Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2)
INTRODUCTION
Rapid and reliable operation of the power system
protection and control is dependent on reasonably
accurate measurements of electrical signals associated
with controlled elements of the power system. On the
base of phase voltages and currents the protective relays
estimate the state of a circuit to make a decision: to trip
the faulted circuit, or not-to-trip the sound one.
Current and voltage transformers influence the criterion
values measurement particularly during disturbances in
the system. Certain construction limitations of
instrument transformers may in some cases cause
maloperation or substantial delay in tripping of the
protective relays. Current transformer saturation and
discharging of the capacitive voltage transformers
internal energy during short circuits on an associated
transmission line are the most important phenomena
affecting accuracy of the voltage and current magnitude
estimation.
The goal of this paper is to present ANN methods
intended for dynamic compensation of Current
Transformers
(CTs)
and
Capacitive
Voltage
Transformers (CVTs) used for measurements in high
voltage power systems. The nonlinear multilayer
recursive Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been
used for modelling inverse transfer functions of the
transformers. The faced problems as well as the results
obtained for different network parameters are presented.
The issue of correct application of these novel methods
in real protective relays has been discussed.
Many studies on the correction of CTs and CVTs have
been reported. In most cases presented approaches
consist in searching of the inverse transfer function of a
CVT as Saha et al (1) and Siguerdidjane et al (2)
propose. Conventional as well as ANN methods for
compensating CTs are presented by Braun et al (3) and
Kang et al (4). However, the usage of broad ANNs or
additional filtering of restored signals is required
therein.
SA
ZA
12km 12km 175km
UB
UA
SB
ZB
0.72
1E-7
ZL
x(n)
FLUX [Vs]
x(n-nw+1)
y(n-nd )
y(n-nd-1)
0
-1
y(n-nd-nc )
-2
-3
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
MAGNETISING CURRENT I [A]
C1
L
v1
C2 vi
LT1 RT1
CT1
R0
L1
v2
L0
RFe
LT2 RT2
Lm
K y( n, j ) y ( n, j )
errS ( n) = (
/ K ) 100%
Y ( j )
j =1
R1 R2
where:
j
NEURAL
APPROACH
SECONDARY SIGNALS
TRANSFORMERS
(2)
TO
OF
RESTORING
INSTRUMENT
y z nd = F ( x, K, xz nw +1 , y z nd 1 ,K, yz nd nc +1 )
(1)
where:
x
- sample of the secondary signal,
- sample of the restored signal,
y
nw, nc - the model order
nd
- a structural time delay
The secondary signal samples and compensated ANN's
K
n
y(n,j)
Y(j)
K Y ( n, j ) Y ( n, j )
errA ( n) = (
/ K ) 100%
Y ( n, j )
j =1
(3)
where:
Y(n,j) - magnitude of the primary signal (estimated at
n-th instant of the j-th fault case),
20
COMPENSATION OF THE CT
befor compensation
10
after compensation
errS
10
2
0
20
a)
200
100
0
-100
-200
primary current
secondary current
restored current
40
80
100
120
140
120
140 [ms]
150
I [A]
errA
errS
60
AMPLITUDE ESTIMATION
200
8
6
15
40 t [ms] 60
20
after compensation
20
20
befor compensation
60
40 t [ms]
b)
25
6
4
i [A]
errA
15
100
10
50
5
0
20
40
t [ms] 60
20
40 t [ms]
20
40
60
80
100
60
nw - nc
4-3 4-4
5-4
classical
without
approach compens
errS
14.47
7.41
7.04
6.86
12.41
18.88
errA
3.3
0.98
0.98
0.94
2.62
17.33
3-2
3-3
4-4
5-4
5-5
6-6
7-7
5.73
7.21
2.38
3.22
3.46
2.97
1.35
2.58
3.61
1.25
1.07
1.33
0.96
0.83
primary voltage
secondary voltage
neural compensation
class. compensation
u [V]
a)
0
-100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
u [V]
40
20
0
-20
U [V]
b)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
10
5
0
20
40
60
80
100