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Apndice A
Identidades
Tensor identidad
I=1=g
g
= g
g
= g
g
= g
g
= g
g
(A.1)
Identidades de productos
= g
g
= =
g
g
(A.2)
g
g
= g
g
= =
(A.4)
g
g
= g
= g
(A.5)
g
g
= g
= g
(A.7)
= g
= g
g
g
(A.8)
g
g
g
=
(A.9)
g
g
=g
g
= =
g
g
= g
= g
(A.3)
(A.6)
g
(
g g
) =
(A.10)
(A.11)
ab=ba
(A.12)
a b v = a (b v)
(A.13)
v a b = (v a) b
(A.14)
u v = Tr (u v) = (u v) : 1 = 1 : (u v)
(A.15)
338
a b = b a
A b = b A
(A.16)
(A.17)
a b v = a (b v)
(A.18)
v a b = (v a) b
(A.19)
a (b A) = (a b) A = (b a) A
(A.20)
a (A b) = (a A) b = b (a A)
(A.21)
a b : v w = (a w) (b v)
(A.22)
A : B = B : A = A : B
(A.23)
A : u v = v A u = u v : A = v u : A
(A.24)
u v w x = u v (w x)
(A.25)
u v w : x y = u v w x w = u (w x) (v y)
g
g
1 g
1 g
2 g
3
2 g
3
v w = 1 2 3 = 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
1
2
3
u (v w) = v (w u) = w (u v) = 1 2 3
1 2 3
(A.26)
(A.27)
(A.28)
a (b c) = (a c) b (a b) c
(A.29)
(a b) c = (a c) b (b c) a
(A.30)
(a b) (c d) = (a c) (b d) (a d) (b c)
(A.31)
(a b) (a b) = kak kbk (a b)
(A.32)
(a b) (c d) = d a (b c) + c b (d a) d b (c a) c a (d b)
(a b) (c d) = [c (d a)] b [c (d b)] a
= [a (b d)] c [a (b c)] d
(A.34)
(A.35)
(A.36)
(A.37)
339
a (b c) + b (c a) + c (a b) = 0
(A.38)
(A.39)
p
=g
g
= = Tr 1
p
g
= 1
p = g
= g
p
p=g
= g
g
= g
= 0
p=g
(A.40)
(A.41)
(A.42)
(A.43)
(A + B) = A + B
(A.44)
(A + B) = A + B
(A.45)
(A.46)
( ) = 2 +
(A.47)
( v) = 2 v + v
(A.48)
en 3
(A.49)
v = ( v)
( 1) =
(A.50)
( T) = T + T
(A.51)
(u v) = ( u) v + u v
(A.52)
(u T) = ( u) T + u T
(A.53)
(A u) = ( A) u + A : u
(A.54)
(u v) = u : v + u ( ( v))
(A.55)
(T p) = p ( T) + : T,
con T = T
(T p) = ( T) p + T :
g
g
2
g
3
1
=
v = ; g
1
2
3
1
2
3
(A.56)
(A.57)
(A.58)
340
(u v) = v ( u) u ( v)
(A.59)
(A u) = ( A) u + A ( u)
(A.60)
(u A) = ( u) A u ( A)
(A.61)
u ( v) = v u u v
(A.62)
(u v) = u v u v v u + v u
(A.63)
( v) = v + v
(A.64)
(u v) = ( u) v u v
(A.65)
( ) = +
(A.66)
( v) = (v) + () v
(A.67)
(u v) = u v + v u
= u ( v) + v ( u) + u v + v u
1
(v v) v ( v) = v v
2
( u) = 0
(A.68)
(A.69)
(A.70)
= 0
(A.71)
( v) = ( v) 2 v
(A.72)
= 2
(A.73)
u = 2 u
2
A = A
2 ( v) = 2 v
(A.74)
(A.75)
(A.76)
2 2 = ( )
(A.77)
2 ( ) = 2 + 2 + 2
1
=
= 2
u
u u
2
u
u + u
(A.78)
(A.79)
(A.80)
(A.81)
Regla de la cadena
( ()) =
(A.82)
341
Propiedades del determinante de un tensor de segundo orden
det A = det (A)
det(A1 ) =
1
det (A)
(A.83)
(A.84)
(A.85)
(A.86)
det A =
(A a) [(A b) (A c)]
a (b c)
(A.87)
(det ( )) =
(A.88)
1
2!
