Program

A computer program (also software, or just a program) is a

sequence of instructions written in a sequence to perform a
specified task with a computer.

Creating a C++ Program

source code

created using an IDE

Object code

Executable code: exe file

An Introduction to Programming
with C++, Fifth Edition

Processing a C++ Program

(cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to

Program Design, Fifth Edition

The Problem AnalysisCoding

Execution Cycle (contd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to

Program Design, Fifth Edition

Structure of C++ Program

Contains built-in-functions. These are also
called pre-defined or already developed
functions

Header File

To include header
files in our program

Preprocessor
Directives

Angle or pointed
brackets
h stands for header file

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Return type of main
function. It is used
to determines
whether the
program is
executed
successfully or not.
Void means nothing
Body
Begin

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )

Function
Name
main function

Starting point of
program execution

Parenthesis shows function. It is used to pass

parameters/arguments

cout<<Welcome to Computer Scientists;

getch();

Program
Body
Body End

File name(standard input

output )

Cout stands for console output.. It uses insertion

operator (<<) print the output on the monitor/console.

Get character
function. It get a
character at runtime.
But we use it to stay
screen to see output

String or message to be
displayed on monitor. It must be
enclosed in double quotes( )

Each statement must end

with semicolon. A
statement without
semicolon generates
syntax error.
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Standard input and output

streams
cin
Key Board

>>

Standard input stream

cout
<<
Monitor
<<
cerr
Standard output stream

Memory

Simple Steps to write and run a program in C++.

1.

2.

3.

Go to this path C:\TC\BIN then double click on

short to open C++
language.
Now save your program by choosing a meaningful
program file name. e.g. welcome.cpp is a file
name for a program that will display welcome
message at runtime.
Now write your program as explained in the
previous slide. (translation of algorithm to a c++
program).
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4. Press Alt+F9 key to compile program. If your program is error

free then following screen will appear:

5. Now press Ctrl+F9 key to run the program. Following screen

shows the output of the program:

Now press enter to go back to the source code of the program

Another Sample Program

Program:
#include<stdio h>
void main()
{
int number;
cout<<Enter an integer: \n);
//message for user
cin>>number;
//get input
cout<<The number you entered is: <<number;
getch();
}
Output:
Enter an integer:
25
The number you entered is: 25

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Programming Style
C++ is a free-format language, which means that:
Extra blanks (spaces) or tabs before or after identifiers/operators are ignored.
Blank lines are ignored by the compiler just like comments.
Code can be indented in any way.
There can be more than one statement on a single line.
A single statement can continue over several lines.
In order to improve the readability of your program, use the following conventions:
Start the program with a header that tells what the program does.
Use meaningful variable names.
Document each variable declaration with a comment telling what the variable is
used for.
Place each executable statement on a single line.
A segment of code is a sequence of executable statements that belong
together.
Use blank lines to separate different segments of code.
Document each segment of code with a comment telling what the segment
does.
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Variable: Location in memory where value can be stored

An identifier is a name for a variable, constant,
function, etc.
Rules to Declare an
Identifier (variable)

Alphabets from A to Z or a to z
The digits from 0 to 9
Underscore(_) can be used
The first character of an identifier can not be a digit
The name of an identifier can not be a reserve word
No space allowed in the name of identifier
Valid Name:
A
Student_Name
_Fname
Pi

Inalid Name:
$Sum //special ch.
6StName // 1st letter digit
F name // no space allowed
int // reserve word

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Identifier (variable)
Declaration
Syntax
Data-Type Space Variable-Name(Indentifier);
e.g.
int frstNumber;
char choice;
float divide;
long output;

Identifier (variable)
Initialization
Syntax
Data-Type Space Variable-Name(Indentifier) = Value;
e.g.
int frstNumber=10;
char choice=y;
float divide=0.0;

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Memory Concepts
cin>>

first;

Assume

user entered 45

Variable

Identifier

first

45

first

45

second

72

first

45

second

72

cin>>second;
Assume

sum

user entered 72

= first + second;

sum

117

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Assignment Operator (=)

= (assignment operator)
Assigns value to variable
Binary operator (two operands)
Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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How many bytes I am eating?

integer
data

short

2 bytes

int

2 bytes(16 bit system)

4 bytes (32 bit system)

long

4 bytes

float

4 bytes

double

8 bytes

long double

10 bytes

Character

char

1 byte

Boolean

bool

1 byte

Floating
point data

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Memory Allocation for Arithmetic

Data Types
Size (bytes)
Name (alternate)

Description

char
short int (short)

int

Range of Values

AVR GCC

MSVC++

Character or small integer

Signed: -128 to 127 (-2(8-1) to 2(8-1)-1)

Unsigned: 0 to 255 (0 to 28-1)

Signed: -128 to 127

Unsigned: 0 to 255

Short integer

Signed: -32768 to 32767

Unsigned: 0 to 65535

Signed: -32,768 to 32,767

Unsigned: 0 to 65535

Signed: -32768 to 32767

Unsigned: 0 to 65535

Signed: -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
Unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295
Signed: -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
Unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295

Integer

AVR GCC

MSVC++

long int (long)

Long integer

Signed: -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
Unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295

long long int (long long)

Really long integer

Signed: -9.2E+18 to 9.2E+18

Unsigned: 0 to 1.8E+19

Signed: -9.2E+18 to 9.2E+18

Unsigned: 0 to 1.8E+19

float

'Single-precision' floating point number

1E 38 (7 decimal digits of
precision)

1E 38 (7 decimal digits of
precision)

double

'Double-precision' floating point number

1E 38 (7 decimal digits of
precision)

1E 308 (15 decimal digits of

precision)

long double

Long double-precision floating point

number

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1E 308 (15 decimal digits of

precision)

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Arithmetic

Rules of operator precedence

Operators in parentheses evaluated first

Nested/embedded parentheses

Operators in innermost pair first

Multiplication, division, modulus applied next

Operators applied from left to right
Addition, subtraction applied last
Operators applied from left to right

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Comments

Non - executable statements

Comments are used for program
documentation
Two formats

Single Line Comments

// This program is used to show the Welcome

Message.

Multi Lines Comments

/*
This program is used to show the
square of even numbers from 10 to
100.
*/
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Tokens
Tokens are individual words and punctuation marks in passage of text.
In C++, program the smallest individual units are known as C Tokens.
C++ has Six types of Tokens. The Tokens are shown in figure. C++
programs are written using these tokens and the syntax of the
language.

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22

C++ keywords
Each

keyword has a predefined purpose in

the language.
Do not use keywords as variable and
constant names!!

Exmples: bool, break, case, char, const,

continue, do, default, double, else, extern,
false, float, for, if, int, long, namespace,
return, short, static, struct, switch,
typedef, true, unsigned, void, while
etc
etc..
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Thank
You

New
Computer
Scientists

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Memory Concepts
Variable

names

Correspond to actual locations in computer's

memory
Every variable has name, type, size and value
When new value placed into variable, overwrites
previous value

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