1.1 - Petroleum Geology

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1.1- Petroleum Geology

Role of a geologist, role of a geophysicist, forming of

continents, petroleum system elements, sedimentary

)'&(

&(#
basins, source rocks, reservoir rocks, expulsionand
&'

migration, traps, Timings
!%

$"
"#
!

Dr. M. Watfa

Why Are Petrophysical Rock Types Important To You And

How Are They Different Than Lithology Based Rock Types ?
1. Please list as many reasons why Petrophysical

rock types are

important in reservoir analysis?
)'&(

#
&(

&'
!

%
!
$"

2. Please list as many tools you
can
"# use to determine

!

petrophysical rock types?

3. Please discuss
the difference between lithology based rock
types and petrophysical based rock types ?
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Material: M. Watfa
Role of Seismologist in Field Development Planning
Conduct Structural and

Works with Quantitative
Stratigraphic Interpretation of
Interpretation (QI) Group to
Seismic

3D Seismic Data to Build
Conduct Advanced

&(
for)'Reservoir
Structural Maps/ Models that
Analysis

&(#

form Field Framework-Joint
Property
&' Prediction from

!

%

with PG
Seismic
and Petrophysical
!

"#$" Data -Joint with PP

Builds Synthetic
!

Helps Build Field Static
Seismograms and Velocity

Models and compute
Models for Field-Joint
with
PG

Reserves with Uncertaintiesand PP

Joint with FDP Team
Advises on Planning and
Helps Plan Well Drilling
Provides Quality Control for
Trajectories and Targets-Joint
Seismic Acquisition and
with FDP Team
Processing
Material: M. Watfa
Role of Geologist in Field Development Planning

Builds Structural Maps/
Builds Property Grid Block
Models that form Field

Framework-Joint with PS
Models for Reservoirs-Joint

with PS, PP and
RE
)'&(

BuildsField
(# Static Models
&

&'

and %computes
Reserves
!

with

! Uncertainties-Joint

"#$"
Interprets and Describes

Field Lithologies,
Stratigraphy, and Facies
Correlates Field
! with FDP Team

Bore
Stratigraphy from Well

Data to define Layering
and

Heterogeneity
Conducts Analysis of Rock

Properties from Drill
Cuttings, Core and LogsJoint with PP
4
Material: M. Watfa
Plans Well Drilling

Trajectories and TargetsJoint with FDP Team
Forming of Continents
Overview

The
story
of oil and

(
)'&gas
natural
begins far

#

(

&
back
in time as long as

'

&

$"

"#

Material: M. Watfa
!

%
! 500 million years ago.
!

Over the 4.5 billion years

of it's lifetime the earth
has been in an extremely
slow but constant process
of change.

Material: M. Watfa

The progressive separation of

the continents
Started
&( around the Permian age
'
)

continents took their
(#The
&

present shape around the
&'

!
Jurassic age
%

Present day Tectonic plate
!
"
$
movements are the remaining
"#

fingerprints.
!

Overview
"#$"

Material: M. Watfa
Present day continents were

once joinedtogether
in a

super-continent
'&( called

(#)and have been
Pangaea

'&

drifting
apart over the past

&
!
%
! 150 million years.
!

Explained by a theory called

plate tectonics - states that
the continents are on
enormous moving plates.
As these plates move in
response to stresses in the
earth's mantle they collide or
spread apart or slide past
each other.

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

Material: M. Watfa
Overview

'&( you will

In the petroleum industry

(#)

hear oil described
'&as found in the

& or the late
late Cretaceous
!
!%

Jurassic.
"#$"

These
terms refer to the time on

!

geologic

time scale when these

layers were deposited.

Over the course of millions of

years a fortunate timing of
geological events can bring the
right elements together at the
right time in order to produce
economic accumulations of oil.
9
Material: M. Watfa
Overview
As these plates
move over

of the earth, in
the surface

)'&(to stresses in the

response
&(#

mantle they collide or
earth's
&'

!
% spread apart or slide past

$" ! each other.

"#

!
Mountains are often formed

where plates collide.

