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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
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Strategic Management
Q1) Explain the evolution, role and importance of business policy and strategic
management. What would be the role of manager in this age?
Introduction: The term strategic management has been traditionally used. New
title such as business policy, corporate strategy and policy, corporate policies is essentially
and extensively used which means more less the same concept.
1) In early 1920’s and 1930’s the managers used day-to-day planning methods to
perform any task.
2) To anticipate the future, they tried using tools like preparation of budgets and
control systems like capital budgeting and management by objectives.
3) The techniques were unable to emphasize the future adequately.
4) The next step was they tried using long range planning which was replaced by
strategic planning and later by strategic management.
5) In mid 1930’s, according to the nature of business the planning was done during
Adhoc policy making.
6) As many businesses had just started operations and were mostly in a single product
line, there arose a need for policy making.
7) As companies grew they expanded their products and they catered to more
customers and which in turn increased their geographical coverage.
8) The expansion brought in complexity and lot of changes in the external
environment. Hence there was a need to integrate functional areas.
9) This integration was brought about by framing policies to guide managerial action.
10) Policies helped to have pre-defined set of actions, which helped people to
make decision.
11) Policymaking was the owner’s prime responsibility.
12) Due to increase in the environment changes, in 1930’s and 40’s policy
formulation replaced ad-hoc policy making, which led to emphasis shifted to the
integration of functional areas in this rapidly changing environment.
13) Especially after II World War there was more complexity and significant
changes in the environment.
14) Competition increased with many companies entering into the market.
15) Policy making and functional area integration was not sufficient for the
complex needs of a business.
1) Due to increase in the competition, in 1960’s there was a demand for critical look at
the bane corrupt of business.
2) The environment played an important role in the business.
3) The relationship of business with the environment leads to the concept of strategy.
4) In early sixties, this helped the management to manage between the business and
the environment.
5) In early eighties, as many companies were globalised which lead to the competition
of the rivals access the world.
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6) Japanese companies along with other Asian companies unleashed a force across the
world and posed a threat for the US and European companies, which led to the
current thinking.
7) Strategic management focused on 2 aspects: -
• Strategic process of business.
• Responsibilities of strategic management.
8) Unlike others, in this phase the role of senior management is vital and of utmost
importance. Their role was important in decision-making like -
8) All these actions and decision had a long-term impact on the company and its future
operations, which was the result of senior management decision-making.
9) Strategic management is both about the present and future course of action, which
was the prime responsibility senior management.
Strategic Management is
Hence as managers had variety of choices, decisions were based on the circumstances,
which would take the company in specified directions.
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Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION: -
To understand the process of strategic management the concept should be understood and
controlled. The term strategy is derived from the Greek word “STRATEGOS” Generalship.
The actual direction of military force, as distinct from governing its deployment. The word
strategy means “ THE ART OF GENERAL ”. Based on the studies and views by various
experts and management gurus Strategy in business has taken various connotations.
STRATEGY:
1. Before making a decision managers have to look into the course of deciding since
Strategy involves situations like
2. An establishment and successful company would start to face new threats in the
environment. This is due to its success and emergence of new competitors. It has
to rethink the course of action it has been following. This is called strategy.
3. With such rethinking and environment analysis, new opportunities may emerge and
be identified.
4. To make use of these opportunities, the company might fundamentally rethink and
reason the ways and means, the actions it had been following in the past. These are
called “ strategies “.
5. For a company to survive and to be successful strategy is one of the most
significant concepts to emerge in the field of management. According to Alfred
chandler the determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise
and the adoption of the course of action and the allocation of resources for carrying
out these goals.
William Gluck defines strategy as “a unified, comprehension and integrated plan
designed to assure that the basic objectives of the enterprises are achieved”.
6. Michael Porter views strategy as the “ core of general management is strategy”.
Managers must make companies flexible, respond rapidly, benchmark the best
practices, outsource aggressively, develop core competencies; Infact should know
how to play new roles everyday. Hyper competition is a common phenomenon that
rivals copy very fast.
