected.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature of water to be the inlet temperature of 20C since the
mean temperature of water at the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the microscopic
channels. The properties of water at 20C and the viscosity at the anticipated surface temperature of 25C
are (Table A-9)
998 kg/m 3
Water
20C
k 0.598 W/m.C
/ 1.004 10 -6 m 2 /s
C p 4182 J/kg.C; Pr 7.01
L = 1 cm
Micro-channel
0.3 mm 0.05 mm
V (998 kg/m 3 )(0.01 10 -3 m 3 /s ) 0.00998 kg/s

m
The temperature rise of water as it flows through the micro channels is
Q
50 J/s
m
C p T T
Q
1.2C
Cp
m
(0.00998 kg/s)(4182 J/kgC)
Vm
V
0.01 10 3 m 3 /s
6.667 m/s
Ac
(0.05 10 3 m)(0.3 10 3 m) 100
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.05 10 3 m)(0.3 10 3 m)
8.571 10 5 m
P
2(0.05 10 3 m + 0.3 10 3 m)
Re
Vm Dh
(6.667 m/s)(8.57 10 5 m)
569.1
1.004 10 6 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D h 0.05(569.1)(7.01)(8.571 10 5 m) = 0.0171 m

which is longer than the total length of the channels. Therefore, we can assume thermally developing flow,
and determine the Nusselt number from (actually, the relation below is for circular tubes)
Nu
0.065( D / L) Re Pr
hD
3.66
3.66
k
1 0.04 ( D / L) Re Pr 2 / 3
8.571 10 5 m
(569.1)(7.01)
0.065
0.01 m
8.571 10 5 m
(569.1)(7.01)
1 0.04
0.01 m

k
0.598 W/m.C
Nu
(5.224) 36,445 W/m 2 .C
5
Dh
8.571 10 m
Then the average surface temperature of the base of the micro channels is determined to be
and
As pL 2(0.3 0.05) 10 3 0.01 7 10 6 m 2

hA (T
Q
s
s , ave Tm , ave )
Q
(50 / 100) W
20 21.2
Ts ,ave Tm,ave
22.6 C
C
hAs
2
(36,445 W/m 2 .C)(7 10 6 m 2 )
8-55
2/3
5.224

8-72 Integrated circuits are cooled by air flowing through a series of microscopic channels. The
temperature rise of air across the microchannels and the average surface temperature of the microchannels
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the microchannels are smooth. 3
Entrance effects are disregarded. 4 Any heat transfer from the side and cover surfaces are neglected. 5 Air
is an ideal gas with constant properties. 6 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the microscopic channels whose base areas
are exposed to uniform heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and 60C are (Table A-15)
1.060 kg/m 3
k 0.02808 W/m.C
Air
0.5 L/s
1.895 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1007 J/kg.C
L = 1 cm
Pr 0.7202
Micro-channel
0.3 mm 0.05 mm
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air is
V (1.060 kg/m 3 )(0.5 10 -3 m 3 /s ) 5.298 10 4 kg/s

m
The temperature rise of air as it flows through the micro channels is
Q
50 J/s
m
C p T T
Q
93.7C
Cp
m
(5.298 10 4 kg/s )(1007 J/kg.C)
(0.5 10 3 /100) m 3 /s
V
Vm
333.3 m/s
Ac
(0.05 10 3 m)(0.3 10 3 m)
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.05 10 3 m)(0.3 10 3 m)
8.571 10 5 m
3
3
P
2(0.05 10 m + 0.3 10 m)
Vm Dh
(333.3 m/s)(8.57 10 5 m)
1508
1.895 10 5 m 2 /s
which is smaller than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Re
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D h 0.05(1508)(0.7202)(8.571 10 5 m) 0.004653 m

which is 42% of the total length of the channels. Therefore, we can assume thermally developing flow, and
determine the Nusselt number from (actually, the relation below is for circular tubes)
Nu
0.065( D / L) Re Pr
hD
3.66
3.66
k
1 0.04 ( D / L) Re Pr 2 / 3
8.571 10 5 m
(1508)(0.7202)
0.065
0
.
01
m
8.571 10 5 m
(1508)(0.7202)
1 0.04
0.01 m
k
0.02808 W/m.C
Nu
( 4.174) 1368 W/m 2 .C
Dh
8.571 10 5 m
Then the average surface temperature of the base of the micro channels becomes
and
As pL 2(0.3 0.05) 10 3 0.01 7 10 6 m 2

hA (T
Q
s
s , ave Tm , ave )
Q
(50 / 100) W
20 113 .7
Ts ,ave Tm,ave
119.1C
C
hAs
2
(1368 W/m 2 .C)(7 10 6 m 2 )
8-56
2/3
4.174

