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Supervisor
Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Herwig Renner
Dietmar Holzer
Graz / June 2006
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- Danksagung -
Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit mchte ich die Mglichkeit nutzen, an dieser Stelle
meinen Dank zum Ausdruck zu bringen.
Zuerst danke ich fr die Mglichkeit der Diplomarbeitsdurchfhrung am Institut fr
Elektrische Anlagen unter der Leitung von Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Lothar Fickert.
Das Arbeitsumfeld und die mir gebotenen Mglichkeiten haben wesentlich zu der
planmigen Gestaltung meiner Arbeit beigetragen.
Im Besonderen gilt der Dank meinem Betreuer am Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen,
Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Herwig Renner, der mich whrend der Planung,
Durchfhrung und Fertigstellung dieser Diplomarbeit immer untersttzt hat und stets fr
beratende Gesprche zur Verfgung stand.
Ganz besonderer Dank gilt natrlich auch meiner Familie. Ihre Untersttzung und Ihr
Mitwirken hat es mir ermglicht, diese Ausbildung zu absolvieren.
Dietmar Holzer
ABSTRACT
KURZFASSUNG
Title: STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR FOR REDUCTION OF WIND POWER OUTAGES
Die enorme Entwicklung von Windenergiekapazitten hat die ursprngliche
Energieversorgungstruktur vielerorts stark verndert. Dadurch erlangt die Frage der
Systemstabilitt und Versorgungssicherheit von elektrischen Energieversorgungssystemen
zustzlich an Bedeutung. Besonders die Gewhrleistung eines sicheren Netzbetriebes fr
eventuell auftretende Fehlerflle erscheint hchst wichtig, da die Vergangenheit kritische
Aspekte aufzeigte. In Netzen mit hoher Durchdringungsdichte von Windenergieanlagen
knnen Serienausflle aufgrund von Netzfehlern zu einem bedrohlichen Zustand fr die
Systemstabilitt
fhren.
Blindleistungskompensators
Aus
diesem
(SVC)
Grund
untersucht.
wird
der
Einsatz
des
Angestrebt
werden
vor
statischen
allem
die
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
List of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols ..................................................................... 2
Introduction.........................................................................................................4
1.1
1.2
1.3
Scope ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.4
Applied Methods........................................................................................................ 5
General Introduction.................................................................................................. 5
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
Transient Performance............................................................................................ 11
2.5
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
Wind Power and Its Implications for Cross-border Electricity Transits ......................... 17
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5
4.2
4.2.1
Simulation Method......................................................................................................... 27
4.2.2
4.2.3
Modeling ............................................................................................................30
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.2.1
Control Areas................................................................................................................. 32
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
Dietmar Holzer
ii
Diploma Thesis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
General Considerations........................................................................................... 55
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.5.7
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
Dietmar Holzer
iii
Diploma Thesis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.6.3
6.6.4
6.6.5
6.6.6
6.6.7
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Appendix ...........................................................................................................93
List of Realized Wind Parks .......................................................................................................... 93
Typical Parameters of Synchronous Machines............................................................................. 93
Protection Settings for Voltage Relays.......................................................................................... 94
Control Areas and Back-Up-Capacities ........................................................................................ 94
Bibliography......................................................................................................95
Dietmar Holzer
iv
Diploma Thesis
Diploma Thesis
Self-resistance of node i
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
Background and Relevance of this Work
The ongoing expansion of the electric utility industry, including deregulation in many
countries, has changed the traditional concepts and practices of power systems. Nowadays,
transmissions systems are pushed closer to their stability and thermal limits while the focus
on the quality of power delivered is greater than ever.
In some regions, generation from wind power already plays a significant role in
meeting the electricity demand. This enormous development of wind energy mainly results
from special funding and the attractive commitment guaranties for wind power generation.
Nevertheless, great challenges of wind power such as limited predictability and high
fluctuations in production levels still remain.
Today the demand for a more optimal and profitable operation of power systems
increases steadily with respect to generation, transmission, and distribution. Now, more than
ever, better utilization of the existing power system through advanced technologies to
increase power transfer capability becomes imperative. Power electronics based equipment,
or Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), allow the control of a number of different grid
parameter in a fast and effective way. Thus, the benefits brought about by FACTS include
improvement of system dynamic behaviour and thus enhancement of system reliability.
These aspects play an increasingly significant role in the operation and control of the
deregulated electricity market [16].
1.2
voltage sags caused by faults in power grids. This unselective decoupling of generation sites,
which are not directly affected by the occurring grid disturbance, infringes against guidelines
for interconnected network operation of power grids. As the share of wind power capacity
increases steadily, this automatic decoupling action or so called run through effect could
endanger system stability of mains operation in whole.
Thus, an investigation into the transmission system, focussing on sustainability of
wind parks to grid, voltage stability and sufficient robustness is necessary.
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
INTRODUCTION
1.3
Scope
The suitability of Static Var Compensators (SVC) in the role of a dynamic voltage
stabilizer as a solution for the previously mentioned problems is questionable. Thus, the
basis of this work focuses on the problems arising in transmission grids due to high shares of
wind power as well as fault-caused wind power outages during disturbances in connection
with the dynamic performance of SVC devices.
Provided that these SVCs are placed at optimal locations, they may be capable of
preventing serial wind power outages, as well as and supporting other voltage regulating
elements in the system. This report comprises an investigation of SVCs dynamic
performance as well as monitoring the improvement on bus voltage levels for prevention of
wide area shutdowns. The main objectives are voltage improvement of wind park buses by
SVC application and associated wind power outage prevention, as well as a cost-saving
investment.
1.4
Applied Methods
The investigations carried out within this paper comprise the accurate modeling of
wind power capacity in a high voltage power grid. After modeling and optimization of the
network model for steady state conditions, strategies for the right allocation of SVC devices
using an appropriate algorithm have to be found. After optimal positioning of SVC, an
appropriate
controller
module
reflecting
the
dynamic
performance
of
Static
Var
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
2
2.1
(FACTS) devices have been proposed for utilization in power systems. There is an
increasing interest in using FACTS devices to control power flow and enhance system
stability in power systems. Power transfer limitations of the transmission system can take
many
forms
and
may
include
one
Voltage stability
Transient stability
Short-circuit power
or
more
of
the
following
characteristics:
Diploma Thesis
Static Var Compensators (SVC) can be allocated to the category of Shunt FACTS
devices (Figure 2-1, Figure 2-3). That means, linked to an AC transmission line it generates
or absorbs reactive power at the point of connection. The main task of SVCs is therefore to
allow exact voltage control in power transmission systems but also to maximize the power
transfer over transmissions lines.
Over the years, many different designs of SVC have been developed. Nevertheless,
the majority of them have similar controllable elements [1, 2, 17].
Diploma Thesis
respect to the natural zero crossing. Assuming the voltage and current sinusoidal the RMSvalue of the apparent susceptance results in the following equation [1]:
BTCR ( ) = BL (
2 2 sin 2
(2-1)
1
0.9
0.8
BTCR/BL [p.u.]
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Firing angle []
The basic circuit for SVC applications comprises a TCR coil and a FC in parallel
(Figure 2-2) [7]. For an SVC, this circuit is shunt connected over an appropriate transformer
system to a selected bus. The module itself corresponds to a continuously variable
susceptance BRes(). The firing angle of the thyristors determines the value of the resulting
susceptance BRes(). It is defined as the delay angle measured from the peak of the capacitor
voltage to the firing instant [7]. This resulting SVC susceptance is defined as
BRe s ( ) = BC + BTCR
BC = XC1 = C
(2-2)
BL = X L1 = 1 L
(2-3)
BRe s ( ) = BC + BL (
2 2 sin 2
(2-4)
Depending on the accurate setting of firing angle different operating modes are identified:
Bypass mode ( = 90 ):
The thyristor valves are triggered continuously and BL reaches full conductance.