7. Companies can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference it can preserve
and deliver greater value at a reasonable cost.
8. Strategy rests on unique activities –“ The essence of strategy is in the activities –
choosing to perform things differently and to perform different activities than
rivals”.
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LEVELS OF STRATEGY:
CORPORATE LEVEL
5) CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGY: It’s a broad level strategy and all its plan of actions is
at corporate level i.e. what the company as a whole. It covers the various strategies
performed by different SBU’s. Strategies needs should be in align with the company
objective.
6) Resources should be allocated to each SBU and broad level functional strategies. To
ensure things there would need to have co-ordination of different business of the SBU’s.
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FUNCTIONAL STRATEGY: As the SBU level deals with a relatively. Smaller area that
provides objectives for a specific function in that SBU environment are marketing, finance,
production, operation etc.
Societal Strategy:
Larger Companies like conglometers with multiple business in different countries needs
larger level strategy.
1) A relatively smaller company may require a strategy at a level higher than corporate
level.
2) It’s how the company perceives itself in its role towards the society/ even countries
in terms of vision/ mission statement/ a set of needs that strives to fulfill corporate
level strategies are then derived from the societal strategy.
MISSION/VISION LEVEL
CORPORATE LEVEL
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OPERATIONAL LEVEL
Conclusion:
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3) What are the Issues in Strategic Decision Making? Explain the role
of Various Strategies. What are the issues in making decisions?
1. While making a decision the company might have different people at different
periods of time.
2. Decision requires judgments; personal related factors are important in decision-
making. Hence decision ma y differs as person change.
3. Decisions are not taken individually, but often there is a task in decisions which
could be Individual Vs Group decision making. There will be a difference between
the individual and group decision-making.
4. On what Criteria a company should make its decision, for evaluation of the efficiency
& effectiveness of the decision making process, a company has to set its objectives
which serves as main bench mark.
5. 3 Major Criteria in decision Making are
a. The concept of Maximization.
b. The concept of satisfying.
c. The concept of incrementalism.
Based on the concept chosen the strategic decisions will differ.
6. Generally decision-making process is logical and there will be rationality in decision-
making.
7. When it comes to Strategic decision making point of view there would be proper
evaluation & then exercising a choice from various available alternative resources,
which leads to attain the objectives in a best possible way.
8. Creativity in decision-making is required when there is a complete situation & the
Decision taken must be original & different.
9. There could be variability in decision-making based on the situation &
Circumstances.
Role of C.E.O: Chief Executive Officer is the most important Strategist and responsible for
all aspects from formulations/Implementation to review of Strategic Management. He is the
leader, motivator & Builder who forms a link between company and the board of directors
and responsible for managing the external environment and its relationship.
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Role Of Entrepreneur: They are independent in thought and action and they set / start up
a new business. A Company can promote the entrepreneurial spirit and this can be internal
attitude of an organization. They provide a sense of direction and are active in
implementation.
Role of Senior Management: They are answerable to B.O.Directors & The C.E.O as they
would look after Strategic Management a responsible of certain areas / parts of terms.
Role of SBU – Level Executives: They Co-ordinate with other SBU’s & with Senior
Management. They are more focused on their product / burners line.
They are more on the implementation role.
Role of Consultant: Often Consultants may be hired for a specified new business or
Expertise even to get an unbiased opinion on the business & the Strategy.
Role of Middle Level Managers: They form an important link in strategizing &
Implementation. They are not actively involved in formulation of Strategies and they are
developed to be the future management.
Conclusion: These are the issues in strategic decision-making and the role in Strategic
Management.
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IMPLEMENT/ FEEDBACK/CONTROL
From the above block diagram it states that Strategic Management is a process, which
leads to the formulation of Strategy/ Set of Strategies & managing thru Organisational
System for the achievement of Vision, Mission Goals and Objectives.
