CHAPTER 7

cylindrical & spherical shell

Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders

Cylindrical pressure vessels, hydraulic cylinders, shafts with components
mounted on (gears, pulleys, and bearings), gun barrels, pipes carrying fluids
at high pressure, .. develop tangential, longitudinal, and radial stresses.
Stress element
Wall
thickness

Longitudinal stress

(closed ends)

Tangential
stress
Hoop stress

r
Radial stress

A pressurized cylinder is considered a thin-walled vessel if the wall

thickness is less than one-twentieth of the radius.

t
r < 1/20

Thin-walled pressure
vessel

Stresses in a Thin-Walled Pressurized Cylinders

In a thin-walled pressurized cylinder the radial stress is much smaller than
the tangential stress and can be neglected.
Longitudinal stress,

Longitudinal stress

Fy = 0
(l) /4

[ (do)2 (di)2] = ( p ) /4 (di)2

(l) [ (di + 2t)2

Pressure area

(di)2] = ( p ) (di)2
Internal
pressure, p

4t2 is very small,

2

(l) (4di t) = ( p ) (di)

l =

p di
2t

l =

p (di + t)
4t

Max. longitudinal stress

Stresses in a Thin-Walled Pressurized Cylinders

Tangential (hoop) stress
Hoop stress

Fx = 0
2() t (length) = ( p ) (di)

p di
2t

(length)

Max. Hoop stress

Projected
area

l =

Procedure of calculation of Cylindrical

Shell under internal pressure
Real thickness
S = S+C

Minimal thickness
S

Requiremnets
p,t ca

Material selection
(mechanical properties)

Verification allowable pressure

p [p]

Calculation formula for minimum thickness

[ ]

< 5,5

5,5 25

25

Material

Brittle metal,
metallic

non-

[]h + p
s = 0,5D t
1
[]h p

[
]

p
h
s = 0,5Dn 1
[]h + p

s = (0,5Dt + Ca )( 1)

Ductile metal

pD t
2[]h p
pDn
s =
2[]h + p
s =

pD t
2[ ] h
pD n
s =
2[ ] h
s =

1
s = 0,5Dn

[]

1,5

2,5

3,5

2,8

1,68

1,5

1,4

1,35

1,3

1,22

verification allowable pressure, [p]

p [p]
verification allowable pressure

VA
VAT LIE
LIEU

Brittle metal,
metallic

s Ca
Dt

0,1

non-

[p ] = 2[]h (s Ca )
Dt + (s Ca )

> 0,1

2
s C

a
+ 1 1
h [ ]
0,5D t

[p] =
2
s Ca

+ 1 + 1
0
,
5
D
t

Dn

D t + 2Ca

[p] = 2,3[]h lg

Ductile metal

Cylindrical Shell with internal pressure

AD-B1 (Germany)
Cylindrical

Spherical

sB : shell thickness [mm]

Da : outer Diameter [mm]
P : Design pressure [bar]
K . Limiting yield stress [N/mm ]
S: Safety coefficient
V : Weld joint efficiency
C1-2 : Additional value of wall thickness [mm]
8

ASME Code

P = design pressure , psig.

r = Inner radius, in.
S = Limiting yield stress , psi
psi..
E1, E = Weld joint efficiency
tp = Shell thickness, in.
t = real thickness (exclusive value of additional thickness of corrosion), in.

 Fabricated from welded roll

bending steel plates.
Welding
Dimension of steel plate
A : longitudinal seam
B : round seam

10

Raw material

Processing steps

Ready for welding

Machine welding

Cylindrical shell manufacturing

Round seam

16

Cross seam

17

18

false

correct
19

Procedure of calculation of Cylindrical Shell

under external pressure
(ductile metal, safety coefficient)
Real thickness
S = S+C

Minimal thickness
S
Requiremnets
p,t ca

Verification allowable pressure

p [p]

Material selection
(mechanical properties)
calculation stiffening ring

Minimum thickness, ss
Length of shell, L
Length
L = H (cyl)
L = H (cyl ) +

L =
L = bk

(cyl. Shell with flanges, flat head)

h (head)
3

(b < 0,1L)
(b 0,1L)
k

(cyl. Shell with 2 ellipsoid heads)

(shell with stiffening ring)

: distance between 2 nearby stiffening rings

while :
bk : width of stiffening ring contact to shell

p L
s = 1,18Dt t
E Dt

0 ,4

21

Verification allowable pressure , [p]

p [p]
1,5

2(s Ca )

Dt

1,5

L
E t 2(s Ca )
< 0,3 t

Dt
c Dt

1,5

L
Et
0,3 t
Dt
c

L
D
>
D
2(s C
t

2(s Ca ) L

Dt
Dt

Dt
2(s Ca )

[p] = 0,649Et D t s Ca

L Dt

[p] =

2,5

2[ n ](s Ca )
2

t
L2Dt
Dt 1 + 1,02
c
(s Ca )3 E t

similar calculation
L
>5

D
under external pressure

VA

22

Step 4: stiffening ring

Moment of inertia of the cross section (of the stiffening ring and the body) of
axis (passing through the center of cross section), J
J (mm4)