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
Thus, the module performance is like a parallel arrangement of the capacitor and the
inductor.
The total operational range of SVCs reactive power feeding allows inductive as well as
capacitive operation mode, whereas the supplied active power is zero (losses of SVC
neglected). Therefore, the magnitude of the inductive susceptance BL must be rated larger
than the fixed value of BC to cover both operation modes.
(2-5)
PSVC = O
For the injected reactive power QSVC we get the function
2 2 sin 2
(2-6)
))
Ui2 BSVC ( = 90 )
inductive mode
capacitive mode
(2-7)
The disadvantages of this arrangement become clear by observing the dependency of the
reactive power upon the voltage in square. Consequently, the SVC is not able to support its
total rated power capacity during occurring faults when the voltage level is depressed
heavily.
2.2
suitability of chosen methods always depend upon the specific problem. SVC studies require
appropriate power system models and study methods covering the particular problems to be
solved by the SVC application [4]. The following characteristics are normally required for an
SVC application from the early planning stage until operation [5].
Load flow
Power quality
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
Harmonics
Electromagnetic transients
Models for large & small disturbance studies should represent the SVC system behaviour
including the control actions. The objectives of small signal analyses related to SVC
applications include the determination of:
SVC rating
For this investigation, the modeling of an SVC model comprising features for voltage stability
simulations during transient actions (e.g. faults) is fundamental. An approach to reach this
objective is the use of the injection method. Therefore, the modeling of the SVC module is
realized as an element, which feeds a certain amount of reactive power QSVC to a previously
selected network bus i (Figure 2-5). The SVC operation range correspondingly is situated
between a lower bound QSVC and a higher bound QSVC , so that the SVC works between
Depending on the selected control mode, the SVC can be described as PV-node, a PQ-load
or a shunt element with defined susceptance BSVC().
Dietmar Holzer
Diploma Thesis
reactive power feeding Qsvc. Therefore, the SVC susceptance varies permanently to follow
the requirements of the bus i to be controlled.
For voltages below the reference voltage URef, the SVC works in capacitive mode.
Thus, the maximal capacitive limit appears for non-controlled thyristor valves ( = 180 ). If
the voltage reaches levels above the reference voltage URef, the fire angle is decreased to
raise the TCR current in the coil until the maximum inductive operation limit ( = 90 ).
2.3
assemblies are essential for the optimal operation of SVCs. The application of SVC
arrangements as terminal voltage regulator shows the characteristic that the compensating
SVC current varies in proportion with the deviation of the bus voltage Ui related to the
reference voltage URe f . The arising regulation slope is defined as:
SlopeSVC =
(2-8)
10
Diploma Thesis
Figure 2-6 shows the U-I characteristic of a SVC. At the reference voltage URe f the
Static Var Compensator neither absorbs nor generates reactive power. In practice, this
reference voltage URe f can be set within the typical range of 10% of URe f . The slope of the
characteristics represents a change in voltage with the emerging compensator current.
Therefore, it can be considered as a slope reactance Xslope. The response of the SVC to any
voltage variation is then determined by:
(2-9)
2.4
Transient Performance
For transient analyses, the response of an SVC to system voltage changes is
essential. Therefore, the control system of an SVC can produce any desired Voltage-Current
characteristic within the overall envelope [Icapmax, Ucapmax] [0, 0] [IIndmax, UIndmax]. At reduced
voltages, the SVC leading Icapmax or lagging IIndmax current limits for conventional SVC are
proportional to the voltage.
The intersection of network and control characteristic lead to the steady state
operational point QOper , whereas the selection of this operational point is defined by SVC
rating parameters (1). Thus, in Figure 2-7, with a system voltage slightly lower than the target
voltage URe f of the SVC steady state characteristic, the SVC already draws a small
capacitive current
point QOper .
If the system voltage is now depressed slightly, due to a fault or intense load change, the
new point of intersection (2) of the system characteristic and the SVC control characteristic
demands a new current value. In the first moment, the susceptance of the SVC is unchanged
and the voltage stabilizing capacitive current output is decreased exacerbating the voltage
depression on the system. The SVC controller reacts with controller defined time delays and
varies its reactive power supply through a change in apparent susceptance BSVC() to the
new point of intersection (3) .
Dietmar Holzer
11
Diploma Thesis
Usvc
QOper
UCapmax
URef
SVC characteristic
UIndmax
Network characteristic
(during fault)
ICapmax
IIndmax
Isvc
Figure 2-7: U-I characteristic for a fault action leading to slight voltage sag
A more intensive fault in Figure 2-8 causes a deep voltage sag (12). The SVC
exacerbates the voltage depression again (2). At the point of intersection of the network
characteristic (during fault) with the SVC curve (3), we now obtain a new operating range for
the SVC defined by constant values for C, L and the voltage level during the fault. The SVC
attempts to return to the pre-fault system voltage level, but the occurring voltage level during
the fault restricts the full capacitive current ICapmax. Hence, the SVC will feed in its maximal
possible reactive power capacity QCapmax available at this voltage level. This reactive power
capacity of SVC is limited in square to the linked bus voltage Ui. Thus, the SVC operates at
its capacitive operational limit (2.1).
Usvc
Network characteristic
(steady state)
QOper
1
UCapmax
URef
UIndmax
2
Network characteristic
(during fault)
ICapmax
Isvc
IIndmax
Figure 2-8: U-I characteristic for a fault action leading to intense voltage sag
Dietmar Holzer
12
Diploma Thesis
2.5
increasingly significant role in the operation and control of the deregulated electricity market.
Thus, the main objective is to find optimal ratings for SVC devices to minimize the arising
investment costs one the one hand and achieve acceptable performance on system
parameters on the other hand.
Factors determining the optimal application of SVC technology are:
Investment costs
The following function describes the specific costs of SVC devices [16]:
[ in US$]
(2-10)
[in ]
ERExchange ratio /US= 1 US Dollar (USD) = 0.78 Euro (EUR) (May 10, 2006_Brse Wien)
Here CSVC(Qr) represents the specific costs per kVAr and Qr the operating range in MVAr.
Figure 2-9 shows the equation as graph:
95
Linear Extrapolation
85
75
65
55
45
35
25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Dietmar Holzer
13
Diploma Thesis
For an operation range of CSVC(r) up to QSVC=450 MVAr the cost function (Figure 2-9)
arises out of equation 2-10. The specific costs for values beyond 450 MVAr are extrapolated
linearly.
The arising investment costs for SVC assemblies depending on the selected rating
are depictured in Figure 2-10.
30
25
20
15
10
Original
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Dietmar Holzer
14
Diploma Thesis
3
3.1
last decade. A precise observation of Germanys market shows a growing share of the total
power generation obtained from wind. This can be attributed to promising local
characteristics for wind power production and to attractive refunds promoted through existing
renewable energy guidelines (updated EEG standards, published first of August 2004).
By the end of 2005, 17.584 wind turbines with a total rated power of 18.427 MW have
been in operation [25]. This fact demonstrates that around 7% [15] of Germanys total net
power consumption is generated from wind energy resources (Figure 3-1). Most of this
generating capacity is spread out over Germany and can be assigned to the control areas of
E.ON and Vattenfall Europe.