And more important to the

industry these deformations

of the earth's crust also form

the basins, traps, and fluid
movement that make
petroleum possible.
10
Material: M. Watfa
Elements of a Petroleum System

Seal Rock: a rock through
Sedimentary Basin- Presence of a
which oil and gas cannot move
sedimentary rock
as mudstone
effectively (such

Source Rock: a rock with
)'&(
or anhydrite)

&(#
abundant hydrocarbons-prone

Migration
&' Route: avenues
organic matter

! which oil and gas move

%
through

Reservoir Rock: a rock in which "from
!
source rock to trap
"#$
oil and gas accumulates

! Trap: the structural and

Porosity: space between

stratigraphic configuration that

rock grains in which
oil
and

focuses oil and gas into an

gas accumulates

accumulation.

ease with
Permeability:
Timing of Events.
which oil & gas can move
through the pore space
between the grains
11
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

12
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

From John Armentrout

14
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

15
Material: M. Watfa

Generation, Migration, and Trapping of Hydrocarbons

)'&(

&(#

&'
Seal

!

%

!

Fault
"
"#$Oil/water

(impermeable)
!contact (OWC)

Migration route

Seal

Seal

Reservoir

Hydrocarbon

rock
accumulation
in the
reservoir rock
Top of maturity
Source rock
16
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

From John Armentrout

17
Material: M. Watfa
Sedimentary Basins
Sedimentary Basin
A depression in the crust of
by plate

the Earth formed

)'&(in which

tectonic
activity
&(#

&' accumulate up to
sediments

!

%

15,000
meters
!
"#$"

600 major sedimentary basins
!

18
Material: M. Watfa
in the world today

onshore basins in green
offshore basins in purple
1000m / 3300ft water depth
contour
Sedimentary Basins
Sedimentary Rock
Characteristics

Principle of superposition
)'&(

&(#

a sedimentary
rock layer in a
&'

!
%

tectonically
undisturbed

!

$"
stratum
"#

is younger than the

!

one beneath and older than

the one above it

Principle of original horizontality
deposition of sediments
occurs as essentially
horizontal beds
19
Material: M. Watfa
Source Rock- HC Generation
Petroleum System

Generation:

'&(

Source Rocks
#)

(

&
'

and Maturation

&
!
!% layers accumulate in

As sedimentary

"#$"the stage is set for the
basins

generation
!

of hydrocarbons.

20
Material: M. Watfa

Petroleum System: Source rock
Organic material is often
preserved

deposition

with sediments during

)'&(

&(#

The organic
is the carbon-rich
material
&'

!
ofplants

%

remains
and algae

!

"#$"

Kerogen
is formed from the organic
!

material

with the increased pressure

and temperature at depth

21
Material: M. Watfa
Oil & gas subsequently forms by the

maturation of the kerogen

Generation:

&(
)'Rocks
Source
and

#

(

&
'

Maturation
!&
!%

"#$" When sediments are

!

deposited, they often

include carbon-rich

remains of many

different organisms
including plants and
algae. This material is
referred to as organic.
22
Material: M. Watfa

Generation: Source

Rocks and Maturation

'&(

accumulate
Layers
and in time the
#)

(

&
' weight compresses the

overburden

&
!
%
sediments.
$" !

"# Temperature increases with depth
!

and the combination of pressure

and heat begins a slow
transformation of the organic
material into petroleum.
Organic material is changed into

intermediate kerogens, and then
into oil and gas in a process called
maturation.
23
Material: M. Watfa

Petroleum System: Maturation
ft depth
At 2100 m / 7000

&(
minimum
(65C) the
'

)
&(#

&' for the formation of
temperature

!

%

oil is! reached

"#$"

At deeper levels, at
!

temperatures above 150C,

organic matter will be

transformed to natural gas
24
Material: M. Watfa
At deeper levels the organic

material gets carbonised

Temperature
Window

&( temperature is
If the

)'
#

(
'& too low, the organic

&
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

25
Material: M. Watfa
material cannot
transform into
hydrocarbon.
If the temperature is
too high, the organic
material and
hydrocarbons are
destroyed.
Source
Generation:

(
)'&Maturation
Rocksand
&(#

of
&' these
Both

!