J =

L
D3 p
1,18 nt (s Ca )3
12
E

Selection stiffening ring suitable to cross section calculated, Fk (mm2)

Fk >

1,3Dnp
(s Ca )
ct

23

Moment of inertia of the cross section (of the stiffening ring and the body) of
axis (passing through the center of cross section), parallel to axis of cyl
cyl.. shell,
Jk (mm4)

Jk = f(Dn,Lp
,Lp))

24

Distance from the center of cross section ( stiffening ring) to midsurface of shell
shell,, e (mm)

e=

Jk
Fk

25

effective length of shell (for the calculation the total cross section of
stiffening ring and shell ), lh (mm)
sectional area of the shell, Fo (mm2)
Distance from the center of cross section ( stiffening ring) to mid-surface of
shell, eo (mm)
Moment of inertia of the cross section (of the stiffening ring and the body) of
Moment
axis (passing through the center of cross section) x x, Jx (mm4)
2(L )2
K = f
specific parameters to the critical pressure , K
Dt

(s C a )

12 Jx

Value K
2(L )2
Dt

(s Ca )
12Jx

10

20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000100002000050000

0,05 0,1 0,24 0,7 1,0 2,0 2,6 5,0

7,5 12,5

15

23

30

Verification value of pressure for stiffening ring, [p]

Jx J

p [p]

26

Calculation and verification sequence of stiffening ring

Dt

lh

0,5
L
(and
and
L 8D)

h =

J
bk 1,1 Dn (s Ca )
0,0278 (s Ca )3 + J

Fo
eo
Jx

[p]

> 0,5

[p] =

h = bk + 1,1 D n (s C a )
h <

If selected:

h bk + 30 (s Ca )

eo =

Fo = lh (s Ca)

Jx = Jk + Fk (e eo )2 +

Fk e
Fo + Fk

2
eo
Fo (s Ca )2

1 + 12
10,9

s Ca

3
2E t Jx (s Ca )
K +

2
10,9
Dt (L )

[p] = 0,85E t (s Ca ) 3 + 12 Jx

for brittle metal, non-metallic: similar sequence, change

Dt

t
c

equal

0,5

t
B

27

Cylindrical shell under external pressure

28

Shell under external pressure

AD-B6 (Germany)
Calculate the pressure under elastic deformation

Pressure of deformation

while

29

Shell under external pressure

AD-B6 (Germany)

30

Shell under external pressure

AD-B6 (Germany)
Compare stress after stiffened and limited allowable stress

Deformation pressure after stiffened

Shell length after stiffened resist deformation

31

Cylindrical Shell under external

pressure

External pressure generated from an internal vacuum

32

Cylindrical Shell under external

pressure with stiffening ring

33

Cylindrical Shell under external

pressure

External pressure exist for the length of the jacket

34

Cylindrical Shell under external

pressure

Half pipe jackets

35

Cylindrical Shell under external

pressure

Stayed surface jackets

36

Cylindrical Shell under external

pressure
A dimple jacket in form of
stayed surface

37

Cylindrical Shell under external pressure

Half pipe jacket

reactor

38

Stiffening ring

39

Stiffening ring

40

Stiffening ring

41

Stiffening ring

42

Dimple Jacket stiffened reactor

43

Jacket Shell

44

Jacket Shell

45

Procedure of calculation of cylindrical

shell under axial load
Real thickness
S = S+C

Minimal thickness
S
Responding requirements
p,t ca

Stress under axial load

Material selection
(mechanical properties)

nP =

P
(D t + s )(s C a )

Dependent parameters
and coefficients

Verification stress

kc, Kc

Minimum thickness, ss
L
Dt

s
)
with = f ((
P

>5

P
s =
Dt [ n ]

Free end

(Diagramm 5.3)
hinged

hinged

clamped

clamped

hinged

2L
ln = 2L

P
Dt [ n ]

= 2,82 n
Dt

s =

clamped

L
ln = L

0,7L
ln = 0,7L

clamped

0,5L
ln = 0,5L

47

Factor kc
Value kc

Dt
2(s Ca )
kc

50

100 150 200 250 500 1000 2000 2500

0,05 0,098 0,14 0,15 0,14 0,118 0,08 0,06 0,055

Value Kc
Dt
2(s C a )
Kc

25 250

t
K c = 875 ct k c
E

> 250
Kc = kc

48

Verification allowable stress under

axially load, [[
n]TB

[n ]TB = K cEt

s Ca

K c 0,155

nP [n ]TB

(D t + s)
Hay

s Ca

P
KcEt

49

cylindrical shell under axial load

50

Procedure of calculation of cylindrical shell

under Moment bending
s =

4Mu
D2t [ u ]

Minimal thickness
S

Real thickness
S = S+C

Responding requirements
p,t ca
Bending stress
Material selection
(mechanical properties)

verification stress

u =

Mu
4Mu
=
W (D t + s )2 (s C a )