Wind power capacity in Germany
20,000
18,000
3,000
16,000
2,500
14,000
12,000
2,000
10,000
1,500
8,000
6,000
1,000
4,000
500
3,500
2,000
0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
Time [Years]
Installed wind power capacity per year
Dietmar Holzer
15
Diploma Thesis
Schleswig-Holstein,
12.8%
Bremen, 0.3%
Hamburg, 0.2%
Sachsen-Anhalt, 11.3%
Hessen, 2.4%
Sachsen, 3.9%
Mecklenburg
Vorpommern, 6.10%
Saarland, 0.4%
Rheinland-Pfalz, 4.47%
NordrheinWestfalen,12.34%
Niedersachsen, 26.7%
Baden-Wrttemb.
Bayern
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Hessen
Mecklenb.-Vorp.
Niedersachsen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Rheinland-Pfalz
Saarland
Sachsen
Sachsen-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thringen
3.2
Dietmar Holzer
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Diploma Thesis
3.2.4 Wind Power and Its Implications for Cross-border Electricity Transits
The injection of wind power not only affects the individual national power systems but
also the cross-border electricity transits between neighbouring countries. In the case of
Germany, this refers to transports from Denmark to Germany and from Germany to the
Netherlands. In certain situations (strong wind and low load), huge power flows to
neighboured countries can be observed. Demand site management and enhanced control of
wind power output through connection via converters should allow the handling of these
problems in the future.
3.3
Dietmar Holzer
17
Diploma Thesis
total installed power capacity) exemplary for wind energy generators in Germany based on
statistics from 2003 [11].
Wind power utilization technologies
DFIG
20%
ASM
46%
SM
34%
Double feed asynchronous machines (DFIG)
Synchronous machines with full power converter (SM)
Asynchronous machines (ASM)
Figure 3-3: Wind technologies in Germany related to the total installed wind power capacity (100%) [11]
Short Circuit
Power Ratio
Type
Ik'' INom
Reactive Power
Supply
Q
Shows steady
6
consumption of
n = (1 s )
f
p
(inductive)
reactive power
Speed
Range
n
with s 00.8
Reactive power
control possible,
1...1.1
but limited to
n 0.5...1.2
f
p
infinitely variable
converter
Reactive power
control possible,
2.55
but limited to
n 0.8...1.2
infinitely variable
converter
Figure 3-6: Double fed induction generator (DFIG) [19]
Table 3-1: Most common utilized wind energy technologies [28, 26, 19]
Dietmar Holzer
18
f
p
Diploma Thesis
Dietmar Holzer
19
Diploma Thesis
3.4
Power quality
Frequency control
Generators directly connected to the grid, rotating with constant speed can lead to
voltage instability within the grid. During a fault, they accelerate due to the imbalance
between mechanical power extracted from wind and electrical power supplied to grid
resulting in a rotor-speed deviation. While the voltage restores, they consume a large amount
of reactive power, impeding voltage restoration. As long as the voltage cannot reach the pre-
Dietmar Holzer
20
Diploma Thesis
fault level, the wind turbines continue to accelerate and to consume increasing amounts of
reactive power. Eventually, this could lead to voltage and rotor-speed instability.
Variable-speed turbines despite all of their favourable features have the disadvantage
of strong overcurrent restrictions because of the power electronics equipment utilized in the
converters. In power systems with high concentrations of variable-speed turbines, this may
have problematic consequences for system stability. For a voltage drop that depresses the
system voltage, variable-speed turbines would disconnect even in cases of for relatively
small voltage sags. If the disconnections affect a large geographic area, this could lead to a
large generation deficit. To prevent this, some mains operators facing a high contribution of
wind power in their control area, are currently proposing more demanding connection
requirements. They lay down that wind turbines must be able to withstand voltage drops of
certain magnitudes and durations, in order to prevent the disconnection of a large amount of
wind power during a disturbance. In order to meet these requirements, manufacturers of
variable-speed wind turbines are implementing solutions to reduce the sensitivity to voltage
drops [20].
Dietmar Holzer
21
Diploma Thesis
400 ms, but this then turns into a reactive power exchange for voltage stabilization [12].
However, wind parks that follow the codes for frequency and voltage control and remain
connected for grid faults are certainly preferred.
22
Diploma Thesis
this, two other issues determine the impact of wind power on reactive power generation and
voltage control:
First, wind power cannot be very flexibly located when compared to conventional
generation. It can only be constructed at locations with good wind resources. The locations
that meet the conditions are not necessarily locations that are favourable from the
perspective of grid voltage control.
Second, wind turbines are relative weakly coupled to the system because they are
often erected at distant locations. This further reduces their contribution toward voltage
control. When wind turbines replace conventional synchronous generators on a large scale,
the voltage control aspect must therefore be taken into account in detail.
Today the growth of wind parks with high generation capacity requires adequate
arrangements to prevent a deficit in the supply of reactive power. For the regular operation of
wind turbines, it is therefore necessary that installed wind generators contribute to system
stability enhancement [23]. Generally, there is the need for local reactive power
compensation since excessive reactive power transportation leads to extensive stress of
transmission lines. If a reactive power deficit occurs, bus voltage levels would significantly
decrease which could lead to a voltage collapse in a worst-case scenario.
The adjustable reactive power operation range for wind parks is based on the grid
codes given in [13]. Figure 3-7 shows the change in reactive power demand for changing
power factors set by grid operators and the compulsory standards for voltage levels in power
grids.
220kV
380kV
UGrid
253
440
245
400
220
380
166
320
under excited
0,95
0,975
1,0
0,975
0,95
0,925
over excited
cosGrid
Figure 3-7: Basic demand for reactive power supply by wind parks
Dietmar Holzer
23
Diploma Thesis
power PNom 1.000 MW [14]). The reactive power generation by wind parks is therefore
determined by a Q-U characteristic including hysteresis with a defined slope to control power
output values for the voltage levels shown (Figure 3-9).
3.5
connected generation units. The utilized protection equipment protects network devices by
automatically disconnecting them in case of emerging disturbances. In connection with an
increasing amount of decentralized energy facilities, new calibrations of protection systems
have to be created. On the one hand, this can be attributed to a need for short circuit power
contribution in connection with power system stability during disturbances, and on the other
hand, the need to achieve selectivity for grid protection systems [14].
Dietmar Holzer
24
Diploma Thesis
At the grid connection point, wind parks require protection systems to disconnect the
unit automatically from the grid in case of voltages that are out of the allowed ranges.
Normally two redundant protection systems have to be arranged in high voltage levels. One
possible solution is voltage increase/decrease control with defined levels according to given
network parameters [12]. In addition, the application of frequency relays enables the
monitoring of frequency deviations (Figure 3-10).
Bus i,Ui
Umin
Umax
fmin
fmax
GEN
3~
Figure 3-10: Voltage and frequency protection of wind turbines [14, 12]
The decoupling of generation units usually depends on the type for grid connection
used. Generally, a distinction between selective and unselective decoupling (disconnection)
is possible. Additionally, settings and properties of protection systems differ remarkably. If
the protection systems record parameter deviations from the reference values, the
associated protection equipment has the task to disconnect the generation unit from the grid
[14].
Therefore, for example, a short circuit in a transmission grid leads to a voltage sag,
where the height of this sag varies according to the network topology and the fault location.
Thus, the voltage protection relays start to disconnect generation from the grid. However, this
immediate unselective decoupling of generation units for grid disturbances (Figure 3-11,
curve-b), is only acceptable for relatively small generation capacities in medium voltage
levels. To prevent serial outages and guarantee system stability, appropriate techniques for
reliable connection of wind parks have to be implemented.