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Audaclous Goals: These are the goals that the company would like to achieve. They are
tough needs extraordinary commitment and effort.
Vivid Description: These Goals are put into words that evoke a picture of what it would be
like to achieve the Audaclous Goals.
STRENGTHS/WEAKNESS/CORE COMPETENCIES
Strengths: it’s always in relation to the environment. It’s an unborn capacity, which needs
to fulfill two conditions.
1) Requirement for success.
2) It gives the Strategic Advantage.
It has strengths more than the competitor; it could gain more than the Competitor.
E.g. Superior research where new products & Innovations are required.
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Core Competencies :
1) An organization with its resources and the capacity of converting the resources in to
outputs and the behavior of there (i.e. capability and resources) develops certain
strength and weakness, which their combined lead to synergistic effects.
2) Synergy – Total (is greater) sum of the parts. In terms of organizational
competencies it manifest themselves in advantages over competition.
3) Competencies develop over a period of time.
4) It’s a fine art of competing with its rivals over a period of time and it uses these
competencies to exceed well. The capability of using these competencies to exceed
well turns them into core competence.
5) Core competencies have joined greater currency and popularity as per C.K Prahaled
and Gary Hamel. It’s a portfolio of products/services/different business.
6) In short run competencies for a company is derived from the price performance and
in longer run it’s the ability to build at lower cost and speedily than others.
7) A diversified company is like a large tree. What are not easily visible and apparent –
are the core products and leaves, flowers, fruits are the end product.
8) Root is akin to “Core Competence”.
9) Core competence is communication, collective learning and co-ordination of diverse
production skills and deep involvement and commitment to work and delivery of
value across all levels and functions.
10) Core competencies are the glue that binds existing business and guide
market entries instead of market attractiveness.
11) Core competencies can be identified by conducting 3 tests i.e. provides
potential access to wide variety of markets and significant contributions to the
benefit of the end product difficult for competitors to imitate.
12) Building competencies are not sharing costs by SBU’ (or) out pending rivals
on R and D
13) By not building competencies in emerging markets you may lose the chance
of competing in existing markets.
It’s important to maintain the competencies even it not active in the market.
Strategic Intent is something more than the unfettered ambition. It’s not a soft
target. According to Prahlad & Gray
1) It forsee’s a desired leadership position and establishes the criteria the organization
will chart it’s progress.
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Stretch: To Achieve strategic intent one has to stretch forward and has to look at the
resourcefulness instead of looking at resources. One has to make use of Innovation and
resources. Stretch leads to leverage.
Fit: Strategic fit is the traditional way of looking at strategy. Strategic fit is
conservative and seems to be more realistic but u may not be aware of the potential. Under
stretch & leverage Strategic extent could be impossible, idealistic but under fit strategic
something far beyond possibilities and look at the potential possibilities.
Conclusion.
Thus Strategic intent is what the organization strives for e.g. Canon wanted to beat Xerox.
It’s an obsession to an organization & it is to win at all levels of the organization, sustaining
that obsession is in quest for global leadership.
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Objectives:
a) Objectives are the ends that specify how the goals shall be achieved.
b) They are concrete and specific and they are in contrast with the goals.
c) Objectives make the goals operational and tend to Quantitative in specifications.
d) Objectives are set in a way that what the organisation has to achieve for its
employees, shareholders, customers etc.,
e) Objectives are in relation with the environment. They are the brains of Strategic
Decision Making.
f) They are framed in line with the vision/mission of the organization and it helps to
pursue them.
g) Objectives are invariably Quantitative and provide clear measures and standards for
performance.
h) It helps to see whether the Organisation is in right track or not.
i) Objectives should be concrete, specific, and understandable & should have clearly
defined time frame.
j) It must be measurable, actionable, challenging but controllable.
k) There must be co-relation with other objectives.
l) While setting objectives these are the factors to be evaluated. It should be specific
at the level, which it is being set. It should not be either too narrow or too broad.
m) There need to be multiplicity of objectives.
n) It should be formulated at different time frames like short term, medium term, and
long term & should be linked & consistent.
o) Since its in relation with the environment it needs to check whether they are
fulfilling the needs of customers, share holders etc.,
p) It should be in reality with the organizational resources and internal constraints,
including policies & lower relationship.
