Lab Manual 180906 APS-II

Advanced Power System-II (180906)
G.H.PATELCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
VALLABHVIDYANAGAR388120
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING
LABORATORYMANUAL
BACHELOROFENGINEERING
SUBJECTCODE:180906
SUBJECTNAME:ADVANCEDPOWERSYSTEMII
B.E.Electrical(Semester8)DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
ListofExperiment
1.
2.
3.
IntroductiontoPowerWorldSimulatorandcreatinganewcase.
To study the effect of generation outage and transmission line outage in power system
usingPowerWorldSimulator.
TostudyandcalculatetheLinearSensitivityFactorsforcontingencyanalysisusingPower
WorldSimulator.
4.
TostudythepreventiveandemergencycontrolusingPowerWorldSimulator.
5.
Tostudythestateestimationofpowersystem.
6.
Tostudytheeffectofreactivepoweronvoltageofthesystem.
7.
Tounderstandthemethodofvoltagecontrolbytapchangingtransformerusing
PowerWorldSimulator.
8.
TostudyvoltagecontrolusingCapacitorbankconnectedatthereceivingendbus.
9.
AssignmentonLoadForecastingTechniques.
10.
AssignmentonPowerSystemRestructuring.
Experiment:1
Date:___________
Aim:IntroductiontoPowerWorldSimulatorandcreatinganewcase.
Introduction:
PowerWorld Simulator (PowerWorld) version 15 is a commercialgrade power system analysis

andsimulationpackagethataccompaniesthistext.ThepurposesofintegratingPowerWorldwith
the text are to provide computer solutions to examples in the text, to extend the examples, to
demonstrate topics covered in the text, to provide a software tool for more realistic design
projects, and to provide the readers with experience using a commercial grade power system
analysispackage.
Simulator is a fullfeatured power flow analysis package capable of solving systems of up to