Dietmar Holzer
25
Diploma Thesis
In view of the increasing rates of installed wind power capacity in power systems, the
sensitivity for decoupling of generation units increases significantly. Thus, automatic
disconnection from the grid for generating units in high voltage grids is generally prohibited.
Furthermore, voltage sags may only lead to disconnection of these installations, when the
voltage level falls below the protection system settings according to the selective coupling
and unselective decoupling (tripping delays for breakers included) and for high voltage
systems are recommended in [12, 13, 14].
Figure 3-11: Release functions for unselective and selective connection of wind power plants
Dietmar Holzer
26
Diploma Thesis
SIMULATION SOFTWARE
Simulation Software
4.1
MATLAB 7.0
MATLAB is a powerful simulation tool applicable for technical calculations. Especially
for calculations based on vectors and matrices, it allows easy and convenient handling.
Therefore, following project steps within this paper have been accomplished in MATLAB 7.0
4.2
Stability
is
simulation
module
within
NEPLAN
for
computing
calculated when the node currents I are known. During simulation, the network admittance
matrix is constant for as long as there are no changes in the network topology. The matrix is
Dietmar Holzer
27
Diploma Thesis
SIMULATION SOFTWARE
altered only by switching operations, tripping events through occurring faults or if control
circuits are incorporated into the power grid. The incoming node currents I are the output
variables of the system equations of the dynamic elements and mostly voltage-dependent.
Dynamic actions
Simulation duration
Name of a synchronous
machine for reference rotor
angle
Changes in the state of a network element during the simulation are defined as
a dynamic action. The user directly adjusts these operations over a predefined
mask (Figure 4-2) or automatically activation is given (e.g. protective devices
as voltage relay in form of trigger function).
The simulation starts with the initial step length and then alters the step length
automatically. If the step length control is switched off, then the entire
simulation will be executed with the integration step length.
The initial step length is set to 0.01 seconds to obtain same quantity of sample
points for all simulations.
The simulation duration is identical for all simulations and is set to a value of 20
seconds.
The amount of recordable simulation data points for validation results through
variations in simulation duration and initial step length.
The rotor angle of the synchronous machine constitutes the reference variable
for all other rotor angles of synchronous machines. All rotor angles present the
appearing difference from the current rotor angle to the reference synchronous
machine.
Table 4-1: Table of program control parameter
Dietmar Holzer
28
Diploma Thesis
SIMULATION SOFTWARE
CCTs in NEPLAN are arranged either in a separate diagram layer or directly at the
controlled element. For this study, separate diagrams should offer a better overview for reason
of multiple control circuits utilized. Parameter adjustments are performed for each block
separately, direct within in the different function blocks.
During initialization, the starting values of control circuits are determined and assigned
to the individual function blocks.
Implemented control circuits are switchable by adjusting the output variable between
TEST MODE (CCT simulated, but controller output not applied to the network element) and
NORMAL MODE (CCT simulated and applied to the network element).
Utilized Function Blocks
Block
Input/
Output
Symbol
u1
y1
Sum
Gain
Limit
ymax
u2
u1
u3
K0
ymin
LAG
y1
Description
Transfer
function
y1 => u1
y1 = K1 u1 + K 2 u2 + u0
y1 = K0 u1
Initial
value
u1 ,
y1
u1 ,
u2 ,
Iterative
Initialization
possible
possible
y1
u1 ,
y1 = min(u1 + u2 y max )
u1 ,
y1 = max(u1 + u3 y min )
y1
y1 =
1
u1
1 + s TN1
possible
y1
u1 ,
possible
possible
y1
Dietmar Holzer
29
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
5
5.1
Modeling
Model Adaptation
Dietmar Holzer
30
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
NETWORK
REDUCTION
Applied on the network model, this concept includes the placement of nodes as
substitution for surrounding power grids. In addition, generators represent the rest of
surrounding network areas feeding into these network junction points. An equivalent
substitution of power generation capacity from outside generators is determined within the
network reduction process [1]. The substituted power feedings and loads represent a certain
load condition of the reduced network.
Furthermore, the modeling of existing power line interconnections between all utilized
nodes with series load flow elements is necessary. The impedance values implemented to
these series load flow devices (represent removed transmission line connections outside the
model) have to be selected based on the ratios of occurring voltage standards in the model.
Finally, the network structure needs a balanced condition of active and reactive power
generation and consumption. This comprises cross-border power transits to outer regions as
well as meeting the requirements for standardized voltage levels. Therefore, the voltage levels
need to be adapted according requirements given in corresponding guidelines [12]. Main
objective is the modeling of realistic conditions best possible.
Dietmar Holzer
31
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
5.2
Dietmar Holzer
32
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Installed
capacity
[MW]
Share of
capacity
[%]
249.0
229.2
0.0
2308.2
51.7
33.7
411.2
1044.9
4567.9
2114.3
765.7
61.4
666.5
1943.2
2188.0
497.5
17132.3
1.5%
1.3%
0.0%
13.5%
0.3%
0.2%
2.4%
6.1%
26.7%
12.3%
4.5%
0.4%
3.9%
11.3%
12.8%
2.9%
100.0%
Modeled
Capacity
[MW]
[%]
~
~
~
2308.2
~
~
~
1044.9
4567.9
2114.3
765.7
~
~
1943.2
2188.0
~
14932.2
~
~
~
13.5%
~
~
~
6.1%
26.7%
12.3%
4.5%
~
~
11.3%
12.8%
~
87.2%
Table 5-1: List of real and modelled wind power capacities [Source [25] June 2005]
WIND PARKS
Figure 5-4: Modeling of wind parks per region and according associated control areas
Dietmar Holzer
33
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
220/380 kV. The wind power feeding is voltage dependent and therefore related to the voltage
level at the connection bus Ui. For upcoming disturbances, the operational point of a wind park
varies with occurring changes in voltage levels. Thus, a composite model [24] models the
behaviour of wind power plants during fault-caused voltage changes. The equations below
show the corresponding voltage dependency of active and reactive power of wind generators:
P( f ,U ) = Pn ( csp + cip
U
U2
f
+ czp 2 ) (1 +
Fp )
Un
fn
Un
(5-1)
Q( f ,U ) = Qn ( csq + ciq
Q
Q2
f
+ czq 2 ) (1 +
Fp )
Qn
fn
Qn
(5-2)
Dietmar Holzer
34
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
The network model includes scaling factors of constant impedance, constant current
and constant power components. The coefficients csp, cip, czp and csq, ciq, czq, define the
proportion of each component. Furthermore, frequency dependency of the load characteristics
is represented by multiplying the composite model by a factor FP where f is the frequency
deviation.
