Foreign Relations of Egypt

Foreign relations of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt
Foreign relations of Egypt

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Foreign relations of the Arab Republic of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations
with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as
population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical
position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and within the
Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Arab world's commerce and
culture for centuries, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's
social and cultural landmarks.
Contents
1 Middle East and North Africa
1.1 Relations with Africa
1.2 Arab relations
1.3 Israeli-Palestinian conflict
1.4 Iran
1.5 Iraq
1.6 Israel
1.7 Jordan
1.8 Libya
1.9 Morocco
1.10 Somalia
1.11 Sudan
2 Europe
2.1 European Union
2.2 Other European countries
2.3 Americas
2.3.1 Military cooperation
2.3.2 War on Terror
2.3.3 Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.
3 Rest of world
4 International involvement
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
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Middle East and North Africa

Relations with Africa
In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans
attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes
lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the
members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[1]
Egypt currently disputes sovereignty of the Hala'ib Triangle with Sudan, an area of land located on
the Red Sea coast, between the political borders (at the 22nd circle of latitude) and the
administrative boundary between the two countries.
Arab relations
The Arab League headquarters is in Cairo, and the Secretary General of the League is traditionally
an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Nabil Araby is the present Secretary General of the
Arab League. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of
the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.
Egypt is on good terms with Libya, its western neighbor.
Egypt has fairly good relations with Sudan, its southern neighbor, although it has a land dispute with
Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle, a small area of land on the Egypt-Sudan border on the Red Sea
coast. Sudan claims the area. Egypt's policy on Sudan is that it is in favor of a united Sudan. As
such Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process that was hosted in Kenya under
the auspices of IGAD and that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form an
independent state in 2011 after the long and brutal Sudanese civil war that cumulatively lasted more
than 40 years and claimed over 2 million lives. In ancient times Egypt also had strong trading with
Punt.They traded cloth, grain, copper, papyrus, and gems for items such as myrrh, ebony, ivory, and
wild animals.
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which,
under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for
the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.
This support has continued to the present, with President Hosni Mubarak often intervening
personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the
Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.
In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the
Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President
George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened
in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and
Jordan. The Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, has played a substantial role in
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negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides and is highly respected on both sides.
Iran
In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and
Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year,
Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then
crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with
Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[2]
Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its
support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the
late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and
mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old
Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian
relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations
between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during
the 20082009 IsraelGaza conflict when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames
over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two
countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8
In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private
meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "wellknown".[3] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge
facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to
subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also
consider reaching such weapons.[4]
Iraq
Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypts natural role among Arab countries.
In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypts membership.
However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced
Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraqs
main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).
Israel
The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 ArabIsraeli War ended in
1973 with the EgyptianIsraeli Peace Treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then,
relations have improved. Egypt has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a general consulate in Eilat. Israel
has an embassy in Cairo and a general consulate in Alexandria.
Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East
is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's
groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt-Israel
Peace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of
confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other
Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.
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However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli-Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations

between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The
Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace
due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Jordan
Diplomatic relations between the Egyptian and Jordanian government existed since Jordan became
independent in 1946. On April 6, 1972 the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a
Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto
considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[5] They were severed again in
1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty.
Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both
governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis
the Israeli government,[6] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.
Libya
After the neighboring countries of Egypt and Libya both gained independence in the early 1950s,
relations were initially cooperative. Libya assisted Egypt in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Later, tensions
arose due to Egypt's rapprochement with the west.[7] Following the 1977 LibyanEgyptian War,
relations were suspended for twelve years.[8] However, since 1989 relations have steadily improved.
With the progressive lifting of UN and US sanctions from 20032008, the two countries have been
working together to jointly develop their oil and natural gas industries.[9]
Morocco
Since independence, the two nations have maintained warm relations. Both being predominantly
Arab countries they are members of the Arab League, GAFTA, WTO, the Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation, the Council of Arab Economic Unity and the United Nations.
Somalia
Relations between the territories of present-day Egypt and Somalia stretch back to antiquity.[10] In
the Middle Ages and early modern era, the various Somali Sultanates also maintained close relations
with their counterparts in Egypt.[11]
During the ensuing colonial period, Egypt and Somalia kept close ties through the UN delegate to
Somalia Kamal El Din Salah, who supported the territorial integrity of the Somali territories. Upon
independence of the Somali Republic in 1960, Egypt was among the first nations to recognize the
nascent country.[10] In 1969, Egypt and Somalia were among the founding members of the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Both nations are also members of the League of Arab
States.
After the start of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, Egypt maintained diplomatic relations with the
Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government, and
supported their state-building initiatives. As part of the International Contact Group, the Egyptian
authorities participated in various global summits in support of the Somalian peace process,
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including the Khartoum Conference in 2006, the Djibouti Conference in 2008, and the Cairo
Conference in 2010.[10]
The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed
by the Egyptian authorities, who re-affirmed Egypt's continued support for Somalia's government, its
territorial integrity and sovereignty.[12]
Sudan
Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are each
other's closest allies in the North African region. The two countries are connected by various cultural
ties, and political aspirations.Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in its Camp David peace
initiatives with Israel in the late 1970s. In 2008, Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif urged the two
countries to focus on two specific projects: the Aljazera project which aims to cultivate some two
million acres (8,000 km) of land in Sudan, and a joint project to improve food security in agricultural
and meat production.
Europe
European Union
European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro
Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external
relations priority for the EU.
The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between the
European Union and its originally 12 Mediterranean Partners: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan,
Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Palestinian Authority. Libya currently has
observer status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, the
co-operation covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, including Cyprus and Malta and the 10
Mediterranean Partners.
Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its
participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the
first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.
Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total
funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union
for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national
structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.
The EU is Egypts biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37%
of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has
risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypts main
exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%),
and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals
(16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious
but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.
Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-
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sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses
facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural
goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.
Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at
bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint
declaration A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean',
aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and
further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[13]
As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous
Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in
services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment
protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013,
when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment
relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade
Agreement (DCFTA).[14]
Following the bloody crackdown in August 2014, European Union discussed the possibility of
revising provision of aid to Egypt.[15] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among
European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other
actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[16] and
those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[17]
Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of
arms and materials that could be used for repression,[16] but fell short to halt aid program which
could damage civil society.
Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to
promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat
to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsy.[18] In an official statement released at the end
of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and
incarceration of journalists and activists.[19] At the same time, her declarations about former general
al Sisis bid for candidacy to the presidential elections as difficult but brave[20] sparked harsh
criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who
advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of the
Anti-Coup alliance.[21]
In April 2014 European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of
the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in
their opinion this would legitimize an unlawful take on power.[22]
Other European countries
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Country
Armenia
Formal
relations
established
1992-03-01
Notes
See ArmeniaEgypt relations
Egypt was one of the first countries in the Arab world
which recognized the independent Armenia in 1991.
In May 1992, the first diplomatic mission of the
Republic of Armenia in the Arab East was inaugurated
in Cairo.[23]
Egypt has an embassy in Yerevan.
Egypt had a sizable Armenian community since the
19th century. Many ethnic Armenian Egyptians remain
in Egypt to this day.
Bulgaria
See BulgariaEgypt relations

Bulgaria has an embassy in Cairo.[24] Egypt has an
embassy in Sofia.
Croatia
See CroatiaEgypt relations
Cyprus
See CyprusEgypt relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries were
established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in
1960. Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has an
embassy in Nicosia.
During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the
countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for
increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related
activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her
imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for
exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of
Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on
techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[25]
Denmark
See DenmarkEgypt relations

Denmark has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary
consulate in Alexandria.[26]
Egypt has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Both countries are full members of the Union for the
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Notes
Mediterranean.
Finland
1947-02-15
Finland recognised Egypt on April 8, 1922.
Egypt broke off diplomatic relations on January 5,
1942 but diplomatic relations were re-established on
February 15, 1947.
Egypt has an embassy in Helsinki.
Finland has an embassy in Cairo (since July 1, 1959)
and an honorary consulate general in Alexandria.
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Egypt
(http://formin.finland.fi/public
/default.aspx?nodeid=17207&culture=enUS&contentlan=2)
France
See EgyptFrance relations