8-73 Hot exhaust gases flow through a pipe. For a specified exit temperature, the pipe length is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surface of the pipe is smooth. 3 Air is an
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the bulk mean temperature of (450+250)/2 = 350 C are
(Table A-15)
Ts = 180C
0.5664 kg/m 3
k 0.04721 W/m.C
Exhaust
gases
450C
3.6 m/s
5.475 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1056 J/kg.C
Pr 0.6937
D = 15 cm
Re
250C
Vm D (3.6 m/s)(0.15 m)
9864
5.475 10 5 m 2 /s
roughly
L h Lt 10 D 10(0.15 m) = 1.5 m
which is probably much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hD
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(9864) 0.8 (0.6937) 0.3 32.31
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k
0.04721 W/m.C
Nu
(32.31) 10.17 W/m 2 .C
D
0.15 m
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
250 450
148.2C
180 250
ln
180 450
The rate of heat loss from the exhaust gases can be expressed as
hA T (10.17 W/m 2 .C ) (0.15 m) L (148.2C ) 710.25L

Q
s
ln
where L is the length of the pipe. The rate of heat loss can also be determined from
VAc (0.5664 kg/m 3 )(3.6 m/s) (0.15 m) 2 /4 = 0.03603 kg/s

m
m
C p T (0.03603 kg/s)(1056 J/kg.C)(450 250)C 7612 W
Q
Setting this equal to rate of heat transfer expression above, the pipe length is determined to be
710.25 L 7612 W
Q
L 10.72 m
8-57

8-74 Water is heated in a heat exchanger by the condensing geothermal steam. The exit temperature of
water and the rate of condensation of geothermal steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The surface temperature of the pipe is 165C, which is the
temperature at which the geothermal steam is condensing.
Properties The properties of water at the anticipated mean temperature of 85C are (Table A-9)
Ts = 165C
968.1 kg/m 3
k 0.673 W/m.C
C p 4201 J/kg.C
Water
20C
0.8 kg/s
Pr 2.08
4 cm
0.333 10 3 kg/m.s
3.44 10 -7 m 2 /s
968.1 kg/m 3
2066.5 kJ/kg
h fg @ 165C
14 m
Analysis The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are
m AVm 0.8 kg/s (968.1 kg/m 3 )
Re
(0.04 m) 2
Vm Vm 0.5676 m/s
4
Vm D (0.5676 m/s)(0.04 m)
76,471
3.44 10 7 m 2 /s
roughly
L h Lt 10 D 10(0.04 m) = 0.4 m
Nu
hD
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(76,471) 0.8 ( 2.08) 0.4 248.7
k
k
0.673 W/m.C
Nu
( 248.7) 4185 W/m 2 .C
D
0.04 m
As DL (0.04 m)(14 m) = 1.759 m 2

Te Ts (T s Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
165 (165 20)e
( 4185)(1.759 )
( 0.5676 )( 4201)
148.8C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
T
i
s
ln
148.8 20
58.8C
165 148.8
ln
165 20
The rate of heat loss from the exhaust gases can be expressed as
hA T ( 4185 W/m 2 .C)(1.759 m 2 )(58.8C) 432,820 W

Q
s
ln
The rate of condensation of steam is determined from
m
h fg
Q
( 2066.5 kJ/kg)
432.820 kW m
8-58
0.204 kg/s
m
Te

8-75 Cold-air flows through an isothermal pipe. The pipe temperature is to be estimated.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surface of the duct is smooth. 3 Air is an
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the bulk mean temperature of (5+19) / 2 = 12 C are (Table
A-15)
Ts
1.238 kg/m 3
k 0.02454 W/m.C
Air
1.444 10 -5 m 2 /s
5C
2.5 m/s
C p 1007 J/kg.C
12 cm
19C
Pr 0.7331
20 m
Analysis The rate of heat transfer to the air is
Ac Vm (1.238 kg/m 3 )
m
(0.12 m) 2
(2.5 m/s) 0.03499 m/s
4
m
C p T (0.03499 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)(19 5)C 493.1 W
Q
Reynolds number is
Re
V D
(2.5 m/s)(0.12 m)
20,775
1.444 10 5 m 2 /s
roughly
L h Lt 10 D 10(0.12 m) = 1.2 m
Nu
hD
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(20,775) 0.8 (0.7331) 0.4 57.79
k
k
0.02454 W/m.C
Nu
(57.79) 11.82 W/m 2 .C
D
0.12 m
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is determined from

hA T
Q
s
ln
493.1 W (11.82 W/m 2 .C) (0.12 m)(20 m) Tln
Tln 5.535C
Then the pipe temperature is determined from the definition of the logarithmic mean temperature
difference
Tln
Te Ti
T T
ln s e
Ts Ti
5.535C
19 5
T 19
ln s
Ts 5
8-59
Ts 3.8C

8-76 Oil is heated by saturated steam in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The tube length is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 Air is an ideal
gas with constant properties.
Properties The properties of oil at the average temperature of (10+30)/2=20C are (Table A-13)
888 kg/m 3
k 0.145 W/m.C
Oil
C p 1880 J/kg.C
Ts = 100C
10C
0.8 m/s
Pr 2.08
30C
3 cm
5 cm
Analysis The mass flow rate and the rate of heat transfer are
Ac Vm (888 kg/m 3 )
m
(0.03 m)
(0.8 m/s) 0.5022 kg/s
4
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.5022 kg/s )(1880 J/kg.C)(30 10)C 18,881 W
Q
The Nusselt number is determined from Table 8-4 at Di/Do =3/5=0.6 to be Nui = 5.564. Then the heat
transfer coefficient, the hydraulic diameter of annulus, and the logarithmic mean temperature difference
are
hi
k
0.145 W/m.C
Nu i
(5.564) 40.34 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.02 m
Dh Do Di 0.05 m 0.03 m 0.02 m