(1 +
f
fn
Fp ) with
f = f fn
(5-3)
A reduction factor R(u) downsizes the supply of current, if the appearing voltage level is
too high or too low. This reduction includes multiplication of R(u) with the constant current cip,
ciq and the constant power factors csp, csq. That means that for voltages U > Ua1 or U < Ub1 , the
reduction factor R(u) is downsized from one to zero using a continuous function. Hence, this
reduces the output power PWIND and QWIND. For value ranges where wind parks supply their
nominal power Pnom and Qnom, R(u) is set to one. Mathematically, R(u) is represented by [24]:
U < Ub1
U U 2
R( u ) = MAX 1 b1
; 0
Ub1 U b2
(5-4)
U b1 Ub Ua1
R( u ) = 1
(5-5)
U > Ua1
R( u )
U U 2
= MAX 1 a1
; 0
Ua1 Ua2
(5-6)
For the active and reactive power functions, following equations emerge:
P = Pn ( R( u ) csp + R( u ) cip
U
U2
f
+ czp 2 ) (1 +
Fp )
Un
fn
Un
Q = Qn ( R( u ) csq + R( u ) ciq
(5-7)
U
U2
f
+ czq 2 ) (1 +
Fp )
Un
fn
Un
(5-8)
The parameter Ua1, Ua2, Ub1, Ub2, determine the reduction factor R(u) .Thus, with below applied
values for these parameters and the coefficients csp, cip, czp, csq, ciq, czq the according
performance of PWIND and QWIND is illustrated in Figure 5-5:
czp = 0%
1 = cip + csp + czp
cip = 0%
(5-9)
csq = 100%
csp = 100%
Dietmar Holzer
ciq = 0%
35
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
QWIND,PWIND
PNom,QNom
Ub2
Ub1
Ua1
Ua2
Bus voltage Ui
UNom
Figure 5-5: Modeled P,Q-performance of wind power plants dependent on the bus voltage level
0.5
0.25
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Time [sec]
Voltage increase protection
Selective decoupling (revised connection guidelines)
Unselective decoupling (former connection guidelines)
Figure 5-6 shows the bus voltage UBus of a wind generator with voltage values and
tripping delays corresponding to voltage protection guidelines in [12]. A list of parameter
values can be found in the attachment (Protection Settings for Voltage Relays).
Dietmar Holzer
36
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
During voltage changes, the monitored terminal voltage UBus of a voltage relay exceeds
the predefined threshold value. Hence, a time counter starts which defines a pre-selected time
interval representing the associated tripping function of the protective equipment. If the
measured variable remains outside the threshold value during this time interval, then a trip
command to a protective breaker is associated at the interval end. The simulation software
NEPLAN allows operating up to four relay stages by one measured variable. If the measured
variable falls back below the threshold value before preset tripping time, the time counter
resets without a trip command.
5.3
Ud = R Id + Lq Iq
Uq =
(5-10)
(1 + sTd )
1
Uf Ld
I R Iq
(1 + sTd0 )
(1 + sTd0 ) d
1 + s Td'
1 + s Td' 0
IRe al ( t )
IIm ag ( t )
Re Im
d q
Id ( t )
(5-11)
Ld
Iq( t )
Uq( t )
Ld
d q
Re Im
URe al ( t )
UIm ag( t )
Uf ( t )
Ud ( t )
1
1 + s Td' 0
Dietmar Holzer
37
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
synchronous generators and allow to simulate dynamic actions in power grids. Below is a list
of the compiled parameter for synchronous generators:
Td ,Td',Tq'
Td0',Tq0'
X d , X d'
X q , X q'
H,D
For the simulations in NEPLAN 5.0, the transient model of SM is selected to represent
the performance of the SM within the power system. In addition, all generators are salient pole
machines adjusted with an amortisseur winding. A detailed table with usual parameter of SM is
listed in the attachments (Typical Parameters of Synchronous Machines).
Ufield and therefore varies the level of voltage applied to the exciter winding. Thus, excitation
systems should guarantee a reliable energy support to prevent de-excitation. Furthermore,
generators in voltage control mode should try to regulate terminal voltage to a consistent level
for steady state operation [18].
Further important tasks of excitation systems during dynamic actions are:
The voltage controller parameters in today applied excitation systems vary regarding their
internal time constants and control behaviour. Generally, it can be distinguished between:
Excitation energy from self- or separated excitation is applied directly to the generator
rotor (Figure 5-8). The control of the exciter voltage is based on converters. They have
the advantage of very short time constants but effort an auxiliary, reliable voltage
source (grid).
Excitation by exciter
3-phase-excitors with rotating converters feed in the necessary excitation voltage to the
excitation coil (Figure 5-9). Brushes to transmit the energy can be omitted and
excitation energy is directly obtained from turbine shaft power PT. Time constants of the
main excitation machine define the dynamic control behaviour mainly.
Dietmar Holzer
38
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Unit Transformer
Unit Transformer
Generator
Generator
Rotating rectifier
Exciter
Main Excitation
Auxiallary machine
permanent magnet
Uref
Uref
Voltage Controller
Voltage Controller
URef
(iterative)
Controller
Input
Uactual
Actuator
max
Terminal
max
1
1 + s TE
KA
1 + s TA
Synchronous
machine
U field
Output
UField
min
min
Stabilization
max
KF
1 + s TF
min
Dietmar Holzer
39
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Principle of operation:
The actual terminal voltage Uactual of the SM compared to the iterative determined reference
voltage URef acts as input for the controller. Furthermore, the arising difference is amplified and
limited within the controller, and afterwards directly applied for the regulation of the field
voltage Ufield or respectively the field current Ifield of the synchronous machine. The time
constants inside the controller and the actuator block depend on the utilized excitation system.
The value range of the controller output Ufield has to follow restrictions for upper and lower
limitation (positive and negative ceiling voltage). Typical parameters of the applied controller
and the selected values are listed in Table 5-2.
Function block
Controller
Actuator
Stabilization
Parameter range
Parameter value
KC = 20200
TC = 00.15 sec [1]
TE= 0.002 sec (for converter-based excitation) up to 1.5 sec (for auxiliary
excitation generator)
Ufmax =Ufnom I
(1,4...2 )
KC= 20
TC= 0.1 sec
nenn
TE= variable
Ufmax= 3 p.u.
Ufmin= -1 p.u.
KC= 0.1
TC= 0.5
5.4
Modeling of SVC
Dietmar Holzer
40
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
value during the simulation, very independent of the value obtained for the initial load flow
calculation beforehand.
QSVC ( ) (2.1).
In the model, the reactive power injection of SVC assemblies is varied by control of the
imaginary part of admittance and respectively the resulting susceptance BRe s ( ) . Real and
imaginary part are controlled independently of each other, where the real part is always zero
and consequently negligible. Thus, control is only required for the imaginary component.
Figure 5-11 shows the principle of the controlled TCR module of the realized SVC
assembly in NEPLAN. The actual bus voltage UBus(t) is time-delayed according to a
measurement time delay. The comparison of UBus(t) with SVCs reference voltage URef adjusted
in the controlled admittance element leads to the current voltage difference UDiff(t). The
following voltage limitation block prevents the controller block from overmodulation. The actual
value of the TCR susceptance BTCR(t) is then calculated in proportion related to the occurring
difference voltage after the limitation UDiff(t)-Limit. Furthermore, the output of the controller
directly represents the value of the imaginary part of susceptance BTCR_imag. The TCR
susceptance value needs to be limited after the controller block according to the selected
rating capacity of the TCR.
Kc
1 + s Tc
BTCR _ imag
The proportional relation between controller gain, selected controller slope and the
arising susceptance value BTCR(t) depictures Figure 5-12. Different inclines for the controller
Dietmar Holzer
41
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
characteristic BTCR(t)=f(U) can be achieved by changing the SVC operation range (slope).