100,000buses.Itisapowersystempackagethatactuallyshowstheflowofpowerinthesystem
as flowing animations. Colored arrows on the transmission lines, loads, and generators are
animated,withtheirmovement,size,anddirectionproportionaltothemagnitudeanddirectionof
thepowerflow.
Allmodelparameters,functions,andtoolsareaccessedeasilythroughSimulator'sgraphicaluser
interface (GUI), which offers unparalleled easeofuse and, thus, a very modest learning curve.
Simulator'sGUI,whichhaslongbeenitsstrongestsellingpoint(becauseitistheproduct'smost
obvious advantage over its competitors), aids both in using the program and in interpreting its
results. Using Simulator's oneline displays and information dialogs, it is possible to build and
modifyamodelgraphicallyandtoverifyinaconvenientwaythatthechangesyouhavemadeare
indeedcorrect.InEditMode,thepackageallowsyoutobuildnewcaseseitherfromscratchorby
startingwithanexistingpowerflowcase.Thismoduleisfullyintegratedintothesimulator.
Along with the simple power system operations following advanced options are available in
PowerWorld.
ContingencyAnalysisAutomaticallyrunthroughalistof1000sofcontingencyandcreatealist
of system overloads and voltage problems seen during these contingencies. Also compare the
resultsoftwocontingenciesruns.
UnbalancedFaultAnalysisDeterminetheA,B,andCphasecurrentsandvoltagesafterafault
inthesystem.Includessupportforallunbalancedfaulttypesaswellasmutualimpedancesand
faultimpedances.
SensitivityCalculationsDeterminethelinearsensitivityoflineflowsandvoltagestopower
injections,transfersorlineoutages/insertions.ThisincludesthecalculationofPowerTransfer
Distribution Factors (PTDFs), Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODFs), Transmission Loading
Relief Sensitivities (TLRs), and Generation Shift Factors (GSFs). You can also calculate Loss
Sensitivitiesusingthesensitivitytools.
OptimalPowerFlow(OPF)Optimallydispatchyoursystemtoremovetransmissionline
overloads,whilealsocalculatingspotprices(alsoknownaslocationalmarginalprices).OPFis
availableasanaddontoSimulator.
AvailableTransferCapabilityTool(ATC)CalculateATCvaluesinsecondsusinglinear
analysistechniques.ATCisavailableasanaddontoSimulator.
PVandQVCurvesTool(PVQV)StudyvoltagestabilityproblemsinyoursystemusingPVQV.
PVQVisavailableasanaddontoSimulator.
Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF) Optimally dispatch your system to
remove transmission line overloads under the base case and under any contingency, while also
calculatingspotprices(alsoknownaslocationalmarginalprices).SCOPFisavailableasanaddon
toSimulator.
Creatinganewcase:
To begin, doubleclick on the PowerWorld Simulator icon. This starts Simulator. Simulator is
used to create new cases, modify existing cases, and (of course) simulate power systems. To
createanewcase,selectNewCasefromPowerWorldiconintheupperleftcorneroftheprogram.
The screen background will turn white, the default background color for new PowerWorld one
linediagram.Onelinediagramsareusedinpowersystemanalysistorepresenttheactualthree
phasepowersystemusingasinglelinetorepresenteachthreephasedevice.
InsertingaBus:Themostimportantcomponentofthepowersystemmodelisthebus.Busesare
usedtorepresentjunctionpointsinthepowersystemwhereanumberofdevicesareconnected
together.Toinsertabus:
Select Network > Bus from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw ribbon tab.
ThispreparesSimulatortoinsertanewbus.
Leftclickontheonelinebackgroundatthelocationwhereyouwanttoplacethenewbus.This
invokestheBusOptionDialog(picturedbelow),whichisusedtospecifythename,orientation,
shape, size, width, area, zone, and nominal voltage of the bus, as well as the load and shunt
compensationconnectedtothebus.
Insertthenecessarydatainthedialogueboxandthenclickok.Afterthedialogboxcloses,thenew
busappearsontheonelineatthelocationyouspecified.
InsertingaGenerator:
Generatorsmaybeinsertedinamannersimilartoinsertingabus:
Select Network > Generator from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw ribbon
tab.
Leftclickthebusontheonelinediagramtowhichyouwanttoattachthegenerator(for
this example, click on the slack bus bus One.) The Generator Option Dialog (pictured
below) will automatically open. The dialog is used to specify the new generators unit
identifier,displaysize,orientation,MWoutputandlimits,reactivepowerlimits,setpoint
voltage,andcostmodel.
Insertthenecessarydatainthedialogueboxandthenclickok.Afterthedialogboxcloses,thenew
generatorwillappearontheonelineattachedtothepreviouslyselectedbus.Theonelinediagram
shouldresembletheimageshownbelow.
EnteringaSecondBuswithLoad
Toenterthesecondbus:
SelectNetwork>BusfromtheIndividualInsertribbongroupontheDrawribbontab.
Click on the one linediagram somewhere to the right of thefirst bus. In the Bus Options
Dialog(picturedbelow)leavethebusnumberatthedefaultvalueof2,andenterthename
TwointheBusNamefield.
Wewillmodela200MW,100Mvarloadatthebus.SelecttheAttachedDevicestab.Under
theLoadSummaryInformationheadingenter200intheBaseMWfieldand100inthe
BaseMvarfield.
ClickOKtoacceptallotherdefaultvalues,closetheBusOptionsDialog,andinsertthebus.
Todrawtheloadontheonelinediagram:
SelectNetwork>LoadfromtheIndividualInsertribbongroupontheDrawribbontab.
Leftclick in the center of this bus. The Load Options Dialog box (pictured below)
automaticallyopens.TheConstantPowerMWandMvarfieldsconfirmthattheloadis200
MWand100Mvar.Inadditiontoconstantpowerloads,Simulatoralsoallowsthemodeling
ofvoltagedependentloads.
SelectUpintheOrientationfieldundertheLoadInformationtabtomaketheloadpointup.
Verifythattheanchoredboxischeckedtoforcetheloadtomovewiththeselectedbus.
ClickOKtoacceptthedefaultvaluesforallremainingfields,closetheLoadOptionsdialog,
andinserttheload.Acircuitbreakersymbolisautomaticallyincludedwitheachload.
Tomoveobjectsontheoneline:
Leftclickonthedesiredobject.Draganddroptheobjecttothenewlocationbyholdingthe
left mouse button down while moving the mouse. Note: you can also move all objects on
theonelinesimultaneouslybyleftclickingonthediagram(notonaspecificobject)then
dragginganddroppinginthedesiredlocation.
Tomovebus2,leftclickonbus2(notontheattachedload).Dragthebustoanewlocation.
Notethattheloadmoveswiththebusbecauseitisanchored.Youcanchangethelocation
of attached devices connected to a bus, such as generators and loads, by the same
procedure.
Theonelinediagramshouldnowresembletheimageshownbelow.
InsertingaTransmissionLine
Transmissionlinesareusedtoconnectbusestogether.Toinsertatransmissionline:
SelectNetwork>TransmissionLinefromtheIndividualInsertribbongroupontheDraw
ribbontab.
Leftclick at the point where you want the new line to originate. This point is usually
locatedononeoftheproposedlinesterminalbuses.Forthisexample,originatethelineat
busOne.
Transmission lines and transformers are drawn as a series of line segments. Without
holdingdownthemousebutton,dragthemouseup.Noticethatalinesegmentconnected
tothepointoforiginwillfollowyourmousemovements.Toterminatealinesegment,click
the left mouse button. Each time you click the mouse to terminate a line segment, a new
vertexisdefinedfortheline.Todrawthenextlinesegment,movethemousetothedesired
locationofthenextvertex.Note:theverticesmaylaterbemovedordeletedtoreshapethe
line.Tocreatecurvedlines,holdtheleftmousebuttondownwhiledragging.
To terminate the final line segment and conclude drawing the line, double click the left
mousebuttonatthedesiredterminationpoint(busTwoforthisexample).Thetermination
pointisusuallythetransmissionlinesotherterminalbus.
The Transmission Line/Transformer Dialog automatically appears (shown below). The
dialog should already contain a 1 in the From Bus Number field and a 2 in the To Bus
Number Field. If not,you probably did not have the cursor directly on the bus when you
were drawing the line. If this is the case, simply enter the correct bus numbers in the
correspondingfields.
Saveyourcase.Youronelineshouldnowlooksimilartotheimagebelow.
Similarly,youcaninsertcircuitbreakers,transformersandotherdeviceaccordingtoyoursystem.
SolvingtheCase:
Tosolveacase,youmustbeinrunmode:
ClickonRunModebuttonintheModeribbongroup.Notethatifthecasehasvalidation
errors,awarningwillappear.Youwillneedtorectifytheproblemsbeforeyoucanenter
RunMode.
PressthePlay buttoninthePowerFlow ToolsribbongroupontheToolsribbontabto