Dependent parameters
and coefficients
ku, Ku

Factor ku
Value ku
Dt
2(s Ca ) 50 100 150 200 250 500 1000 2000 2500
0,1
ku
0,06 0,12 0,15 0,17
0,14 0,10 0,08 0,07
7

Factor Ku
Dt
2(s C a )

25 250

Ku = 875

Ku

> 250

tc
k
Et u

Ku = ku

52

Verification allowable stress of shell while bending,

[u]TB
1,5

2(s Ca )
0,07E t

Dt

K u 0,185
[ ]
u TB
u

[ ]

u TB

= Ku Et

s C
1,27M
or s C
D +s
K (D + s)E
a

or s C

1,27Mu
Ku Dt Et
53

Shell under combine load ( external pressure

axially load Moment bending)
step 1: calculate the thickness separately of each case, choose then
the absolute maximal value
Step 2: stable condition of shell for any cross section

nP

[p] [n ]TB [u ]TB

Note: if any part missed , value equal 0

54

Procedure of calculation of Cylindrical shell under combine load :

internal pressur axially load (pressing force or tension) moment
(bending or torsion)
Minimum thickness S
(choose the maximal value
of different case )
Responding requirements
p,t ca
Material selection
(mechanical properties

Real thickness
S = S+C

Torsion stress

x =

td =

(nP + 0,8u )

2
x

+ 3

8Mx
(D t + s )2 (s Ca )

Stress from pressure

Equivalente stress

2
Condition for the stability

td 0,87[ ] 1,2 np
of shell
[ ]

np =

p[D t + (s Ca )]
2 h (s Ca )

Note: if any part missed , value equal 0

Spherical Shell
Less material used to be fabricated.
100m3).
Mainly used for big volume ((
Applicable for pressure until 2,5N/mm 2, or vacuum.

note : designing a spherical shell

main methods of fabricating: butt weld small pieces prefabricated.
The welds must be easily observed.
The openings must have suitable distance to weld, stiffened if swhell
The
under external pressure.

56

Spherical Shell

57

Information required
Inside diameter D
Arrangement of segments
Minimum wall thickness(es
thickness(es)) after forming s
Fabrication code

58

Spherical Shell

59

Spherical Head

60

Procedure of calculation of Spherical Shell

under internal pressure
real thickness
S = S+C

Minimum thickness
S
Responding requirements
p,t ca

Verification allowable pressure

p [p]

[p] = 1,87Et s Ca

Material selection
(mechanical properties)

Dt

Minimum thickness, ss
Formulas

[ ]
p

< 2,75

2[ ] h
1
s = 0,5D t
2[ ] h 3p

2,75 12,5

s =

12,5

Dt p
D tp
s =
4[ ]h p
4[ ]h

62

Procedure of calculation of spherical shell under

external pressure
(stable safety coefficient, ny = 2,6)
allowable Ovality any means 0,5%
real thickness
S = S+C

minimum thickness
S
Responding requirements
p,t ca

Material selection
(mechanical properties)

Verification allowable pressure

p [p]

[p] = 1,87Et s Ca

Dt

Minimum thickness, ss
Ductile metal

p
s = 0,73Dt
Et

Brittle metal non metal

s = 0,73Dt

p nB

Et 2,6

64

65

Example : thickness according to

diameter and pressure / Material

66

exercise
Calculate the thicknesses cylindrical shell of a jacketed reactor,
Material used : Alloy stainless steel 304, E150 =1,95.105N/mm2,
150=220N/mm2, [n] =140N/mm2, [] = 140N/mm2, corrosion
factor Ca =1,2mm, shells were welded automatically with a weld
joint efficiency h=0,98; correction factor = 1,05 (other
parameters may be choosed by yourself)
1/ Working pressur inside the reactor: 2 bar
2/ use saturated steam for heating about 5 bar
3/ Acidic reaction environment with : pH=3
(See picture on next slide)
67

68

exercise
Calculate thickness of cylindrical shell ,
material : stainless steel 304, inner diameter
Dt =2,5m. Heigth H = 10m, chemical medium
KLR = 1600kg/m3, joint efficiency = 0,98;
safety factor =1,3; working pressure 3bar,
corrosion rate T = 0,06mm/year, allowable
stress of stainless steel 304 is 180N/mm 2

Cylindrical Shell in
Chemical Equipment

70

Heat Exchanger
Fix Tube Sheet
Sheet
Split View of Parts

Gasket

Gasket

Shell

Tube Sheet

Cover

Saddle
End Flange

Gasket
Distributor

Tube Sheet

71

Heat Exchanger
Fix Tube Sheet
Sheet
General Assembly view
Gasket
Tube side Inlet

Shell side Outlet

Gasket
Shell

Tube Sheet

End Flange
Cover
Distributor
Saddle
Gasket
Tube side Outlet

Shell side Inlet

Tube Sheet

72