Furthermore, for a certain voltage difference U(t1) the associated values of the TCR
susceptance BTCR(t)=f(U) depending on the selected controller slope are pictured. BTCR(t) in
addition with the fixed susceptance of the capacitor BFC determines the actual reactive power
QSVC of the SVC. The selection of TCR susceptance is double size the susceptance of the FC
what allows inductive as well capacitive operational mode. The operation mode is then only
dependent on the actual sign of the voltage difference U(t1). The SVC performance is
Capacitive
Operation Mode
Inductive
Operation Mode
Parameter
Definition
Measuring
Tmeas
0.002 sec
Thyristor Control
TC
Controller delay
0.002 sec
Voltage Regulator
KC
Controller gain
Variable
Slope
XSlope
Variable
Dietmar Holzer
42
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
in Figure 5-13. This procedure calculates the appropriate controller factors and parameter
values for the modeling of the SVC and gives complete freedom for representation of SVCs
performance.
Start
Documentation of Results
As explained, the SVC in the model constitutes a combination of a FC and a TCR, both
connected directly to the high-voltage bus system. The system voltage varies within
U = URe f U [%] , depending on the operation range of the SVC. With the given parameters of
QTCR , QFC , QSVC and SlopeSVC the other SVC parameter for defined operation points are
determined.
For the rated line-to-line voltage URef , the parameters of SVC are calculated as follows:
QTCR = 2 QFC
Dietmar Holzer
(5-12)
43
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
QFC
3 URe f
(5-13)
QTCR
QTCR Re f = 3 URe f ITCR Re f => ITCR Re f =
BFC =
2
3 URe f
QFC
= const
2
URe
f
QTCR
(5-14)
(5-15)
2 = B
FC
(5-16)
(5-17)
(5-18)
(5-19)
BTCR =
2
Re f
For the minimum line-to-line voltage UCap max the relations are:
(5-20)
BTCR min = 0
(5-21)
( = 180 )
(5-22)
(5-23)
ICap max =
QSVC
QFC
=
UCap max 3 UCap max 3
(5-24)
Moreover, for the maximum line-to-line voltage UIndmax the relations are:
UInd max = URe f + UInd max IInd max
BTCR =
QTCR
2
UInd
max
(5-25)
( = 90 )
(5-26)
(5-27)
(5-28)
IInd max =
Dietmar Holzer
QSVC
QTCR
=
UInd max 3 UInd max 3
(5-29)
44
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
5.5
maximization of the impact on grid parameter for static applications and during dynamic
actions. Therefore, FACTS types and the installation sites should be reasonably chosen
according to their contribution to the general objective of power system economic generation
and dispatch [15].
In this research, the locations of the SVC device, its parameter and quantity are
optimized. The SVC placement is coordinated by criteria for best dynamic and static efficiency
as well as optimal economic considerations also. An individual algorithm determines the
resulting impact owing to the SVC element implemented to the network model. The applied
concept for determination of optimal location for a Static Var Compensator in shunt connection
will be explained in 5.5.1 and 5.5.2.
Normally, calculations in electric networks are accomplished by quasi steady state
linear circumstances. By using complex effective values, the relation between voltage U and
current I is represented by the system admittance matrix Y of the grid or its inverse Z
(impedance matrix). The coupling admittances Y ij and self-admittances Elements Y ii built up
the system admittance matrix Y.
Y 11
Y = Y i1
Y
n1
Y 1i
Y ii
Y nj
Y 1n
Y ij
Y nn
Y =Z
Z11
Z = Z i1
Z
n1
Z1i
Z ii
Z nj
Z1n
Z ij
Z nn
(5-30)
Dietmar Holzer
45
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
injection of the current I SVC in combination with the admittance matrix shows voltage
changes for all network nodes U .
I SVC
I1
0
=
0
I2 0
0
0
0 0 + j 1
0
0
0
0 0
0 + j 1 0
0
=
0 0
0
0
Im 0
0
0 0 + j 1
(5-31)
U = Y 1 I SVC = Z I SVC
(5-32)
U =
=
U
Z
0
U
Z
I
mm
mm
m
m1
m1
(5-33)
The emphasis within this paper is the analysis of node voltages from installed wind
parks (refers to 21 wind park buses in total). Additionally, we investigate the impact of SVC
devices on wind park terminal voltages. The n rows in the matrix U WIND describe every single
wind park node and the m columns represent all existing network nodes within the whole
power system. Further validations only consider the voltage changes in magnitude U Wind at
the common point of connection.
U Wind
UWind11 UWind1m
U
Windnm
Windn1
(5-34)
1st index Wind park index, 1n (refers to number of network nodes with wind power plants, n=21)
2nd index Injection nodes, 1m
Dietmar Holzer
46
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Figure 5-15 shows the occurring voltage deviations in magnitude at the n wind power plants
resulting from reactive power injection by SVC in all m possible network nodes.
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
25
20
700
600
15
500
400
10
300
200
5
100
The resulting voltage deviations are investigated in detail. This analysis should detect
valuable information for the determination of an optimal SVC location. Therefore, the validation
of U Wind includes different criteria, explained as follows:
MAXIMUM CRITERIA:
UWind 11 UWind 1m
) = max
U
Wind nm
Wind n1
, UWind max m )
(5-35)
(5-36)
(5-37)
MEAN CRITERIA:
This includes the calculation of mean voltage lifting in observed network buses and
allows the validation of medium voltage increase.
Dietmar Holzer
47
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
UWind 11 UWind 1m
) = m ean
U
UWind nm
Wind n1
(5-38)
, UWind mean m )
(5-39)
(5-40)
MEDIAN CRITERIA:
UWind 11 UWind 1m
) = m edian
U
UWind nm
Wind n1
, UWind med m )
(5-41)
(5-42)
(5-43)
The functions max( U Wind ) , mean( U Wind ) and median( U Wind ) validate the
occurring voltage changes for each column of U Wind according to the used criteria. In the
meanwhile the associated results are stored in the row vectors Maximumwind , Meanwind
and Medianwind . These three vectors are the base for the following sorting algorithm,
because all results stored inside these vectors are listed according to the values from separate
criteria validation. The maximum value of each criterion is equal to the best installation site
and gets the first place. After accomplishing ranking and sorting of all single criteria, the sorted
results are assigned to separate vectors representing the single criteria results.
( Maximumranking , Meanranking , Medianranking ).
The discrete application of the three criteria mentioned is not satisfying for the
determination of an optimal SVC placement. Consequently, a combination of criteria is
preferable. Thus, the ranked single criteria results are combined, sorted and ranked again.
This includes an activity, where for each network node an average ranking value (ranking
according mean positions in all three criteria) is determined from single results
Dietmar Holzer
48
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Maximum Ranking
Result for Node i
Medium Ranking
Result for Node i
Median Ranking
Result for Node i
Figure 5-16: Mean ranking determination exemplary for the network node i
Finally, the mean rankings of network nodes are compared and listed. This provides a
final ranking list ( Sumranking ), which includes all existing network nodes and their average
ranking positions. Of course, the node with first place in Sumranking shows the best average
properties for all three criteria in combination and is therefore preferred as SVC installation
site. Figure 5-17 shows the total principle for determination of an optimal SVC location.
Figure 5-17: Validation, sorting and ranking algorithm for optimal SVC location
Dietmar Holzer
49
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
C = m2
(5-44)
Furthermore, a strategy to model all valid SVC combinations has to be found. The
principle is explained in detail for a single program step. Within this first program run (i=1), a
vector I 2SVC
i =1
with k=1m, first run k=1) combined separately with all other existing network nodes. This
leads to m possible combinations per program run.
I 2SVC
i =1
I A1 + IB1
=
0
I A1
IB2
I A1
I A1
0
IB3
0
0
0
IBm i =1
(5-45)
U 2SVC i = Y 1 I 2SVC
(5-46)
i =1
taking the absolute values provides the occurring voltage changes in magnitude U 2SVC
and
i =1
As before, the focus is on the n buses with wind power plants (21 wind parks). Thus, the
vector U Wind
i =1
i =1
(e.g. bus number 1(A1) and bus number 3(B3)). The rows of U Wind
i =1
the voltage changes by different SVC combinations for selected wind park nodes (n=21).