(A.89)
(A.90)
Tr (A B) = Tr (A B) = Tr (B A) = A : B = B : A
(A.91)
(A.92)
Tr A2 = A : A =
(A.93)
Tr A3 = (A A) : A =
Tr (ABC) = Tr A B C
(A.94)
Tr (a b) = a b = Tr (b a)
(A.95)
(A.96)
(A.97)
A b = b A
(A.98)
(u v) = v u
(A.99)
(A B) = B A
A B = B A
(A.100)
(A.101)
342
2 2
= A
A
3 3
= A
A
1 1
A
= A
= A
1
(A B)
=B
(A.102)
(A.103)
(A.104)
(A.105)
= Tr A
1
(Tr A)2 Tr A2
=
2
1 3
3
= det A =
Tr A + 3
3
1
=
(Tr A)3 3 Tr A Tr A2 + 2 Tr A3
6
1
=
3!
= 1 2 3
q
kAk = Tr (A A )
(A.106)
3 2 + = det (A 1) = 0
(A.113)
(A.107)
(A.108)
(A.109)
(A.110)
(A.111)
(A.112)
y su variante
T =
Si a = ,
Si a = ,
n T
(A.115)
n =
2 + =
(A.116)
Z
Z
2
2
(A.114)
(A.117)
(A.118)
343
Teorema de Stokes
Z
n T =
T p
( (x ) )
(x ) =
V
V
+ v
=
+ ( v)
=
V
Z
Z
+ ( v n)
=
(A.119)
347
Apndice C
Coordenadas Cartesianas
C.0.1.
C.0.2.
u =
T=
(C.2)
C.0.4.
(C.1)
C.0.3.
+ 2
+ 3
+
+
(C.3)
+
+
+
+
+
+
3 (C.4)
348
C.0.5.
v =
C.0.6.
1 +
2 +
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2
2
(C.5)
(C.6)
C.0.8.
C.0.7.
(C.7)
+
+
1
v u =
+
+
2
+
+
+
3 (C.8)
+
349
Apndice D
Transformacin de coordenadas
2 2 12
2
1
==
+
1 = 1 cos 2
2
2 = 1 sin 2
2 = = arctan 1
1
3 = 3
(D.1)
3 = 3
Las superficies coordenadas son cilindros para 1 = constante, con eje en 3 , semiplanos verticales para 2 = constante, y planos horizontales que cortan el eje 3 para 3 =
constante.
Los intervalos de valores que toman las coordenadas polares cilndricas son
1 (0 )
2 [0 2)
3 ( )
D.1.1.
Jacobiano
= det
cos 2 1 sin 2 0
= sin 2 1 cos 2 0 = 1
0
0
1
(D.2)
350
D.1.2.
sin 2
1
2
cos
g
2 (x) = 1 1 sin 2 + 2 1 cos 2 2 = g
1 sin 2 + g
2
1
3 = g
3
g
3 (x) = 3
g
1 (x) = 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
D.1.3.
(D.3)
D.1.4.
1 = g
1 cos 2 g
2
g
2 (x)
g
3 (x) = g
3 (x)
(1 )2
(D.4)
1
0
0
1
0
0
( ) = 0 1 2 0 = 0 1 1 2 0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Mtrica del espacio
2
= det ( ) = 1
2 = 2 + 2 2 + 2
(D.5)
(D.6)
(D.7)
351
D.1.5.
e1 (x) = g
1 (x)
e1 (x) = g
1 (x)
g
2 (x)
e2 (x) =
e2 (x) = 1 g
2 (x)
1
3 (x)
e3 (x) = g
3 (x)
e3 (x) = g
(D.8)
e (x) =
e1 (x) =
e1 (x)
(D.9)
e (x) =
e2 (x) =
e2 (x)
(D.10)
e3 (x) =
e (x)
e (x) =
D.1.6.
(D.11)
(D.12)
La magnitud de p es
kpk2 = 2 + 2 ( + ) (1 cos ) + 2
(D.13)
Vector diferencial de posicin entre los puntos x0 y x1 con respecto a la base del
punto final x1
D.1.7.
(2)
= (2)
(2)
D.1.8.
(1) = 1
1
(2) = 2
(3) = 3
(D.14)
Smbolos de Christoel
2
1
2
1
= 1 =
=
21
12
1
= 1 =
22
=0
(D.15)
(D.16)
(D.17)
352
D.1.9.
; =
1;1 = 11
1;2 = 12
2
1
1;3 = 13
2
3;1 = 31
1
= 22 + 1 1 3;2 = 32
2;1 = 21
2;2
2;3 = 23
(D.18)
3;3 = 33
; = +
2 ;1 = 2 1 +
3 ;1 = 3 1
1 ;2 = 1 2 1 2
2 ;2
3 ;2 = 3 2
1 ;3 = 1 3
D.1.10.
3 ;3 = 3 3
e
=0
e
=
e
e
=0
e
=0
e
=0
e
=0
(D.20)
D.1.12.
2 ;3
(D.19)
e
=0
e
=
e
e
=0
D.1.11.