%

substances

!

are called

"#$"

! hydrocarbons, because

they consist mainly of

the elements hydrogen

and carbon in various

combinations.
26
Material: M. Watfa
Expulsion and Migration

Petroleum System:


)'&(
Movement of hydrocarbons
from their

#

(

&
'

source into
reservoir
rocks

&
!
!%

Primary
/ Expulsion
$"
"#migration

!

of newly generated

movement

hydrocarbons out of the source

27
Material: M. Watfa
rock
Secondary migration
The further movement of the
hydrocarbons into reservoir rock in
a hydrocarbon trap

Surface Oil
Seepage

"

!

28
Material: M. Watfa

'&(
(#)

&
&'

%!

!

#$"
Surface oil lakes

were very
common in Persia
and Iraq. This oil
was used for a
variety of
applications
dating back
thousands of
years.
Gas Seepage

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

29
Material: M. Watfa

Expulsion and Migration:
are less
Because oil andgas
)'&(buoyant forces
dense thanwater,
to
(#

&

cause them
flow up along the

'
&
of %least
!
path
resistance toward

"surface.
!
$
the
#
!"

The paths newly generated

hydrocarbons take can be along

faults or fractures, or directly
through other permeable rock
layers, called carrier beds.
This is known as secondary
migration.
30
Material: M. Watfa

Expulsion and Migration: Expulsion and Migration

Fluids are able to flow
through
certain

(
rock beds, suchas #sandstones,
due to
'&
)

(
'&

their highpermeability.

&
!
At this
% migrating hydrocarbons can
point,

!
"#$"find their way to the surface and
either

!

create seeps

Or they can become trapped in porous

reservoir rock - another of the main

requirements of an economic petroleum
accumulation.
Because of migration, oil and gas can end
up accumulating far from their source.
31
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
Rocks and Rock Types:
Rock Types

'&(

in (general
Oil is
generated
#)

&
stored

and
in sedimentary
'

&

!

%
- rocks formed by the

!rocks

$"
"# deposition of particles on
!

32
Material: M. Watfa

the surface or the bottom of

rivers, deltas, and oceans.
The next section will
discuss the characteristics
of sedimentary rocks and
different ways they can be
formed
Reservoir Rocks
Rock Types

'&main
(
There are
three
types of rock

)

#

areclassified

&(
which
as igneous,

&'

!

%
metamorphic,
and sedimentary.

!
$"

"# This table summarizes some of the
!

attributes of these three types.
Igneous rocks, such as granite, and

metamorphic rocks, such as
gneiss, are called basement rocks.
Only when highly fractured can
these rocks serve as a reservoir.
33
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks

SedimentaryCharacteristics

&(

Thereare
two
)' main types of
(#
'& rock - Clastic and

sedimentary

&
!
!%

carbonate.
"#$"

Clastic rocks are formed from
!

weathered particles of sand, silt,

or clay - deposited at places
such as river deltas, beaches, or
on the bottom of the ocean.
Some of the Clastic sedimentary

rocks commonly seen are
sandstone and shale.
34
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
Breccia
Sandstone
35
Clastic Sedimentary
Rocks

rock types
Some sedimentary

(
Breccia
angular
-)Coarse-grained,
'&

#
&( - little transport;
fragments

Conglomerate
&'

- Coarse-grained,
!

%

! mixture of rounded pebbles and sand

"#$"
ranging widely in size; well rounded

!

pebbles imply some transport in a high

energy system

Examples

Sandstone - commonly quartz,

feldspar, or rock fragments; deposited

in many environments
Shale - very fine grained; composed
primarily of clay; deposited in lowShale
energy environments such as lakes,
bays, lagoons, of deep marine settings
Conglomerate
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
Clastic depositional systems are
those in which the facies are

composed primarily

'&( of

rock
#) and mineral

transported
(

&
'

& Siliciclastic
fragments.
!
!%
Depositional

Systems
"#$"

!
Alluvial fan

Fluvial (river)

Barrier / strandplain

Deltaic

Submarine fan
Lacustrine (lake)
Eolian (wind)
Paludal (swamp)
36
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
Rocks and Rock

Types: Sedimentary

)'&(

Characteristics
&(#

'

& other kind of
The
!
%
$" !

"#
!

sedimentary rock is
carbonate rock.
These are often

formed from chemical
precipitation of calcium
carbonate or in organic
reefs.
A common carbonate
rock is limestone.
37
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
Upper Thamama (Mid-Cretaceous) Formation Outcrop

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
Stratigrahic
Column
$"

"#
!