begin the simulation. Alternatively, to perform a single Power Flow Solution, click the
SingleSolutionFullNewtonbuttoninthePowerFlowToolsribbongroupontheTools
ribbon tab. Your case should look similar to the case shown below. If it does,
congratulations!Youhavecompletedbuildingyourfirstcase.
Exercise:
Createthenewcaseforsimulationwhichconsistsof3buseswiththegeneratorson2busesand
loads on two buses. Also connect the transformer in the transmission line between the buses.
Tabulatethelineflowsandbusvoltagesbyrunningthesimulation.Alsocommentontheresults.
10
Experiment:2
Date:___________
Aim:Tostudytheeffectofgenerationoutageandtransmissionlineoutageinpowersystemusing
Anoverridingfactorintheoperationofapowersystemisthedesiretomaintainsystemsecurity.
Systemsecurityinvolvespracticesdesignedtokeepthesystemoperatingwhencomponentsfail.
For example, a generating unit may have to be taken offline because of auxiliary equipment
failure.Bymaintainingproperamountsofspinningreserve,theremainingunitsonthesystemcan
make up the deficit without too low a frequency drop or need to shed any load. Similarly, a
transmission line may be damaged by a storm and taken out by automatic relaying. If, in
committing and dispatching generation, proper regard for transmission flows is maintained, the
remainingtransmissionlinescantaketheincreasedloadingandstillremainwithinlimit.
Because the specific times at which initiating events that cause components to fail are
unpredictable,thesystemmustbeoperatedatalltimesinsuchawaythatthesystemwillnotbe
left in a dangerous condition should any credible initiating event occur. Since power system
equipment is designed to be operated within certain limits, most pieces of equipment are
protectedbyautomaticdevicesthatcancauseequipmenttobeswitchedoutofthesystemifthese
limitsareviolated.Ifanyeventoccursonasystemthatleavesitoperatingwithlimitsviolated,the
eventmaybefollowedbyaseriesoffurtheractionsthatswitchotherequipmentoutofservice.If
thisprocessofcascadingfailurescontinues,theentiresystemorlargepartsofitmaycompletely
collapse.Thisisusuallyreferredtoasasystemblackout.
Anexampleofthetypeofeventsequencethatcancauseablackoutmightstartwithasingleline
beingopenedduetoaninsulationfailure;theremainingtransmissioncircuitsinthesystemwill
takeuptheflowthatwasflowingonthenowopenedline.Ifoneoftheremaininglinesisnowtoo
heavilyloaded,itmayopenduetorelayaction,therebycausingevenmoreloadontheremaining
lines.Thistypeofprocessisoftentermedacascadingoutage.Mostpowersystemsareoperated
such that any single initial failure event will not leave other components heavily overloaded,
specificallytoavoidcascadingfailures.
Therefore, it is essential to observe the effects of line outage or generation outage on the
remaining healthy components of the system. The study of line outage and generation outage
casesisusefulindecidingtheappropriatecontrolactionsduringtherealcontingencyconditions
andthesystemcanbeoperatedsecurely.
11
Procedure:
1) Createthe4bussystemwithloadson3busesandgenerationon2busesinPowerWorld
Simulator.
2) Runthesimulationfornormaloperatingconditionandpreparethesummaryofpowerflow
data.
3) GenerationOutageCase:Changethegenerationonanybus(eitherreducethegeneration
ordisconnecttheentiregeneration)withoutreducingtheload.
4) Runthesimulationandobservethepowerflowdata.
5) Comparethetwooperatingconditions(Preoutageandpostoutagecases).
6) LineOutageCase:Removeanyonetransmissionlineandrunthesimulation.
7) Observethepowerflowdata.
8) ComparetheresultswithPreoutagedata.
9) Commentontheeffectsofgeneration.
12
Experiment:3
Date:___________
Aim: To study and calculate the Linear Sensitivity Factors for contingency analysis using
Asecurityanalysisprogramsruninaloaddispatchentreveryquicklytohelptheoperators.The
problemofstudyingthousandsofpossibleoutagesbecomesverydifficulttosolveifitisdesiredto
present the results quickly. One of the easiest ways to provide a quick calculation of possible
overloads is to use linear sensitivity factors. These factors show the approximate change in line
flows for changesin generation on the network configuration andare derived from the DC load
flow.Thesefactorscanbederivedinavarietyofwaysandbasicallycomedowntotwotypes:
1) Generationshiftfactors
2) Lineoutagedistributionfactors
(1) Generationshiftfactors:
Thegenerationshiftfactorsaredesignatedliandhavethefollowingdefinition:
li l
PGi
Where,
l=Lineindex
i=Busindex
fl=ChangeinMWflowinlinelwhenchangeingenerationtakesplaceatithbus
PGi=Changeingenerationatbusi
Itisassumedinthisdefinitionthatthechangeingeneration,PGi,isexactlycompensatedbyan
oppositechangeingenerationatthereferencebus,andthatallothergeneratorsremainfixed.The
lifactorthenrepresentsthesensitivityoftheflowonlineltoachangeingenerationatbusi.
Thegenerationshiftsensitivityfactorsarelinearestimatesofthechangeinflowwithachangein
poweratabus.Therefore,theeffectsofsimultaneouschangesonseveralgeneratingbusescanbe
calculatedusingsuperposition.
(2) LineOutageDistributionFactors:
Thelineoutagedistributionfactorsareusedinasimilarmanner,onlytheyapplytothetestingfor
overloadswhentransmissioncircuitsarelost.Bydefinition,thelineoutagedistributionfactorhas