2
11
= 2 2 + 1
= 2 3
1 ;1 = 1 1
e
+
+
e
(D.21)
u =
(D.22)
353
D.1.13.
D.1.14.
1
1
( ) +
+
(D.23)
T=
1
1
( ) +
+
1
1
( ) +
+
+
e
+
1
1
( ) +
+
e (D.24)
+
Por componente
1
1
( ) +
+
1
1 2
+
+
( T) = 2
+
1
1
( ) +
+
( T) =
( T) =
D.1.15.
(D.27)
e +
e +
( )
(D.28)
D.1.17.
(D.26)
v =
D.1.16.
(D.25)
1 2 2
+ 2 2 + 2
(D.29)
2
2
v = 2 2
2
2
2
2
v = + 2
2
2
v =
(D.30)
(D.31)
(D.32)
354
D.1.18.
+
+
(v u) =
+
+ +
(v u) =
(v u) =
+
+
(D.33)
(D.34)
(D.35)
355
Apndice E
Coordenadas Esfricas
E.1.
Transformacin de coordenadas
2 2 12
2
1 + 2 + 3
1 = 1 sin 2 cos 3
1
1 2 + 2 2 2
2 = = arctan
2 = 1 sin 2 sin 3
3
2
3
= = arctan
3 = 1 cos 2
1
1 = =
2 (0 )
3 [0 2)
(E.1)
356
E.1.1.
Jacobiano
=
= det
cos 2
1 sin 2
0
1 2
=
sin 2
(E.2)
E.1.2.
g
1 (x) = 1 sin 2 cos 3 + 2 sin 2 sin 3 + 3 cos 2
1
(E.3)
1
g
2 (x) = 1 cos cos + 2 cos sin 3 sin
g
3 (x) = 1 1 sin 2 sin 3 + 2 1 sin 2 cos 3
(E.4)
(E.5)
357
cos 2 cos 3
csc 2 sin 3
3
1
1
cos 2 sin 3
csc 2 cos 3
1 sin 2 sin 3 + g
2
+
g
2 = g
3
1
1
sin 2
1 cos 2 g
2 1
3 = g
1 = g
1 sin 2 cos 3 + g
2
E.1.3.
(E.7)
(E.8)
E.1.4.
(E.6)
g
2 (x)
g
3 (x)
g
3 (x) =
2
(1 )
(1 )2 sin2 2
(E.9)
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0 1 1 2
( ) = 0 1
0
=
0
1 2
2
0
0
1 1 sin2 2
sin2 2
0
0
(E.10)
4
= det ( ) = 1 sin2 2
2 = 2 + 2 2 + 2 sin2 2
(E.11)
(E.12)
Diferencial de volumen
= 2 sin
(E.13)
E.1.5.
(E.14)
e1 (x) = g
1 (x)
e1 (x) = g
1 (x)
g
2 (x)
e2 (x) =
e2 (x) = 1 g
2 (x)
1
g
3 (x)
;
e3 (x) = 1 sin 2 g
3 (x) ;
e3 (x) = 1
sin 2
(E.15)
358
e (x) =
e1 (x) =
e1 (x)
e (x) =
e2 (x) =
e2 (x)
(E.16)
e (x) =
e3 (x) =
e3 (x)
E.1.6.
+ ( + ) sin ( + ) sin ()
e (x0 ) (E.17)
La magnitud de p es
kpk2 = 2 + 2 ( + ) (1 cos cos ( + ) sin sin ( + ) cos ()) (E.18)
El vector delta de posicin, p, entre los puntos x0 y x1 con respecto a la base
del punto final x1
E.1.7.
(1) = 1
1
= 2
(2) = 2
1
3
= sin 3 (3) =
sin
(E.19)
359
E.1.8.
Smbolos de Christoel
1
= 1 =
22
1
= 1 sin2 2 = sin2
33
2
= sin 2 cos 2 = sin cos
33
2
2
1
1
=
= 1 =
12
21
3
3
1
1
=
= 1 =
13
31
3
3
= cot 2 = cot
=
32
23
E.1.9.
=0
(E.21)
(E.22)
(E.23)
(E.24)
(E.25)
(E.26)
e
=0
e
=
e
e
= sin
e
E.1.10.
(E.20)
e
=0
e
=
e
e
= cos
e
e
=0
e
=0
e
= sin
e cos
e
; =
(E.27)
360
1;1 = 11
2
1
3
= 31 1
2
= 12 1
= 22 + 1 1
2;1 = 21
3;1
1;2
2;2
3;2 = 32 cot 2 3
3
1;3 = 13 1
2;3 = 23 cot 2 3
; = +
1 ;1 = 1 1
2
1
3
= 3 1 + 1
= 1 2 1 2
2 ;1 = 2 1 +
3 ;1
1 ;2
1
1
3
= 2 + cot 2 3
2 ;2 = 2 2 +
3 ;2
1 ;3 = 1 3 1 sin2 2 3
2 ;3 = 2 3 sin 2 cos 2 3
3 ;3 = 3 3 +
E.1.11.