Courtesy Schlumberger
38
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
LST Sequence

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

Deep Sea-Level
39
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
Carbonate Reef System

'&(

)
&(# Cross section

showing complex
&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

40
Material: M. Watfa
facies relations in a
carbonate reef
setting.
Reservoir quality
varies with facies.
Permeability could
vary in the range 101000 mD for the
same porosity
Reservoir Rocks

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

41
Material: M. Watfa
Reservoir Rocks
A reservoir rock is any rock that has

enough:

o

'&(
(#)
porosity

&
&'

%!
" !

o
permeability

$
"#

!

allow invasion, accumulation and
To

42
Material: M. Watfa
later, production of hydrocarbons
As mentioned earlier, the vast

majority of reservoir rocks worldwide
are either sandstone or carbonate
rocks
Reservoir Rocks

Reservoir
'&( Rock:
(#)

&
&'
POROSITY

!%

$"
"# A good reservoir
!

43
Material: M. Watfa
rock must also have

sufficient porosity to
hold an economic
volume of oil or gas.
Reservoir Rocks
Reservoir Rock:
PERMEABILITY

already defined as
Permeability we have

&(
(#with
)'
the measure of
ease
which fluid
&
a rock.

'

flows through
&
%!

!
Thisisnecessary
so that hydrocarbons

"
$

initially
"#

can
enter the reservoir, and then

!

be produced through a well.

later

In formations with large grains, the

permeability is high and the flow rate
larger.
In a rock with small grains the
permeability is less and the flow lower.
Grain size has no bearing on porosity,
but has a large effect on permeability.
44
Material: M. Watfa
Petroleum System: Traps & Seal
Petroleum System: Traps &

Seal

)'&(

(#
'&
StructuralTraps
&
%!

!
anticlines

"#$"

faults
!

The opposite of a reservoir rock, but

a rock just as necessary for the

formation of an economic petroleum

accumulation is a seal.

Stratigraphic Traps

angular unconformities
pinchouts
Reefs

45
Material: M. Watfa
Salt Domes


A seal or cap rock
can
be
any
rock

)'&(

&(#low permeability
with a relatively

-8&'
-6

! Darcies) such that
(10 to

!10
%

"#$"cannot migrate beyond the
fluids

!
reservoir

Shales and salts such as anhydrite

commonly act as seals
Seals can also be the result of a

barrier to flow such as a fault

46
Material: M. Watfa
Structural Traps

Anticlines

)'&(

forces
(#

&

compressive
act on a

'

&
%!

section
the crust that is
!of

"#$" causing arch-like
ductile,

!

folds
to form

Faults

when the tectonic forces are

greater than the mechanical
strength of the rock the rock
fractures along a fault

47
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

arch shaped fold in

Anticline Trap: is an
rock in which rock layers are upwardly
convex.
48
Material: M. Watfa
Fault Trap: is a joint or a fracture

has driven an impermeable layer
above permeable layer.

Eroded top of an anticline in the Zaggaros

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

49
Material: M. Watfa

Drilling in the Zaggaros range in the early 70s- before horizontal drilling became a reality

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

50
Material: M. Watfa
Normal Fault

& (

Fault Plane
)' analysis from
#

(
&

&'

!
imaging:

!%
Borehole
$"

"#
!

51
Material: M. Watfa
Depth of the Fault

Strike of the fault
Angle of the fault
Azimuth of the fault
Sealing of the fault

'&(

)
&(#

&'
Micro Fault
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

TD: 62/304

fault
Normal

Striking:
N25E-S25W
Down to WNW
52
Material: M. Watfa
Major Faultexample

'&(
effect
#)

Dragging
produced
(

&

&'

%!

by

!a major fault

$"
"#
!

53
Material: M. Watfa
Faults on Dipmeter

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

Growth fault (Louisiana)
Drag fault (Mississippi)
Reverse fault with drag (far e

54
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'

!
"#$"

!

%!

55
Material: M. Watfa
Reverse
Fault

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

56
Material: M. Watfa
Stratigraphic traps


'&(

(#)
Angular unconformities

'&

&
a section
of
sedimentary
rock
!