thefollowingmeaning:
d l ,i ol
f i
13
Where,
dl,i=lineoutagedistributionfactorwhenmonitoringlinelafteranoutageonlinei
fl=changeinMWflowonlinel
f0i=originalflowonlineibeforeitwasopened
If one knows the power on line l and line i, the flow on line l with line i out can be determined
using"d"factors.
Byprecalculatingthelineoutagedistributionfactors,averyfastprocedurecanbesetuptotest
all lines in the network for overload for the outage of a particular line. Furthermore, this
procedure can be repeated for the outage of each line in turn, with overloads reported to the
operationspersonnelintheformofalarmmessages.
Procedure:
Simulator.
data.
3) GenerationShiftFactor:Changethegenerationonanybus(eitherreducethegenerationor
disconnecttheentiregeneration)withoutreducingtheload.
4) Runthesimulationandobservethepowerflowdata.
5) CalculatetheGenerationShiftFactorsusingtheaboveequations.
6) LineOutageDistributionFactor:Removeanyonetransmissionlineandrunthesimulation.
7) Observethepowerflowdata.
8) CalculatetheLineOutageDistributionFactorsusingaboveequations.
9) Commentonthesystembyconsideringthevaluesoflinearsensitivityfactors.
Assignment:
1. Whatdoyoumeanbypowersystemsecurity?Explainitsthreemajorfunctions.
2. Whatiscontingencyanalysis?Discussthestepsinvolvedinit.
3. Discussthesensitivityfactorsusedinsecurityanalysis.
14
Experiment:4
Date:___________
Aim:TostudythePreventiveandEmergencycontrolusingPowerWorldSimulator.
Ifalltheequipmentsinthesystemarewithintheirrespectivelimits,thenasystemcouldbeinthe
normal oralertstate. If a system can withstand potential contingencies (like afault followed by
line tripping or a generator trip) without equipment limits being violated or without losing
stability,thenwesaythatthesystemisinanormalor"securestate".Anetworkconfigurationor
loadingstatewhichcanwithstandanelementoutagewithoutlossoffsupplytoanyloadiscalled
"n1"secure.Otherwiseweclassifythesystemasbeing"insecure",i.e.,inthealertstate.
To distinguish between a normal state and an alert state, a system operator carries out the
following studies using the network configuration, load and generation values obtained from a
staticstateestimationprocedure:
Static Security analysis: This involves checking for equipment limit violations, if one of the
elementsofthenetwork/load/generationconfigurationexistingatthatpointoftimeweretobe
trippedduetosomecontingency.Notethatthiselementisnotactuallytrippedbyanoperator,but
only simulated using a computer program (essentially a loadflow study which computes the
steady state power flows in transmission lines, generator real and reactive power output, and
voltagesatvariousnodesforsuchatripping).
Dynamic Security analysis: This involves checking the stability of the system, if one of the
elementsofthenetwork/load/generationconfigurationexistingatthatpointoftimeweretobe
tripped due to some contingency. The exact nature of the contingency can impact the transient
behavior. For example, the contingency could be due to a single phase to ground fault which
resultsinprotectiveaction(circuitbreakersdisconnectingthefaultedelement)within,say,0.1s.
Note again, that this element is not actually tripped by an operator, but only simulated using a
computer transient analysis program (which essentially does a numerical integration of the
differentialequationswhichdescribethesystem).Acomputerprogramwhichchecksforangular
stability requires a significantly large amount of computation time. Therefore, it is not
implementedinmostloaddispatchcentersatpresent.
Ifthesecurityanalysisshowsthatthesystemissecure,itisclassifiedasanormalstate.Ifthestate
is normal, then a system operator may wish to do some minor changes in real and reactive
scheduling (from an economic perspective), if such flexibility exists. However any such change
shouldnotbringthesystemoutofthesecurestate.
15
PreventiveControl:
Ifthesystemisnotsecure(alert),thentheoperatorhastotrytosteeritintothesecurestateby
realor
reactive power rescheduling (Preventive Control ). However, note that this rescheduling is
donetoimprovesecurityandmayresultinhighercostifcheapergeneratorsareaskedto"back
down" their generated power while costlier ones are ramped up. Therefore, even if preventive
controlistobedone,
itshouldbedoneinawaywhichwillminimizeanycostincreasewhilesimultaneouslyensuring
security.
EmergencyControl:
Ifasystemoperatorinfersfromtheoperatingdatathatasystemisinanalertstate,thenhetakes
preventivecontrolactionstobringthesystembacktoanormalstate.However,itispossiblethat
thesystemoperatorisunabletoactintimebeforeacontingencyactuallyoccurs.Agridmayeven
operateinsecurely(inanalertstate)duetoahighcostofpreventivecontrolorduetoinadequate
reserve margins. However this situation is undesirable since it may lead to blackouts (if
emergencycontrolactionsfail)whichcancausegreateconomicloss.Theclassificationofasystem
stateasanormaloralertstateisbasedonsimulatingsomedisturbances.Often,eventhoughthe
system has been classified as being in a normal state, several improbable disturbances, which
wouldnothavebeenanalyzedfordoingthisclassification,takeplace.