Dietmar Holzer
50
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
U Wind 2SVC
i =1
U WindA1B11
U WindA1B1 2
= U WindA1B1 3
U WindA1B1 n
U WindA1B2 1
U WindA1B2 2
U WindA1B2 3
U WindA1B3 1
U WindA1B3 2
U WindA1B3 3
U WindA1B2 n
U WindA1B3 n
U WindA1Bm 1
U WindA1Bm 2
U WindA1Bm 3
U WindA1Bm n
i =1
(5-47)
Afterwards the same validation criteria are applied, which have already been used for
the determination of best single SVC locations. Thus, three row vectors ( Maximumwind ,
i =1
arise. After
sorting, the results are assigned to vectors representing the single criteria results.
( Maximumranking , Meanranking , and Medianranking ).
i =1
, UWind max m )
(5-48)
i =1
i =1
(5-49)
, UWind med m )
(5-50)
i =1
i =1
(5-51)
, UWind mean m )
(5-52)
i =1
(5-53)
Once the single criteria results are calculated, a combination of all criteria is applied
(Figure 5-16) and an average validation result for each node emerges. The results for this first
program run are stored in a temporary result vector U Wind R ES
U Wind R ES
i =1
= ( U WindA1B1 _ i =1 , U WindA1B2 _ i =1 ,
i =1
, U WindA1Bm _ i =1 )
i =1
(5-54)
Exemplary, for the second program run the index of row vector I Ak is increased
(k=2). Therefore, m new combinations for different injection possibilities in form of I 2SVC
emerge. Furthermore, the same procedure is repeated for I 2SVC
Dietmar Holzer
51
i =2
i =2
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
IB1
I A2
I 2SVC
i =2
I A2 + IB2
I A2
= 0
I A2
IB3
0
0
(5-55)
IBm i =2
U Wind Result
(e.g.
Wind RES i =1
U Wind A1B1 _1
U Wind RES i =2 U Wind A2B1 _ 2
= U
= U Wind A3B1 _ 3
Wind RES i =3
U Wind AmB1 _ m
U Wind RES
i =m
U Wind A1B2 _1
U Wind A1Bm _1
U Wind A2B2 _ 2
U Wind A2Bm _ 2
U Wind A3Bm _ 3
U Wind A3B2 _ 3
U Wind AmB2 _ m
(5-56)
U Wind AmBm _ m
represent each
individual a combination of possible SVC injections. In a final step, these results are sorted
and ranked in a final ranking list (Figure 5-17). A control for correct calculation is given, when
the final result list shows each SVC combination (e.g. I A4 , I B6 ) and its reverse combination
( I A6 , I B4 ) listed directly one behind the other.
Dietmar Holzer
52
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Medium Criteria
Ranking
Median Criteria
Ranking
MVP-D8GOE 11
D8GOE 12
D3MAZ 11
BBG-D8PE 11
D2GKRO21
D8BW 11
RPF-D7DIEF21
MVP-D8GUE 12
D3MIT 11
BBG-D3TEU 11
D2DIPP11
D2GIEN12
D2DILL11
D2MECK12
D7ROKI22
D2ASSL11
D2RED 21
D2GIEN11
D2BORK12
D2BORK11
Node
Mean
Number Ranking
570
451
489
458
556
442
309
491
486
527
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Combined
Results
NRW-D7NEHD11
RPF-D7WTHU11
SAH-D8KLM 11
NRW-D7SECH11
D2DOLL11
D3MIT 11
MVP-D8GUE 12
BBG-D3TEU 11
D7ARPE11
NSA-D2ALGE11
Table: 5-4: Extract from results for best locations of single SVC assembly
MVP-D8GUE 12
D2DOLL11
BBG-D3TEU 11
NSA-D2ALGE11
D3MIT 11
SAH-D8KLM 11
NRW-D7NEHD11
NRW-D7SECH11
D7ARPE11
RPF-D7WTHU11
Dietmar Holzer
53
Diploma Thesis
MODELING
Node Number
1
1
SAH-D8KLM11
RPF-D7WTHU11
265
395
RPF-D7WTHU11
SAH-D8KLM11
395
265
2
2
SAH-D8KLM 11
D2DIPP11
265
488
D2DIPP11
SAH-D8KLM 11
488
265
3
3
MVP-D8GUE 12
RPF-D7WTHU11
167
395
RPF-D7WTHU11
MVP-D8GUE 12
395
167
4
4
SAH-D8WOL 12
D2DOLL11
423
556
D2DOLL11
SAH-D8WOL 12
556
423
45
46
NRW-D7NEHD11
D3MIT 11
570
120
D3MIT 11
NRW-D7NEHD11
120
570
Table 5-5: Extract from results for two SVC elements working simultaneously
Figure 5-19: Determined optimal locations for two SVC devices operating in parallel
Dietmar Holzer
54
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Dynamic Simulations
6.1
General Considerations
Generally, a consistent measurement procedure for all applied investigations
Determine SVC
Controller Parameter
(Rating)
Dynamic Simulation
Results
Documentation
Simulation overview
Connection
settings of
wind parks
Fault
*1
*1
100
300
500
1000
2x150
2x250
2x500
D8WHTU21
Combination of D7ARPE11
connection D8WOL11
guidelines
D3MIT
D2WAHL11
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D8WHTU21
D7ARPE11
D8WOL11
D3MIT
D2WAHL11
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Revised
connection
guidelides
(EEG 2004)
1000
2x500 2x1000
5x500
Dietmar Holzer
55
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Figure 6-2 shows an overview for the applied simulations within this paper. The
*1
Qsvc=1000 MVAr,
Qsvc=2x500 MVAr,
*1
Qsvc=5x200 MVAr,
*1
simulation 4 (D3MIT11) and 5 (D2WAHL11), where all other validations only include the
simulations 1 (D8WTHU21), 2 (D7ARPE11) and 3 (D8WOL11).
Selected dynamic action for the simulations
For several reasons the investigation of short circuits due to atmospheric influences or
through emerging faults in high voltage power grids is essential. In case, a 3-phase
symmetrical short circuit takes place within the power grid, the utilized network elements have
to withstand most stress. Within this investigation, emerging short circuits are simulated for
randomly selected network buses. As a guideline, protection systems should remove short
circuits in high voltage systems in less than 1 second. The selected short circuit time in the
simulations is set to a medium level of 0.5 seconds.
Wind power feeding
Under consideration of the coincidence factor, wind power generation was set to a
mean value of 50% related to the total installed capacity (Figure 6-3). In numbers, this refers to
an actual wind feeding of around 7,500 MW, with an operational power factor set to one
( cos( ) = 1 ). This value represents rather a strong wind case considering the statistic power
fluctuations of wind energy [11]. The wind power supply assigned to the associated control
areas results then in following distribution:
CONTROL AREA 2
Region
Installed Capacity
per Region
50%
MW
CONTROL AREA 3
Present active
wind power
injection
MW
MW
SWH
NSA
2,188.0
3,045.3
-5503.9
1094.0
1522.6
Total
5,233.3
5233.3
2616.6
Back-up
power plant
capacity
Present active
wind power
injection
Region
Installed Capacity
per Region
50%
MW
CONTROL AREA 4
Back-up
power plant
capacity
MW
MW
-4557.9
1057.2
382.8
761.3
NRW
RPF
NSA
2,114.3
765.7
1,522.6
Total
4,402.7
2201.3
2201.3
Installed Capacity
per Region
Back-up
power plant
capacity
Present active
wind power
injection
Region
MW
BBG
MVP
50%
MW
2,308.2
1,044.9
SAH
1,943.2
Total
5,296.2
MW
1154.1
522.5
-5379.8
5296.2
971.6
2648.1
MW
7466.1
Wind power
generation
Figure 6-3: Mask for wind power feeding assigned to appropriate control areas
Dietmar Holzer
56
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Voltage sag.....
