Simulation of the Exam of Mathematical Analysis II -ICT

Solution

EXERCISE 1. (5 points)
a) Find the MacLaurin series of the function g(x) =

Since

4x
, and find its set of convergence.
1 x4

X
1
=
tn for t (1, 1), by replacing t = x4 we get
1 t n=0

g(x) = 4x

X
X
X


1
4n
4 n
=
4x
x
=
4x4n+1
x
=
4x
1 x4
n=0
n=0
n=0

for all x IR such that x4 (1, 1), i.e. x (1, 1). This is the convergence interval of the series, which is the MacLaurin
series of g (since it is a power series centred at 0 whose sum coincides with g in a neighborhood of 0).
1 + x2
. Notice that f (x) = g(x), and deduce the MacLaurin series of f (x), without doing extra
1 x2
computations. Compute f (48) (0).
b) Let f (x) = 3 + log

Since f = g, we have
f (x) = f (0) +

f (t)dt = 3 +

g(t)dt = 3 +

4t

4n+1

n=0

dt = 3 +

Z
X

4t4n+1 dt = 3 +

n=0

2
x4n+2 ,
2n
+
1
n=0

for all x (1, 1) (the set of convergence of the series of g). Then this is the MacLaurin series of f (power series centred
2
(4n + 2)! for all n 0 and
at 0 whose sum coincides with f in a neighborhood of 0). Consequently, f (4n+2) (0) = 2n+1
(48)
other derivatives of f at 0 vanish. In particular f
(0) = 0, since 48 is not of the form 4n + 2 with n 0 (48 = 4n + 2
implies 4n = 46, which does not have integer solutions).

EXERCISE 2. (5 points) Consider the plane region = {(y, z) IR2 : 3y z 3y, 9 9y 2 + z 2 36}.
(a) Represent the region .

is the intersection of the sets described in the plane yz by the inequalities:

z
3

3y z
z

3y

halfplane
above the line
z = 3y (line included)

halfplane
below the line

z = 3y (line included)

9 9y + z

9y 2 + z 2 36

exterior part of the ellipse y +

(ellipse included)
interior part of the ellipse
(ellipse included)

y2
4

z2
9

=1
-1

z2
36

=1

-2

-3
-2

-1

(b) Compute the volume of the solid obtained by rotating around the z-axis.

Since is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, the volume of the solid V described by the rotation of around the z
axis is twice the volume of the
solid V+ described by the rotation of the part of which lies on the halfplane z > 0, i.e.
+ = {(y, z) IR2 : 0 z 3y, 9 9y 2 + z 2 36}. Then, by Guldin Theorem we get
Z
y dydz.
vol (V ) = 2 vol (V+ ) = 4
+

We choose elliptic coordinates:



y = t cos
,
z = 3t sin

t > 0,

(, ] ,

and we get

(y, z) +

and then

t > 0, (, ]

sin 0

3 sin 3 cos

9 9t2 cos2 + sin2 36

vol (V ) = 4

y dydz = 4

/6

t > 0, 1 t2 4
[0, ] , tan

3t cos dtd = 12

/6

cos d

The integral can also be computed by horizontal lines as follows:

!
Z 3/2 Z 4z2 /9
Z
Z
y dydz =
y
dy
dz
+

1z 2 /9

3/2

3
3

! Z

t dt

Z 4z2 /9

z/ 3

y dy dz =

1t2
0 6

= 14.

7
.
2

TRUE-FALSE (1 point each)

1. If

a2n diverges, then

n=0

an diverges.

True

False

n=0

FALSE. For instance, if an =

P (1)n+1

converges.
n=0
n+1

(1)n+1

,
n+1

then the series

n=0

a2n =

1
n=0 n+1

diverges, but the series

n=0

an =

X
1
for
n

,
then
the
power
series
an xn has radius of convergence R = 2
True False
2n
n=0
q
p
p
TRUE. The condition an 21n implies n |an | n 21n = 21 and then limn n |an | = 12 . By the root test R = 2.

2. If an

3. The function f (x) = | sin x| belongs to the space C

True

4. A bounded set in the plane is measurable if and only if its boundary has measure zero

True

False

TRUE. Indeed f (x) = | sin x| is periodic of period (sin (x + ) = sin (x) and then | sin (x + ) | = | sin x|) and it is
continuous on IR. Then f is regularised at every point.
False

TRUE. (Characterization of measurable sets.)

5. Let f, g : [0, 3] IR be continuous functions such that 0 f (z) g(z) and D = {(0, y, z) IR3 : 0 z 3, f (z)
Z 3 Z g(z)
z dy dz .
y g(z)}. The volume of the solid region obtained rotating D around the z axis is 2
True
0

f (z)

False

FALSE. For instance, if f (z) 0 and g(z) 1, then vol () = 3 ( is a cylinder of radius 1 and height 3),
R3R1
R3 R1
R3
while 2 0 0 z dy dz = 2 0 z 0 dy dz = 2 0 z dz = 9. The correct formula would have been vol () =
R 3 R g(z)
2 0 f (z) y dy dz.