Therefore the system can transit from a perceived alert state to an emergency state if no
preventive controls are exercised and a contingency occurs, or may directly transit to an
emergency state from a perceived normal state if an unanticipated sequence of several
contingencies occurs. If the system does go into an emergency state some equipment limits are
exceeded which may cause further tripping of equipment, thereby worsening the situation and
maycauseacompleteblackout.Emergencycontrolactions(manualorautomatic)arerequiredto
retrievethesituation.Ifthereisathermaloverloadofanequipmentthenthereissometimetoact
andquick"heroicaction"fromasystemoperatorwould beneeded.Howeverinmostcasesone
hastorelyonautomaticcontrolstoquicklyrespondtosuchasituation.
Someemergencycontrolactionsare:
Generator/Loadtrippingorfastreductionofgeneratedorloadpower.
Controlofvoltageandpowerflowcontroldevices
16
Procedure:
Simulator.
data.
3) Selecttheparameterssuchthatanylineisneartooverload.
4) TakethePreventivecontrolandtrytorestorethesysteminnormaloperatingstate.
5) Setthedatasuchthatsystementersintoemergencystate.
6) TaketheEmergencycontrolandtrytorestorethesysteminnormaloperatingstate.
7) Writeyourobservation/conclusion.
Assignment:
1. Explainpowersystemoperatingstateswithdiagram.
2. Explainpreventiveandemergencycontrolinbrief.
3. Whatisblackout?Explainthestepstakenfortherestorationofpowersystemafterblack
out.
17
Experiment:5
Date:___________
Aim:Tostudythestateestimationofpowersystem.
Stateestimationistheprocessofassigningavaluetoanunknownsystemstatevariablebasedon
measurements from that system according to some criteria. Usually, the process involves
imperfect measurements that are redundant and the process of estimating the system states is
basedonastatisticalcriterionthatestimatesthetruevalueofthestatevariablestominimizeor
maximizetheselectedcriterion.Acommonlyusedandfamiliarcriterionisthatofminimizingthe
sumofthesquaresofthedifferencesbetweentheestimatedandtrue(i.e.measured)valuesofa
function.
Inapowersystem,thestatevariablesarethevoltagemagnitudesandrelativephaseanglesatthe
system nodes. Measurements are required in order to estimate the system performance in real
time for both system security control and constraints on economic dispatch. The inputs to an
estimatorareimperfectpowersystemmeasurementsofvoltagemagnitudesandpower,VAR,or
ampereflow quantities. The estimator is designed to produce the best estimate of the system
voltage and phase angles, recognizing that there are errors in the measured quantities and that
theremayberedundantmeasurements.Theoutputdataarethenusedinsystemcontrolcenters
intheimplementationofthesecurityconstraineddispatchandcontrolofthesystem.
Many problems are encountered in monitoring a transmission system. These problems come
primarilyfromthenatureofthemeasurementtransducersandfromcommunicationsproblemsin
transmittingthemeasuredvaluesbacktotheoperationscontrolcenter.Transducersfrompower
system measurements, like any measurement device, will be subject to errors. If the errors are
small, they may go undetected and can cause misinterpretation by those reading the measured
values. In addition, transducers may have gross measurement errors that render their output
useless. An example of such a gross error might involve having the transducer connected up
backward;thus,givingthenegativeofthevaluebeingmeasured.Finally,thetelemetryequipment
oftenexperiencesperiodswhencommunicationschannelsarecompletelyout;thus,deprivingthe
systemoperatorofanyinformationaboutsomepartofthepowersystemnetwork.Itisforthese
reasonsthatpowersystemstateestimationtechniqueshavebeendeveloped.Astateestimator,as
wewillseeshortly,cansmoothoutsmallrandomerrorsinmeterreadings,detectandidentify
gross measurement errors, and fill in meter readings that have failed due to communications
failures.
LeastSquareEstimation:TheBasicSolution
Theproblemofpowersystemstateestimationisaspecialcaseofestimationofarandomvectorx
fromthenumericalvaluesofanotherrelatedrandomvectory.
18
Insuchcases,themethodofleastsquarederrorestimationmaybeutilized.
Assumethat,
xisavectorofnrandomvariablesx1,x2,.,xn.
yisavectorofm(>n)randomvariablesy1,y2,.,ym.
Botharerelatedas
y h[ x ] r ..(1)
Where,
Hisaknownmatrixofdimensionmxn
risazeromeanrandomvariableofthesamedimensionasy.
Thevectorxrepresentsthevariablestobeestimated,whilethevectoryrepresentsthevariables
whosenumericalvaluesareavailable.
Equation(1)suggeststhatthemeasurementvectoryislinearlyrelatedtotheunknownvectorx
and in addition is corrupted by the vector r (error vector). The problem is to obtain the best
possiblevalueofthevectorxfromthegivenvaluesofthevectory.Sincethevariablerisassumed
tobezeromean,
y H . x ..(2)
Theloadflowmethodscanbeusedtoestimatethemeanvaluesofthebusvoltages.Onepossible
wayofobtainingthebestpossibleestimateofthevectorxfromyliesintheuseofthemethodof
leastsquareestimation(LSE).
Assumethat
x =thedesiredestimateofxsothatgivenbyfollowingequationrepresentstheestimateofy.
y H x
.(3)
Theerroroftheestimationofyisthengivenby
y y y (4)
The estimate x is defined to be the LSE if it is computed by minimizing the estimation index J
givenby
19
J
FromEquations(1)and(4)
'