Conclusion: Thus an organization is set up to make Prompt and Accurate decision. Hence
goals & objectives are set for the accomplishment of an organization.
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Introduction : -
Environment means the surrounding. It includes both internal and external objects,
factors & influences under which someone/something exist.
Environment :
Environment – Changes:
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Competition : As many companies emerge, the competition rises. They offer good
quality of products at lesser price and consumers prefer such products. Earlier the company
could get into market with an acceptable product/service at the best price would go to sell.
But these days customers prefer high quality at lowest price. The Company, which offers
these at best price, goes high quality and best service becomes standard of all the
competitors.
Changes : Changes has become both pervasive and persistent because companies
face a greater competitors and each one introduces a product and service innovation to the
market with the globalization of the economy. Hence the companies need to move fast in
pace with the changing environment otherwise it’s difficult to move.
SWOT ANALYSIS:
The internal environment refers to all factors within the control of and within the
organization. These factors may impart strengths that can be utilized by the organization or
cause weakness, which becomes threat to the organization.
S – Strength O- Opportunity
W – Weakness T – Threats
Opportunity : can be accomplished and can help to consolidate and strengthen the
organization. It’s a favorable condition for an organization in its environment.
E.g. Due to better GDP growth a company provides increase in demand for the
products/services. It helps in strengthening its position.
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Threats : when the opportunities are not utilized properly it can cause problem to
the to the organization which causes threat. It is unfavorable condition for the organization.
It causes risk/damage to an organization.
E.g. Due to opening up of economy, the emergence of multinational companies, which are
stronger and has good resources, offers stiff competition to the existing companies in an
industry.
Environment to be studied
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Introduction : Corporate level strategies are the topmost level –for the company
as a whole. They are basically about the direction the company intends to pursue in order
to achieving its objectives. As growth is the most easily accepted as way of life. All
organization looks for the expansion, thus expansion strategies are the most popular and
common corporate strategies. Companies aim for substantial growth. A growing economy,
burgeoning markets, customer seeking new ways of need satisfaction, and emerging
technologies offer ample opportunities for companies to seek expansion. When a company
follows the expansion strategy, it aims at high growth. This can be done by a large increase
in one or more of its business. The scope of the business is broadened in terms of their
respective customer groups, customer functions, and alternative technologies-singly or
jointly in order to improve its overall performance. An expansion strategy has a significant
and profound impact on a company’s internal structure and processes, leading to changes
in most of the aspects of internal functioning. Expansion strategies are more risky as
compared to stability strategies.
For expansion, concentrations often the first preference strategy for a company. The
simple reason for this is that it would like to do more of what it is already doing. A
company that is familiar with an industry would naturally like to invest more in known
business rather than unknown ones. Each industry is unique in the sense that there are
established ways of doing things.
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d) Finally, concentration strategies may lead to cash flow problems that may
pose a dilemma before a company. For expansion through concentration
large cash inflows are required for building up assets while the business
are growing. But when these business mature, company often faces a
cash surplus with little scope for investing in the present business.
Integration basically means combining activities on the basis of the value chain
related to the present activity of a company. Sets of interlinked activities performed by
an organization right from the procurement of basic raw materials right down to the
marketing of the finished products to the ultimate consumers is a value chain. So a
company may prove up or down the value chain and expand their business. This helps it
to concentrate more comprehensively on the customer groups and needs than it is
already serving.
There are certain conditions under which a company adopts integration strategies.
Most common condition is a ‘make or buy’ decision. Transaction cost economies, a
branch of study in the economics of transaction and their costs helps to explain the
situation where integration strategies are feasible.