Egypt has an embassy in Paris and a consulategeneral in Marseille.[27]
France has an embassy in Cairo and a consulategeneral in Alexandria.[28]
Georgia
1992-05-11
Egypt is represented in Georgia through its embassy
in Yerevan (Armenia).
Georgia has an embassy in Cairo.[29]
Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation
with Egypt (http://www.mfa.gov.ge
/index.php?sec_id=358&lang_id=ENG)
Georgian foreign minister visits Egypt (http://newsen.trend.az/politics/foreign/1451568.html)
Germany
1957-12[30]
See EgyptGermany relations

Egypt has an embassy in Berlin, as well as consulates
in Frankfurt and Hamburg.
Germany has an embassy in Cairo.
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Americas
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relations
established
Notes
Argentina
Argentina has an embassy in Cairo.[40]
Egypt has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[41]
List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Egypt
(Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
(http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/eg.html)
Egyptian-Argentinean relations - From the Egypt State
Information Service (http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics
/Foreign/LatinAmerica/EArelations
/040312050000000001.htm)
Canada
Both countries established embassies in their respective
capitals in 1954.
Canada has an embassy in Cairo.[42]
Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulategeneral in Montreal.[43]
Mexico
31 March 1958
Egypt has an embassy in Mexico City.[44]
Mexico has an embassy in Cairo.[45]
United
States
1882
After the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Egyptian foreign policy
began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's
leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar
Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and
Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the
Arab-Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian
development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to
enhance US-Egyptian relations to foster a peace process
with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries
reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28,
1974.
Military cooperation
Following the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and
2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in
military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO
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Notes
recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received
about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time
frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of
US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.43 billion in 2015),
and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation
adjusted US$ 274.8 million in 2015).[46] In 1989 both Egypt
and Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the United
States.
Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably
the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. General
Anthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US Central
Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most
important country in my area of responsibility because of the
access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described
during the Clinton Administration as the most prominent
player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle
East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of
the administration's strategy to maintaining continued
availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure
the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important
international oil route and as critical route for US warships
transiting between the Mediterranean and either the Indian
Ocean or the Persian Gulf.
The Egyptian military provides indirect support for the
foreign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongest
military power on the African continent, and according to
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies' annual Middle East
Strategic Balance, the second largest in the Middle East,
after Israel.
War on Terror
Despite differences and periods of friction in relations
between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under
Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East
peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship.
It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present
moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab
states to join the peace process and to normalize their
relations with the US.
However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a
little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian
unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in
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Notes
peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US
in its war against international terrorism after the September
11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during
the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military
intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US
occupation of the country after the war and further refused
to comply with US requests to send troops to the country
even under a UN umbrella.
The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts
in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world
as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is
necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative
government to deal with it. On the other hand supporters of
participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis
and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide
the Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do
not agree.
Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.
On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation
Ray LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian
government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a
politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian
government into the activities of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt.
LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International
Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained
twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[47]
On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged
LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending
money from organizations that were operating in Egypt
without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42
charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5
billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the
investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's
Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person
pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt
relations.[48]
Egypt has an embassy in Washington, DC and
consulates-general in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles
and New York City.[49]
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Notes
United States has an embassy in Cairo.[50]
Uruguay
Egypt has an embassy in Montevideo.[51]
Uruguay has an embassy in Cairo.[52]
Rest of world
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Australia
Formal
Relations
Began
1950
Notes
See AustraliaEgypt relations
Australia has an embassy in Cairo.[53]
Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and 2 ConsulatesGeneral (in Melbourne and Sydney).[54][55]
Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
about relations with Egypt (http://www.dfat.gov.au
/geo/egypt/index.html)
Bangladesh
Egypt has an embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize
Bangladesh's independence.[56] President Anwar Al Sadat
enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the
Bangladesh Army.
Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8
Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies.
Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade
and economic relationship. The Cairo-based telecom giant
Orascom owns Bangladesh's second largest mobile operator
Banglalink.
China
India
See EgyptIndia relations

Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between
Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals
of their respective movements of independence. In 1955,
Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal
Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement.
During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the
point of threatening to withdraw his country from the
Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Arab-Israeli
war, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi
described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem
as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between
Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just
settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian
exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured
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fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic
chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt
from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco
and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also
currently negotiating the establishment of a natural
gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In
2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt
Nat Gas distribution and marketing company.
In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750
million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[57]
President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the
visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[58]
Indonesia
1946
See EgyptIndonesia relations

Indonesia has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has an
embassy in Jakarta.
Egypt was one of the first countries to recognize
Indonesia's independence.
Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia
were two of the five founding members of the
Non-aligned Movement.
Both countries are members of the OIC, the
Non-aligned Movement, and the G20 developing
nations.
Japan
See Egypt-Japan relations

Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian
ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[59] with
embassies mutually established.[60] At present, the two
nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic
and trade relations.[61]
Kazakhstan
Egypt has an embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on
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the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met
with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30
trade and economic cooperation agreements had been
concluded between the two countries.[62]
Malaysia
1957[63]
See EgyptMalaysia relations

Egypt has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia
has an embassy in Cairo.
Gamel Abdel Nasser gave a headquarters for the Malay
Association in Egypt as a gift to Malaysia in 1959.
Both countries are members of the OIC and the
Non-Aligned Movement.
Mongolia
1964[64]
See EgyptMongolia relations

Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African
continent.[65][66]
Pakistan
See EgyptPakistan relations

Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both
countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations
between the two countries were established after Pakistan
was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad
Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President
Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.
Philippines
1955-01-18
See EgyptPhilippines relations
South Africa
The first South African mission in Egypt was established
in 1942 as a Consulate-General.
Egypt has an embassy in Pretoria and South Africa has
an embassy in Cairo.
Both countries are full members of the African Union,
G-24, Group of 77 and Non-Aligned Movement.
South African Department of Foreign Affairs about
relations with Egypt (http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign
/bilateral/egypt.html)
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International involvement
Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble
the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The
Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. and
Saudi Arabia.
In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed the Damascus Declaration with Syria and the Persian
Gulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to United
Nations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself
been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and
terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi
Governing Council.
On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear
double standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli
nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[70]
Egypt is member of ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer),
CAEU, CTBT, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA,
UNTAET, UPU, WCO, EFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO. Egypt is 1 of only 7 U.N.
members which is not a member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
See also
List of Foreign ministers of Egypt
Iran-Arab Relations (Egypt)
List of Ambassadors from Egypt
List of diplomatic missions in Egypt
List of diplomatic missions of Egypt
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens
References
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67. Egyptian embassy in Seoul (http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Missions/southkorea/seoul/embassy/en-GB
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External links
History of Egypt - U.S. relations (http://history.state.gov/countries/egypt)
Assessing the United States-Egyptian Military and Security Relations (http://rds.yahoo.com
/_ylt=AmF3WMYBWc7Cpc9ElrQGr11XNyoA;
_ylu=X3oDMTE2anNnbmViBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANERlg
1XzMw/SIG=12er3jl9e/EXP=1135385348/**http%3a//www.ahram.org.eg/acpss/eng/ahram
/2004/7/5/STUD8.HTM/)
The Future of American-Egyptian relations (http://rds.yahoo.com
/_ylt=AhnXpstyX_05uh3.zk8oztNXNyoA;
_ylu=X3oDMTE3dHZsZGltBGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTYEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDREZ
YNV8zMA--/SIG=12tr1k1a8/EXP=1135385972/**http%3a//commdocs.house.gov/committees
/intlrel/hfa94279.000/hfa94279_0f.htm/)
Deniers of Egypt's dark past (http://www.diabolicdigest.net/Egypt/Deniers.htm) An article
exploring Egypt's Africanness
Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in London (http://www.egyptian-embassy.org.uk) The
official website of the Egyptian Embassy in London
EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Egypt (http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=2)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Egypt&
oldid=650793024"
Categories: Foreign relations of Egypt
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