y
y
..(5)
'
'
J y ' y y ' H x x H ' y x H ' H x (6)
Forminimizing J f ( x ) wemustsatisfythefollowingcondition.
grad x J 0 .(7)
ItiseasytocheckthatEq.(7)leadstothefollowingcondition.
H ' H x H ' y 0 .(8)
ThisequationiscalledthenormalequationandmaybesolvedfortheLSEofthevector
x ( H ' H ) 1 H ' y .(9)
WeightedLeastSquareEstimation(WLSE)
OrdinaryLSEisobtainedbyminimizingtheindexfunctionthatputsequalweightagetotheerrors
ofestimationofallcomponentsofthevectory.Itisoftendesirabletoputdifferentweightageon
thedifferentcomponentsofysincesomeofthemeasurementsmaybemorereliableandaccurate
thantheothersandtheseshouldbegivenmoreimportance.
Toachievethis,wedefinetheestimationindexas
'
J y W y (10)
Where,Wisarealsymmetricweightingmatrixofdimensionmxm.(diagonalmatrix).
ItiseasytoextendthemethodofLSEtotheweightedformofJ&toderivethefollowingformof
thenormalequation.
H 'WH x H 'Wy 0 .(10)
Thisleadstothedesiredweightedleastsquaresestimate.
x ( H 'WH ) 1 . H 'Wy ..(11)
20
Exercise:
1) Consideringthefollowingdata,obtaintheLSEofvariablex.
1 0
9.01
H 0 1 , y 3.02
1 1
6.98
0 .1 0 0
FindoutWLSEbyconsideringtheweightmatrix W 0 1 0
0 0 0.1
,
Commentontheresultsobtainedforx.
2) Themeasurementsetandsystemmodelmatrixisgivenas
9.01
0.625 0.125
3.02
0.125 0.625
and H=
y
6.98
0.375 0.125
5.01
0.125 0.375
Letusassigntheweightsw1=w2=100andw3=w4=50.ComputetheweightedLSE.
3) Prepare the MATLAB program for LSE and WLSE. Find out the values of x for above
problemsusingtheprogram.
Assignment:
1. Whatisstateestimation?Explainthesignificanceofstateestimationforpowersystem.
2. ExplainthebasicsolutionofLeastSquaredEstimation.WhatisthelimitationofLSE?
3. DiscusstheWeightedLeastSquaredEstimationinbrief.
21
Experiment:6
Date:___________
Aim:TostudytheeffectofreactivepoweronvoltageofthesystemusingPowerworldSimulator.
The voltage regulation may be defined as the per unit change in the sending end voltage
magnitude for a specific variation in the receiving end voltage from no load to full load, and is
caused by the drop in voltage due to passage of load current through the impedance. Thus the
voltageregulationinp.u.forasimpletransmissionsystemshownbelowisgivenby
E V
V
.(1)
V
Thevectordiagramforthissystemisshownbelow.
Fromabovevectordiagram,thevoltageregulationisgivenby
V E V I .Z (2)
Where,IisthelinecurrenthavingthelineimpedanceZ(=R+jX).
LetusassumethatVisthereferencevector,Therefore,
22
S P jQ
.(3)[S=V.I*]
I
V
V
PuttingthevaluesofIandZinEquation(2),
P jQ
V ( R jX )
V
(4)
( RP XQ )
( XP RQ )
V
j
V
V
V V ' jV '' ..(5)