QUESTION 1. (3 points)
The volume of the region D = {(x, y, z) IR3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 4, y 2 + z 2 3x} is

19(1 3)
19
A
B
6
12
19
19
C
D
12
6
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS D
D is the intersection of the interior part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + Rz 2 = 4 and the region of the space bounded by the
paraboloid y 2 + z 2 = 3x containing the x axis. We have vol (D) = D dxdydz and we can integrate in two ways.
I. The projection of D on the x axis is [0, 2] and the sections Dx orthogonal to the x axis are the discs
Dx = {(y, z) IR2 : y 2 + z 2 3x}

if 0 x 1

and

Dx = {(y, z) IR2 : y 2 + z 2 4 x2 }

Using polar coordinates in the plane yz on Dx , we get




Z 2 Z
Z 1 Z
Z 2 Z
Z
dydz dx
dydz dx +
dydz dx =
dxdydz =
Dx
1
Dx
0
Dx
D
0
!
!

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
2
1

3x

4x

dd dx = 2

dd dx +

3x
dx + 2
2

if 1 x 2.

19
4 x2
dx =
.
2
6

II. The projection of D on the plane yz is the disc C = {(y, z) IR2 : y 2 + z 2 3} (to get it we can project on the plane
yz the circle where x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and y 2 + z 2 = 3x intersect, which is x = 1, y 2 + z 2 = 3). We obtain
D = {(x, y, z) IR3 : (y, z) C,

p
y2 + z 2
x 4 y 2 z 2 }.
3

Using polar coordinates to integrate on C, we get



Z 2 Z 3 p
Z p
Z 4y2 z2 !
Z
Z
2
2
y
+
z
2
dydz =
dd
dx dydz =
dxdydz =
4 y2 z 2
4 2
3
3
0
C
(y 2 +z 2 )/3
0
C
D

"

# 3
Z 3 p
Z 3 3 !
2 3/2

3 19
1 4
= 2
=
4 2 d
d = 2
.
3
2
3/2
4
6
0
0
0

QUESTION 2. (3 points)
The set of convergence of the power series

X
x3n+1
is
n 8n
n=1

E = (2, 2]

E = [8, 8)

E = (8, 8)

E = [2, 2)
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS D

We write the series as

n

X
X
X
x3
x3n x
x3n+1
=
=x
n 8n
n 8n
n 8n
n=1
n=1
n=1

1 n
t .
n

8n
n=1
We determine the set of convergence of such a series. The root test implies that it has radius of convergence R = 8, since
s
r

 1 
1
1
1
n
n 

lim
lim
= lim
= .
 n 8n  = n
n
n 8n n n n 8
8
and we put t = x3 , in such a way to obtain the series

X1
1
For t = 8, we get the numerical series
8n =
, which diverges (harmonic series). For t = 8, we get
n
n8
n
n=1
n=1

n
X
X
(1)
1
n
(8)
=
, which converges (harmonic series with alternating signs). Then the
the numerical series
n 8n
n
n=1
n=1
interval of convergence is [8, 8).
Then, the starting series converges at points x such that 8 x3 < 8, i.e 2 x < 2. Then its set of convergence is
[2, 2).

EXERCISE 5.
Deduce the iterative formula that characterizes the Newton method for the numerical computation of
the non linear equation f(x) = 0. Which is the order of convergence of the method?
Starting from xn , the iteration xn+1 computed by the Newton method is the abscissa of the intersection point between
the tangent line to the curve of equation y = f (x) at the point (xn , f (xn )), with the real axis. Therefore, by solving the
system

y=0
y = f (xn ) + f (xn )(x xn )
we get that the coordinates of the intersection point are (x, 0), with x = xn f (xn )/f (xn ). The iterative Newton formula
is therefore given by
xn+1 = xn f (xn )/f (xn ).
The method has order of convergence 2 if the root is simple, 1 otherwise.

EXERCISE 6.

Compute the integral

Z

f (x) dx

by using the composite middle point quadrature formula on 4 subintervals with same size. For which functions is the formula
exact? Justify the answer.
Rb
In order to construct the composite version of the middle point formula a f (x) dx (b a)f ((a + b)/2), we consider the
partition obtained by dividing the interval [0, 1] into 4 subintervals having the same length and determined by the points
xi = ih, i = 0, ..., 4 with h = 1/4 and, by using the additive property of the integral, we rewrite the integral as:
1

f (x) dx =

Then, we approximate each integral

R (i+1)h
ih

3 Z
X
i=0

(i+1)h

f (x) dx.

ih

f (x) dx by the middle point formula, and we obtain:

f (x) dx h

3
X

f ((i + 1/2)h).

i=0

Since the middle point formula is exact for all the polynomials of degree 1 (as it can be easily verified by proving that it
is exact for the monomials 1 and x), the composite formula is exact for all the polynomials of degree 1 too.

EXERCISE 7.

Write the Matlab instructions to compute the solution of the linear system

4x1 x2 = 3

x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
x2 + 5x3 + 2x4 = 7

2x

3 7x4 2x5 = 7

2x4 4x5 = 6

by using the Jacobi method with an absolute tolerance equal to 106 . Does the method converge? Justify the answer.
A=[4 -1 0 0 0;-1 3 1 0 0;0 1 5 2 0;0 0 2 -7 -2;0 0 0 -2 -4];
b=[3;3;7;-7;-6];
x0=zeros(5,1);
nmax=100;
toll=1.0e-06;
D=diag(diag(A));
C=A-D;
for n=1:nmax;
x=D\(b-C*x0);
if norm(x-x0,inf)<toll
break
end
x0=x;
end
The method is convergent because the coefficient matrix A is diagonally dominant by rows.