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KALYAN SIR: ATMOSPHERE

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ATMOSPHERE
KALYANSIR.COM
THE ATMOSPHERE:
We know:
That the Oxygen is the life breath of human beings.
That the plants take Carbon dioxide and live.
That there is an ozone layer in the atmosphere that
protects us from the Ultra-Violet rays coming from the
Sun.
Where these gases are present?
These are present in surroundings of the earth and it
is called atmosphere.

The Components of Atmosphere


Nitrogen 78.0 %
Oxygen - 21.0 %
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Argon 0.93%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%.
Neon 0.0018 %
Water vapour, dust particles, Helium, Ozone, Krypton, Xenon etc also present in the
atmosphere.
The Nitrogen and Oxygen are considered to be the permanent constituents of the
atmosphere.
Remaining gases are the variable constituents.
The heavier gases are concentrated in the lower parts of the atmosphere.
The lighter gases are concentrated in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
The Nitrogen gas is important for vegetative growth.
The Nitrogen gas is also helpful for combustion.
The Carbon dioxide gas absorbs the heat from the Sun and the earth.
CO2 is a major nutrient for plants.
High concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to the Greenhouse effect.
STRUCTURE (LAYERS) OF ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is divided into 5 layers.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
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Ionosphere
Exosphere

The 5 layers are divided into 2 groups.


Homo sphere: (The composition of gases is almost similar)
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere

Hetero sphere: (The composition of gases is not similar)


Ionosphere
Exosphere
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TROPOSPHERE:

This is the lowermost layer in the atmosphere.


We live in this layer.
The height of troposphere at the equator is 16 km.
The height of troposphere at the poles is 8 km.
This layer accounts for water vapor and dust particles.
This layer also accounts for most of the CO2.
The temperature decreases with the increase of height
The Tropo pause separates the Troposphere with the Stratosphere.

STRATOSPHERE:
This is the second layer in the atmosphere.
The Ozone layer is present in this layer. (Please remember).
Ozone layer is present 25 to 30 km above the surface of the earth.
This zone is called ozonosphere.
The temperature is very high as this layer absorbs the UV rays.
Air pockets are absent in this layer.
There is an absence of water vapour in this layer.
The layer is calm and clear.
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This layer provides the better visibility to the pilots.


This layer is suitable for the high speed jet flights.
The temperature increases with the increase of height
This layer is present up to 50 km.
The Chlorofluro-carbons are responsible for the depletion of the Ozone layer.
This is called Ozone hole.

MESOSPHERE:
This is the 3rd layer.
This is a transitional layer.
This layer is present up to 80 km.
This layer is considered to be the coldest layer.
The temperature decreases with the increase of height.
IONOSPHERE:
This is the 4th layer in the atmosphere.
This is an electrically conducting layer.
They reflect the radio waves back to the earth.
The Ionosphere helps in radio communication.
This layer acts as a protective layer against meteorites. (Meteorites are burnt in this
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layer).
The height is up to 400 km.

EXOSPHERE:
This is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.
The extent or the boundary of this layer is not clear.

Miscellaneous:
The earth receives heat from the sun and is called insolation.
The surface of the earth receives the heat at the rate of 1.94 calories per Sq.cm per
minute.
The vast amount of energy coming to and leaving the earth is called radiation.
The Sun radiation is in the form of short waves.
Radiation from the earth is called terrestrial radiation.
The terrestrial radiation is in the form of long waves.
What is the average temperature of the earth?
This remains constant because of the incoming and outgoing radiation. This is called heat
budget.
The heat budget is not uniform throughout the earth.
Up to 400 latitude the amount of solar radiation is received is high than it is lost to space.

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Above the 400 latitude the amount of radiation received is less than it is lost.
Aurora is a luminous phenomenon observed in the atmosphere in the high altitude
regions.
The Aurora is produced by the entry of the charged particles from the sun into the
earths magnetic field and occurs at a height of 100 km.
The Aurora are visible in high latitudes of both northern and southern hemispheres.
The Aurora of northern hemisphere is called Aurora Borealis.

AURORA BOREALIS

The Aurora of southern hemisphere is called


Aurora Australis.

AURORA AUSTRALIS

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Weather primary elements are Temperature, Humidity and Wind.


Weather changes from time to time.
The climate is the average of daily changing weather conditions over a long period of
time.
The proportion of incident solar radiation reflected from the surface of the earth is called
albedo.
The earth receives only 1/2000 millionth part of the total energy emitted by the sun.

Most of the energy emitted by the sun is not received by the earth because of
absorption, scattering and reflection.

Depending on the temperature distribution the globe can be divided into three
temperature zones.
1.

Torrid Zone or Tropical zone: The temperature remains high. This is 23 0 N


and 23 0 S.

2.

Temperate Zone: The temperature remains moderate.

3.

Frigid Zone (Polar regions): The temperature remains low.

Isotherms: The lines joining places with same temperature.


Atmospheric pressure is the column of air extending vertically over a given area on
the earths surface.
Atmospheric pressure is measured by Barometer.

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BAROMETER

Aneroid Barometers are the modern barometers that do not make use of any liquids.

ANEROID BAROMETER
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Barograph is an instrument that records the atmospheric pressure continuously.

BAROGRAPH

Wind: The air moving in a definite direction.


Air always moves from the area of high pressure to the low pressure area.
Easterly winds: Blows from East to west.
Westerly winds: Blows from West to East.
Doldrums or Variable winds: 50 N and S.
Trade Winds: 50 to 300 N and S. They blow
from North to South in the Northern hemisphere and South to North in the southern
hemisphere.
Horse latitudes: Between 300 and 400 N and S.
Westerly winds: Between 350 and 600 N and S.
Westerlys in the southern hemisphere also called Roaring forties, Furious fifties and
Screaming sixties.
KALYANSIR.COM
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