*
Where, V '
( RP XQ )
V ''
( XP RQ )
Equation(5)revealsVhastwocomponents V ' and V '' ,outofwhich V ' isinphasewithV

and has been represented by the geometric line ab, while V '' is in quadrature with V and
representedbythelinebcinvectordiagram.ItmaybenotedthatthemagnitudeandphaseofV,
relativetosendingendvoltageE,aregovernedbythemagnitudeandphaseoflinecurrentI.This
also indicates that the voltage regulation depends on both real and reactive power of the load
connectedatthereceivingend.
AminoralterationintheformofEquation(2)yieldsthevoltageequationforalosslesslineas
V E IX ..(6)
Assuming the line to be lossless, the power at the sending end equals to that at receiving end.
HenceIs,thesendingendcurrent(beingequaltolinecurrentIwhendistributedlinecapacitance
isneglected)isgivenby
P jQ
(7)
I s ( I )
E
FromEquation(6)and(7)
P jQ
V E j
X
E
23
V E
X
X
Q j P (8)
E
E
Equation(8)revealsthattherealpowerPproduceslittleeffectonreceivingendvoltagephasor,
sincethedropassociatedwiththischangeisinquadraturewiththereferencevoltage.However,a
change in reactive power load Q appreciably affects the receiving end voltage phasor since the
drop associated with this change is in phase with the reference voltage. So, it can be concluded
thatthereceivingendvoltageisextremelysensitivetoanychangeinreactivepowerstatusatthe
receivingend.
Procedure:
1) CreateafourbussysteminPowerWorldSimulator.
2) Simulatethesystemforsteadyload(activeandreactive)condition.
3) Notedownvariousparameters(P,Q,V)attheloadbuses.
4) Changetheactivepowerdemandofloadandnotedownalltheparameters.
5) Changethereactivepowerdemandoftheloadandnotedownalltheparameters.
6) Tabulatetheresultsanddrawtheconclusion.
Assignment:
1. Deriveexpressionforvoltageregulationofatransmissionlineandshowitsrelationwith
reactivepower.
2. Fora2bussystemwithatransmissionline,deriveexpressionforvoltageregulation.Draw
corresponding phasor diagram and with the help of it show that there is strong
relationshipbetweenreactivepowerandthevoltagedropalongtheline.
24
Experiment:7
Date:___________
Aim:Tounderstandthemethodofvoltagecontrolbytapchangingtransformerusing
PowerWorldSimulator
Bychangingthetransformationratio,thevoltageinthesecondarysideofanybuscanbevaried.
Powertransformers,beingusedextensivelyforthecontroloftransmissionandsubtransmission
voltageofanetworkutilizingthisprinciple,maybeeithermanualorautomatic.Thelatter,usually
calledOnLoadTapChangers(OLTC)areusuallyarrangedtoregulatethebusvoltageinorderto
keeptheoperatingvoltageoftheregulatedbuswithinacceptablelimits.
Bychangingthetransformationratio,thevoltageinthesecondarysideofanybuscanbevaried
andthusvoltagecontrolcanbeobtained.Thisconstitutesthemostpopularandwidespreadform
of voltage control at all voltage levels. The secondary voltage is maintained at or very near to
nominal value by the operation of the tap changer, when the voltage of primary transmission
systemisreduced.Thisisfeasibleprovidedthesystemisnotonthestateofextremeshortageof
reactivepower.However,ifloaddemandbecomesexcessivelyheavy,thesecondaryvoltagemay
become unstable even with tap changing; the instability of the voltage is being basically due to
reactivepowershortage.
Procedure:
OpenPowerWorldSimulatorSoftware.
Simulatethesystemasshowninthefigureaccordingtheproblemstatement.
AdjusttheTransformertapsindiscretesteps.
Clickonarrowsnexttothetransformerstapmanuallyadjustthetapbyonestep.
Drawyourownconclusion
CircuitDiagram:
25
Observationtable:
LTCControlStatus=Manual
Generator
Transformer
Load
Vr
VS
MW
MVAr
VPrim.
VSec.
MW
MVAr
(KV)
(KV)
(KV)
(KV)
Assignment:
1. Whatisvoltagestability?Explaindifferenttypesofvoltagestability.
Transformer
Tapposition
2. Discussfactorsaffectingvoltagestability.
26
Experiment:8
Date:___________
Aim:TostudyvoltagecontrolusingCapacitorbankconnectedatthereceivingendbus.
Theconnectionofshuntcapacitorsisthesimplestandmostwidelyusedformofcompensation.
Theinstallationofshuntcapacitorsatloadbusprovidesshuntcompensation.Duethis,thevoltage
profileatthereceivingendisimprovedasthepartofreactivepowerdemandoftheloadismetby
the capacitor bank. However, care must be taken while designing the shunt compensator in the
formofcapacitorbank.
ProblemStatement:
A12MW/6MVARloadissuppliedat20kVthroughafeederwithanimpedanceof(a)1+j2.The
load is compensated with a capacitor bank whose output reactive power can be varied in 0.5
MVARstepsbetween0and10MVAR.Findoutthefeederlossesandotherparameters.
CircuitDiagram:
Procedure:
OpenPowerWorldSimulatorSoftware.
Simulatethesystemasshowninthefigureaccordingtheproblemstatement.
Setthelineimpedanceto1+j2ohmsandincreasetheloaddemandinstepsof1MW
from5MWto10MW.
Observeandrecordthechangeinvaluesofsendingendparametersandreceiving
endparameters.
Settheloadat5MWandchangethereactivepowersupplyfromcapacitorbankin
stepsof1MVARfrom1to5MVAR.
27
Observeandrecordthechangeinvaluesofsendingendparametersandreceiving
endparameters.
Repeattheprocedureforlineimpedance0.5+j1and2+j4ohms.
Tabulateyourresultsforallthecases.
Makeyourownconclusionaboutthevoltageandreactivepower.
Assignment:
1. What is reactive power compensation? Explain reactive power compensation of redial