%

!

containing
"#$" reservoir rock tilted and

!

eroded,
and subsequently covered by

further sedimentary rock layers

Pinchouts
sediments are deposited with a slight
dip down in the basin
Reefs

57
Material: M. Watfa

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

Unconformity Trap:
where a

permeable reservoir rock has been
converted by an impermeable layer
following by nondepositional period
or a time of erosion.
58
Material: M. Watfa
Pinchout Trap: is a channel

through a flood plain has been filled
with permeable sand that was then
surrounded by less permeable clays
or silts when the channel moved.
Unconformity Dip motif

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

Angular unconformity
59
Material: M. Watfa
Angular unconformity in Algeria
Unconformity

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

60
Material: M. Watfa
Unconformity

"

!

(
Taconic
'& Unconformity
(#)

&
Irregular , non planar
with
&'

%!

!

#$"
bedding contact
Change of Bedding
orientation below the
unconformity
61
Material: M. Watfa
61
Petroleum System: Traps

& Seal

Salt Domes #)'&(
&(

&' at depth, salt
Under pressure

!
%

!

acts
like
"#$" a slow-moving

!

liquid.
Pressed by the weight

of neighboring rocks, salt will

62
Material: M. Watfa
flow upwards, creating plugshaped diapirs or domes of

salt
Petroleum System: Timing

(
Timing of geologic
within
)events
'&

#
system

&(

the petroleum
is critical.
&'

!

%

formation

trap
before migration
!

"

$

"#

reservoir
seal must remain
!

intact

1 in 3 wells drilled actually will find

significant amounts of petroleum
63
Material: M. Watfa
We now need techniques to

predict the potential traps in the
subsurface
Petroleum System: Timing of Events

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

(From John Armentrout)
64
Material: M. Watfa
Petroleum System: Timing of Events

'&(

)
&(#

&'
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

Figure 9. Petroleum System for North Oman Huqf -- Shuaiba (!),

Fahud Salt Basin
65
Material: M. Watfa
(From Pollastro,
USGS Bulletin, 1999)
Time and Scale Problems

&( oil per year,
If a course rock of a given volume generates 1gm)'of
&(#

how many barrels would be generated in
one
&' million years?

!

%

!

Oil Density = 0.85 gm/cc

"#$"

!
1 barrel [UK] = 163 659.24 cubic centimeter

cubic
1 barrel [US, petroleum] = 158 987.29
centimeter

I gm occupies: 1/0.85
cc=1.176 cc
In one million years we generate: 1,176,000 cubic centimetre of oil
7.185 Barrels (UK)

7.397 Barrels (US)
66
Material: M. Watfa
Time and Scale Problems

If an oil droplet moves 1 cm in a year through

'&(a carrier bed,

(#)

'&
how far could it move in a million years?

&
!

%
!
$"

"#
!

= 1,000,000
cm
in one-million years

= 1,000,000
/ 100 /1000 = 10 km

To meters
67
Material: M. Watfa
To kilometres

1.1 - Petroleum Geology

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1.1 - Petroleum Geology

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1.1- Petroleum Geology

Why Are Petrophysical Rock Types Important To You And

1. Please list as many reasons why Petrophysical

types and petrophysical based rock types ?

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Role of Seismologist in Field Development Planning

Conduct Structural and

Role of Geologist in Field Development Planning

Builds Property Grid Block

Models that form Field

Models for Reservoirs-Joint

Interprets and Describes

 ! with FDP Team

Conducts Analysis of Rock

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Plans Well Drilling

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Over the 4.5 billion years

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The progressive separation of

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Present day continents were

Explained by a theory called

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 '&( you will

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% spread apart or slide past

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Elements of a Petroleum System

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Elements of a Petroleum System

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Elements of a Petroleum System

From John Armentrout

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Elements of a Petroleum System

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Elements of a Petroleum System

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Elements of a Petroleum System

From John Armentrout

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in the world today

the one above it

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Source Rock- HC Generation

  !% layers accumulate in

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Source Rock- HC Generation

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Oil & gas subsequently forms by the

Source Rock- HC Generation

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Source Rock- HC Generation

and the combination of pressure

Organic material is changed into

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Source Rock- HC Generation

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At deeper levels the organic

! with FDP Team

'&( you will

% spread apart or slide past

!% layers accumulate in

'& rock - Clastic and

&(# Cross section

" !

arch shaped fold in