Types of integration:
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Mergers: For a merger to take place two organizations are needed. one is the buyer
organization and the other is the seller. Both these types of organizations have a set of
reasons on the basis of which they merge.
• to increase the value of the organization’s stock-to increase the growth rate and
make a good investment- to improve stability of earning and sales –to balance,
complete, or diversify product line- to reduce competition and to take advantages of
synergy.
•
The seller wishes to merge
• to increase the value of the owner’s stock and investment –to increase the growth
rate- to acquire resources to stabilize operations- to benefit from tax concessions.
Joint Ventures Strategies: joint ventures conditions may be useful to gain access to
a new business under the following condition:
• activity is uneconomical for one organization alone.
• Risk of business has to be shared and, is reduced for the participation companies.
• Distinctive competence of two or more organizations can be brought together
Joint ventures are common within industries and in various countries. But they are
especially useful for entering international markets.
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Integration:
Integration basically means combining activities on the basis of the value chain related to
the present activity of a company. Sets of interlinked activities performed by an organization
right from the procurement of basic raw materials right down to the marketing of finished
products to the ultimate consumers is a value chain. So a company may move up or down the
value chain and expand their business. This helps it to concentrate more comprehensively on
the customer groups and needs than it is already serving.
These are certain conditions under which a company adopts integration strategies. Most
common condition is a ‘make or buy’ decision. Transaction cost economics, a branch of study
in the economics of transactions and their costs helps to explain the situation where integration
strategies are feasible. The cost of making the items used in the manufacture of one’s own
products is to be evaluated against the cost of procuring them from suppliers. If the cost of
making is less than the cost of procurement then the company moves up the value chain to make
the items itself. Likewise, if the cost of selling the finished products is lesser than the price paid
to the sellers to do the same thing then it is profitable for the company to move down on the
value chain. In both these cases the company adopts an integration strategy.
Types of Integration:
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2. Horizontal Integration: When a company starts serving the same customers that it
knows very well with additional products that are different from the earlier products
in any of the terms of their respective customer needs, customer functions, or
alternative technologies, either singly or jointly, it is horizontal integration. An
example, a hardware manufacturer starts supplying software also, a car manufacturer
getting into vehicle insurance or selling fuel.
Diversification:
Types of Diversification:
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The board of directors enacts the formal role of reviewing executive decisions in the
light of their environment, business and organizational implications.
Chief executives are ultimately responsible for all the administrative aspects of strategic
evaluation and control.
The corporate planning staff or department may also be involved in strategic evaluation.
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Barriers in Evaluation:
Control should involve only the minimum amount of information. Too much information
tends to clutter up the control system and creates confusion.
Control should monitor the managerial activities and results even if the evaluation is
difficult to problem.
Long term and short term controls should be used so that a balanced approach to
evaluation can be adopted.
Rewards for meeting or exceeding standards should be emphasized so that, managers are
motivated to perform. Unnecessary emphasis on penalties tends to pressurize the managers to
rely on the efficiency rather than effectiveness.
Premise Control :
Implementation control :
The implementation control is aimed at evaluating whether the plans, programs and
projects are actually guiding the organization towards its predetermined objectives or not.
Implementation control may be put into practice through the identification and monitoring of
strategic thrusts.
Strategic Surveillance:
The premises and implementation types of strategy controls are specific in nature.
Strategy surveillance, is designed to monitor a broad range of events inside and outside the
company that are likely to threaten the course of a firm’s strategy.
Broad based, general monitoring on the basis of selected information sources to uncover events
that are likely to affect the strategy of an organization.
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The first step of signal detection can be performed by the emergency alert control
systems.
Process of Evaluation:
Measurement of performance:
Standards of performance act as the benchmark against which the actual performance
is to be compared.
Understand how the measurement of performance can take place.
The information system is the key element in any measurement exercise.
Operationally, measuring is done through the accounting, reporting, and
communication systems.
Important to look at the difficulties, timing and periodically in measuring.
Difficulties in measurement :
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