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Amount of Substance
1 mole = Ar in grams
Molecular formula: Actual number of atoms (C 2H6)
Empirical formula: Simplest ratio of atoms (CH 3)
Treat percentages (%) the same as you would weights
Atomic number: Number of protons (smaller number)
Mass number: Number of protons and neutrons (bigger
number)
Isotope = Same number of protons, different neutrons
Relative abundance = ( (% Ar) + (% Ar) ) 100
Nuclear Reactions
decay releases a helium nuclei (2p +2n)
decay releases an electron (1e-)
releases energy in the form of a wave
A radioactive equation must be equal on both sides
Half life: The time it takes for half the radioactive nuclei in a
sample to decay
Uses for HLs:
Dating archeological artifacts
Find out the age of igneous rocks
Tracers: Radioactive isotopes whose decay is monitored.
Mustnt have to long a half life (damage patient) no too short (decay
before diagnosed)
Tracers are used to aid diagnosis of cancer
Nuclear fusion: joining of two or more nuclei to form a heavier
new element
Shapes of Molecules
Electron repulsion theory: more lone electron pairs, smaller bond
angles
Lone pairs arrange to be as far apart as possible
Tetrahedral, Bent, Linear, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Planar Triangular,
Octahedral, Ion
Bond angles (resp.): 109, 105, 180, 120 & 90, 120, 90, Changes
depending of shape.
Mass Spectrometry
Ionisation: Electron fired at gaseous atom:
X (g) + e- X+ (g) + 2e
Key words: sample inlet, ionization area, acceleration area, drift
region, ion detector
On Graph: Molecular ion (last line), base peak (most abundant ion)
Catalysis
Catalyst: speeds up the rate of reaction, chemically unchanged at
end of reaction, can be used again.
Homogenous: catalysing same states as reactants
Heterogeneous: catalysing different states as reactants
Honeycomb structure Stronger and higher surface area
Catalyst Poisoning when stubborn elements adsorb to surface of
catalyst so stops it from working
Key words: reactants, products, adsorbed, surface, bonds, broken,
formed, diffusion.
Gas Calculations
Under standard conditions any gas occupies 24dm 3
Volume = 24 num of moles
Entropy
A measure of the degree of disorder in a system.
Increases: up states, bigger molecules, more moles of products
Higher entropy if there are more ways of arranging molecules