E.1.12.
1
+ cot 2 2
1
e
e
+
+
sin
(E.28)
1 2
1
1
( sin ) +
+
2
sin
sin
(E.29)
361
E.1.13.
v =
E.1.14.
( sin )
e
sin
e
1
( )
+
sin
( )
(E.30)
+
E.1.15.
v =
E.1.16.
1
2
2
+ 2
sin
+ 2
sin
sin2 2
(E.31)
sin
sin
1
+
cos
sin
1
sin
+ sin + cos
(E.32)
1 2
1 (sin )
1 +
+
+
T=
e
2
sin
sin
1 2
1 (sin )
1 cot
+
+
+
+
e
2
sin
sin
1 2
1 (sin )
1 + cot
+
+
+
+
e (E.33)
2
sin
sin
Por componente
+
(sin )
1
1 2
+
+
(E.34)
( T) = 2
sin
cot
1
(sin )
1
( T) = 3
+
+
+
(E.35)
sin
(sin )
+ cot
1
1 3
( T) = 3
+
+
+
(E.36)
sin
362
E.1.17.
2
2
2
( sin ) 2
2
2
sin
sin
2
cos
2
2
2
v = 2 + 2
2 2
2
sin sin
2
2 cos
2
v = 2 + 2
+ 2 2
2
sin
sin
sin2
E.1.18.
2 v
= 2
(E.37)
(E.38)
(E.39)
+
+
sin
(v u) =
sin
(v u) =
+
+ +
cos
sin
+
+
+ sin + cos
(v u) =
sin
(E.40)
(E.41)
(E.42)
363
Apndice F
364
despus de que Einstein desarroll la teora de la relatividad especial que las geometras
no-eucldeas fueron aplicadas a otras ciencias fuera de las matemticas.
En la teora de la relatividad, el espacio y el tiempo forman una variedad diferenciable, llamada espacio-tiempo. La curvatura del espacio-tiempo viene definida por el
tensor de curvatura de RiemannChristoel.
El tensor de RiemannChristoel se puede calcular de la diferencia entre las segundas derivadas covariantes del componente covariante de un vector
; ;
(F.1)
El trmino ; = (; ); es la derivada covariante de un tensor de segundo orden. Reescribiendo la derivada covariante de un tensor de segundo orden
(F.2)
; =
= (; ) =
(F.3)
= ;
=
(F.4)
= ;
=
(F.5)
; =
+
+
+
+
(F.6)
+
+
(F.7)
365
por lo que la diferencia es
; ;
(F.8)
372
Apndice H
Relaciones termodinmicas
Si la energa interna se expresa como una funcin de la entropa , del volumen
y de la cantidad de sustancia (moles) de cada uno de los componentes del sistema ,
= ( ) la diferencial total de la energa interna es
=
+
+
(H.1)
y usando las relaciones termodinmicas
(H.2)
(H.3)
(H.4)
se obtiene
= +
Relaciones de Maxwell (en forma extensiva)
(H.5)
(H.6)
(H.7)
(H.8)
(H.9)
373
variantes
Relacin cclica
(H.10)
(H.11)
= 1
(H.12)
(H.13)
2
1
= =
= + =
Generalizadas
= +
X
X
(H.14)
(H.15)
(H.16)
1
1
= + 2 = v
1
1
=
=
Compresibilidad isotrmica
1
1
=
=
Compresibilidad adiabtica
1
1
=
=
(H.18)
(H.19)
(H.20)
(H.21)
374
Capacidad calorfica (calor especfico) a presin constante
=
=
Capacidad calorfica (calor especfico) a volumen constante
=
=
2
=
2
=
2
Entalpa
= +
= +
( ) =
+
!
!
1
(1)
1
= +
1+
1
(1 + )
(H.22)
(H.23)
(H.24)
(H.25)
(H.26)
(H.27)
(H.28)
(H.29)
(H.30)
(H.31)
= +
Entropa
Si = ( ) entonces
= +
+
=
(H.32)
(H.33)
(H.34)
(H.35)
375
Para el caso de procesos reversibles
=
Presin
Temperatura
2
=
=
=
Calores especficos
=
=
=
= +
(H.36)
(H.37)
(H.38)
(H.39)
(H.40)
(H.41)
(H.42)
(H.43)
1
=
=
1
=
Potencial qumico
(H.44)
(H.45)
(H.46)