Ti Te
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
10 30
79.58C
100 30
ln
100 10
The heat transfer surface area is determined from

Q
18,881 W
Q hAs Tln As
5.881 m 2
2
hTln
( 40.34 W/m .C)(79.58C)
Then the tube length becomes
As DL L
As
5.881 m 2
62.4 m
Di (0.03 m 2 )
8-77 . 8-79 Design and Essay Problems
8-60

8-79 A computer is cooled by a fan blowing air through the case of the computer. The flow rate of the fan
and the diameter of the casing of the fan are to be specified.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat flux is uniformly distributed. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties.
Properties The relevant properties of air are (Tables A-1 and A-15)
C p 1007 J/kg.C
R 0.287 kPa.m 3 /kg.K
Analysis We need to determine the flow rate of air for the worst case scenario. Therefore, we assume the
inlet temperature of air to be 50C, the atmospheric pressure to be 70.12 kPa, and disregard any heat
transfer from the outer surfaces of the computer case. The mass flow rate of air required to absorb heat at a
rate of 80 W can be determined from
m
C p (Tout Tin )
Q
Q
C p (Tout Tin )
80 J/s
0.007944 kg/s
(1007 J/kg.C )(60 50)C
In the worst case the exhaust fan will handle air at 60C. Then the density of air entering the fan and the
volume flow rate becomes
P
70.12 kPa
0.7337 kg/m 3
3
RT
(0.287 kPa.m /kg.K)(60 + 273)K
0
.
007944 kg/s
m
V
0.01083 m 3 /s 0.6497 m 3 /min
0.7337 kg/m 3
For an average velocity of 120 m/min, the diameter of the

duct in which the fan is installed can be determined from
D 2
V AcV
V
4
4V
Cooling
air
4(0.6497 m 3 /min )
0.083 m 8.3 cm
(120 m/min )
8-61

Heat Chap08-061

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Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

5.305 m/s Water

(1.5 m 3 /s )(2218 kPa )

Cost Amount Unit cost (122,832 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh) $7370/day

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

pump - motor W elect,in

0.65 (5118 kJ/s)

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Vm D (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s)(0.60 m) 1.5 m3/s

(1.5 m 3 /s)(4341 kPa )

Cost Amount Unit cost (240,429 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh) $14,426/day

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

The velocity profile in this case is given by

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

The velocity profile in this case is given by

Vmax 0.8 ft/s

V Vm Ac Vm (R 2 ) (0.4 ft/s)[ (0.04 ft) 2 ] 0.00201 ft 3 /s

32.2 lbm ft/s 2

Then the useful pumping power requirement becomes

W pump,u VP (0.00201 ft 3 /s)(5.16 lbf/ft 2 )

Vm D (62.42 lbm/ft 3 )(0.4 ft/s)(0.08 ft)

which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar.

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

f (0.790 ln Re 1.64) 2 0.790 ln(1.0275 10 5 ) 1.64

(11 m) (1.149 kg/m 3 )(8.594 m/s ) 2

P (0.3101 kg/s )(41.74 N/m 2 )

As DL (0.2 m)(11 m) 6.912 m 2

(c) The temperature rise of air in the duct is

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Analysis The Reynolds number is

Next we determine the exit temperature of air,

As DL (0.2 m)(15 m) = 9.425 m 2

Vm Ac (1.204 kg/m 3 )(3 m/s)

f (0.790 ln Re 1.64) 2 0.790 ln(3.959 10 4 ) 1.64

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Analysis The Reynolds number is

Next we determine the exit temperature of air,

As DL (0.2 m)(15 m) = 9.425 m 2

Vm Ac (1.204 kg/m 3 )(3 m/s)

The unit thermal resistance of the mineral deposit is

f (0.790 ln Re 1.64) 2 0.790 ln(3.959 10 4 ) 1.64

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

P = (15.5 psia)/(14.7 psia) = 1.054 atm. Then,

(0.03422 lbm/ft 3 )(1.054 ) 0.03608 lbm/ft 3

(0.5902 10 -3 ft 2 /s)/(1.054) = 0.5598 10 -3 ft 2 /s

(b) The Reynolds number is

V m D h (82.97 ft/s)(3.5/12 ft)

Lh Lt 10 D 10(3.5 / 12 ft) 2.917 ft

As DL (3.5 / 12 ft)(8 ft) = 7.33 ft 2

This is a system of three equations with three unknowns whose solution is

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

The Reynolds number is

(b) The temperature at which water leaves the basement is

Qtotal R pipe (3543 W )(1.65 10 5 C/W ) 0.06C

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

AcV (965.3 kg/m 3 )

The Reynolds number is

Q rad A0 (Ts 4 Tsurr 4 )

(b) The temperature at which water leaves the basement is

Qtotal R pipe (3543 W )(1.92 10 6 C/W ) 0.007C