transmissionlinefor;(1)Onnoloadand(2)Heavyloadingcondition.
2. Whatisvoltagecollapse?Statemainfactorscontributingthevoltagecollapse.
28
Assignment:1
Date:___________
Aim:AssignmentonLoadForecastingTechniques.
1) Writeashortnoteonloadforecasting.
2) Writeashortnoteonloadforecastingmethodology.
3) Explainloadforecastingmethodologyandestimationofaverageandtrendterms.
4) Explainreactiveloadforecast.
29
Assignment:2
Date:___________
Aim:AssignmentonPowerSystemRestructuring.
1) Describestructureofverticallyintegratedutilityinbrief.
2) Explainthereasonsforrestructuring.
3) Describestructureofderegulated(restructured)powerindustry.
4) WriteashortnoteonIndianscenarioofpowerindustryandelectricityact2003.
5) Writeashortnoteondifferententitiesinderegulatedenvironment.
30

Lab Manual 180906 APS-II

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Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

PowerWorld Simulator (PowerWorld) version 15 is a commercialgrade power system analysis

Simulator is a fullfeatured power flow analysis package capable of solving systems of up to

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

PressthePlay buttoninthePowerFlow ToolsribbongroupontheToolsribbontabto

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

H ' H x H ' y 0 .(8)

x ( H ' H ) 1 H ' y .(9)

H 'WH x H 'Wy 0 .(10)

x ( H 'WH ) 1 . H 'Wy ..(11)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

V V ' jV '' ..(5)

Equation(5)revealsVhastwocomponents V ' and V '' ,outofwhich V ' isinphasewithV

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

1. What is reactive power compensation? Explain reactive power compensation of redial

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

Advanced Power System-II (180906)

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