Reviewer coverage in red (no

pictures):
Deuterostomata
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
Class Pterobranchia
Phylum Chordata
subPhylum Urochordata
Class Ascidiacea
(Sea squirts)
Class Larvacea
Class Thaliacea
subPhylum Cephalochordata

deuterostomes: two
openings (anus and mouth)
Ancestor

Phylum Echinodermata

Tornaria larvae (bilaterally

symmetrical larvae)

Derived traits: 1. Calcium

carbonate skeleton 2.
secondary radial symmetry
Phylum Hemichordata

Hemichordata Half
chordates
Acorn worms
Sessile
At the bottom of the sea
Suspension eaters/filter
feeders
Tornaria larvae (shared trait
with Echinoderms)
2 Classes (geographically
different): 1. Enteropneusta
(solitary) 2. Pterobranchia
(solitary and colonial)
Derived traits:
1. Collar nerve
cord/vaginated dorsal
nerve cord
2. Pharyngeal slits
3. Stomochord
(homologous to
notochord;
diverticulum of foregut)

(Lancelet or amphioxus)

subPhylum Craniata
Hagfish

(Myxini)

Vertebrata

Cephalochord
ata
Urochordata
Hemichordata
Echinoderma
ta

Pharyngeal slits
Vaginated dorsal nerve cord

Deuterostomata
(ancestor)

Craniata

Dorsal and ventral

aorta
myomeres
notochord
dorsal hollow CNS
postanal tail
endostyle

Class

Deuterostomata

(Acorn worm,

Balanoglossids)

Enteropneusta
25 species
Complete gut
Peanut; acorn worm
3 BODY PARTS
1. anterior large and
muscular proboscis :
digging organ
2. collar food sorting

3. trunk reproductive
organs, gut, anus

Representative:
Balanoglossus sp.,
Dolichoglossus sp.
(Tongue worm)
Class Pterobranchia

Protruding anus,
proboscis, tentacles,
mouth

Tube: inside stalk, contains

zooid
Phylum Chordata

Dioecious or hermaphrodite

Has a circulatory system

Haikouella sp.

Possible ancestor of
chordates
Pikaia sp.

Primitive chordate

Mobile

Presence of metameres
subPhylum Urochordates

tunicates, sea squirts

ascidian embryo, larvacean

adult (have notochord)

nervous system

permanently attached/ sessile

oral saclike

suspension feeders/filter
feeders

Dorsal region: between

siphon
Ventral region: larger
remaining part

Two siphons (circular,

longitudinal muscles):
Oral/incurrent siphon Atrial/excurrent siphon anus
(lateral)

Segmented muscles
(myomeres) enervated by
dorsal nerve cord

Locomotion by contraction,
alternate side just like
vertebrates
Allorecognition (distinguish
self from non-self)
Tunic/test: gelatinous
membrane
Mantle: enclose viscera
Atrium: cavity
THREE Classes: Ascidiacea,
Larvacea, Thaliacea

Class Ascidiacea (Sea squirts)

Metamorphosis lose
notochord

Juvenile stage
Ascidian larva (freeswimming)
Notochord, tail present
Atriopore present (where
water exits)

Adult stage
Sessile
Plankton feeders
Pharyngeal slits expand
Reproduction

ALL hermaphrodites

External fertilization

Tadpole like larvae

Brooders (larval stage within

adult)

Asexual: buds, propogation

Representative: Pandocia sp.
Class Larvacea (Appendicularia)

Free-swimming

Retain tail, notochord (entire

life cycle)

Habit: pelagic-euphotic zone

Plankton eaters

Body covered by gelatinous

material

Secrete gelatin/mucus
(polysaccharide)

Class

Thaliacea (salps)
No notochord, no tail
Floating marine animals
Resemble adult ascidian
Colonial or solitary
- Colonial/chains(linear
or strings)
- To avoid repetitive
filtering

All pelagic

Muscle bands for floating

Jet stream via excurrent
aperture

Endostyle: secrete sticky

material

Life Cycle: Alternation of

Asexual and Sexual

Life Cycle:
Embryo > Solitary stage
(Asexual) > Aggregated stage
(Sexual) > Aggregate with
embryo
subPhylum Cephalochordata

Lancelet little spear

Amphioxus
sharp at both ends
Dioecious, segmented
Sandy beaches, ocean shore

Oral hood protrude (U-turn)

Slender fishlike, pointed both

ends
Dorsal: sharp
Ventral: larger, flattened

With notochord, nerve cord,

myotomes, endostyle, cilia

Tentacles/cirri at borders of
oral hood

Myomeres, bands of muscles,

laterally(share with
vertebrates)

Dorsal and ventral aorta

Muscularized notochord
(stiffness of notochord for
burying; head first)

Atriopore: water
Anus: food

Caudal fin at posterior

Gonads toward the middle

Female: circular
Male: hairlike

Secrete: house- gelatinous

Anus, tail: at ventromedial

Representative: Branchiostoma
lanceolatus