Equation
un =
Unit
Un
during fault
Un
...
pre fault
umean =
..
kimprove =
urelated = umean
...
Table 6-1: Validation parameter for bus voltages occurring during the disturbance
Dietmar Holzer
57
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Equation
Unit
Poutage =
Poutage = Poutage
PTransient =
Pn
Pn
without SVC
during fault
Poutage
with SVC
MW
MW
MW
pre fault
Table 6-2: Validation parameter for wind power hand-over during disturbances
6.2
Voltage [p.u.]
1
Limit for undervoltage tripping
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Time [sec]
Voltage increase protection
Figure 6-4: Voltage protection for selective decoupling (revised connection guidelines)
Dietmar Holzer
58
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
The voltage levels at connection points of wind parks vary more or less during
emerging faults. The tripping actions associated to protection systems of WP caused through
appearing changes in voltage levels will be analysed and validated. The voltage release
functions belonging to present connection guidelines (EEG 2004) are depictured in Figure 6-4.
The protection relays of WP are adjusted according the release times out of Figure 6-4 (5.2.5
and 3.5).
Voltage [p.u.]
1
Limit for undervoltage tripping
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Time [sec]
Voltage increase protection
Unselective decoupling
Figure 6-5: Voltage protection for unselective decoupling (former connection guidelines)
The total installed wind power capacity until the year 2005 surveys that around 80% of
todays existing capacity had already been installed in 2003 also [11]. In the model, three wind
parks depicture the installation capacity per region. For appropriate modeling of appearing
shares of protection systems, two of these three WP (66.6% of total installation capacity) are
equipped with unselective voltage tripping settings (Table 6-3). The rest (33.3%) is adjusted
with selective settings (according revised guidelines, EEG 2004).
For identification within the model, selective coupled wind parks show the name ending
as xxx.1. A list of all realized wind power plants within the network model can be found in
Dietmar Holzer
59
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
the attachment (List of Realized Wind Parks). For reasons of comparability, again the same
percentage of wind power feeding (50% of total capacity, equal to around 7500 MW) is
selected (Table 6-3).
Selective coupling of wind parks
2,488.69 MW
(33.3%)
Total wind park feeding capacity
4,977.38 MW
(66.6%)
7,466.07MW
The validation of this scenario is based on the network nodes with wind power plants
as before. The bus voltages and protection systems are monitored during emerging faults. The
mixture of selective and unselective coupling guidelines should bring remarkable differences in
wind power outages through the associated tripping of protective systems.
6.3
Simulation
[MVAr]
Specific costs
Investment costs
c(Qr)
[ / kVAr]
[Million ]
100
300
500
1000
A
A
A
A
79
51
41
32
7.9
15.2
20.4
30.9
2x150
2x250
2x500
2x1000
B
B
B
B
70
56
41
32
21.0
28.0
41.0
64.0
5x200
5x500
C
C
62
41
62.0
102.5
A visual comparison of the investment costs for installed SVC arrangements is shown
in Figure 6-6 and Figure 6-7. Obviously, with increasing capacity a small difference between
single SVC and double SVC installations arises, slightly to the disadvantage of two operating
SVC elements (Figure 6-6).
In Figure 6-7 the comparison takes place for SVC assemblies of same overall rating,
but in different quantities. It shows that multiple SVC installations more than double the
necessary investment costs against single operating SVC devices. Adding an exponential
Dietmar Holzer
60
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
trend function depictures the performance of costs increase for raising SVC quantity more
detailed.
Cost comparison of SVC assemblies
45
41
Investment costs [Million ]
40
35
31
30
28
25
21
20
20
15
15
10
Qsvc=300 MVAr
Qsvc=2X150 MVAr
Qsvc=500MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=1000MVAr
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
Figure 6-6: Cost comparison for one and two SVC devices with same overall rating
Cost comparison for diverse SVC assemblies
80
70
62
60
50
41
40
31
30
20
10
0
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
Investment costs
Qsvc=5X200 MVAr
Figure 6-7: Investment costs for SVCs with equal rating but different quantity specifications
6.4
Dietmar Holzer
61
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Figure 6-8: Network topology with SVC assembly and fault locations
Ranking
Installation Site
570
NRW-D7NEHD11
The reactive power operating range for the SVC assembly varies:
QSVC =100 MVAr, QSVC =300 MVAr, QSVC =500 MVAr, QSVC =1000 MVAr
The wind power feeding rated according to the total wind power capacity installed is set to a
mean value:
PWind = 50% QWind = 0%
Dietmar Holzer
62
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
1.10
1.08
100
-100 2
10
1.04
Qsvc [MVAr]
1.06
1.02
1.00
0.98
-300
-500
-700
0.96
-900
0.94
2
10
Time [sec]
Qsvc=100MVAr
Qsvc=300MVAr
Qsvc=500MVAr
Qsvc=1000MVAr
-1100
without SVC
Qsvc=100MVAr
Time [sec]
Qsvc=300MVAr
Qsvc=500MVAr
Qsvc=1000MVAr
1.07
Voltage [p.u.]
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.95
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
Qsvc=100MVAr
-800
-600
Current [A]
Qsvc=300MVAr
-400
-200
Qsvc=500MVAr
200
Qsvc=1000MVAr
-335 2
230
10
228
226
-345
P_SM [MW]
PWIND [MW]
224
-355
-365
222
220
218
216
-375
214
212
-385
210
Time [sec]
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=300MVAr
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=500MVAr
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_without SVC
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=100MVAr
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=1000MVAr
6
Time [sec]
NRW_D7NEHD11-Wind2
SM_D2WALD11-G
Dietmar Holzer
63
Diploma Thesis
10
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Reactive power QSYN D2WALD11-G
150
130
1.15
IField direct [p.u.]
110
Q_SM [MVAr]
90
70
50
30
1.05
1.00
0.95
10
-10 2
1.10
10
0.90
-30
Time [sec]
-50
Time [sec]
Q SYN D2WALD11-G Qsvc=100MVAr
Q SYN D2WALD11-G Qsvc=500MVAr
Q SYN D2WALD11-G without svc
Analysis
For a voltage sag in Figure 6-9 the SVC responses by varying its reactive power for
voltage stabilization and raises the voltage level in bus NRW_D7NEHD11-Wind2. Since SVCs
rated power is increased to its maximum capacity (Qsvc=1000 MVAr), the voltage level during
fault improves from 0.96 p.u. (without SVC) up to 1.02 p.u. Figure 6-10 and Figure 6-11 show
the performance of SVC reactive power supply and the associated SVC characteristic in detail.
The injected reactive power Qsvc during fault is in direct relation with the level of
voltage depression at the installation site. As long as the emerging fault does not depress the
voltage level too heavily, SVC is able to contribute most of its capacitive power capacity.
Nevertheless, for low voltages, the quadratic relation of SVCs reactive power output to the
occurring bus voltage predominates ( QSVC = Ui2 BSVC ( ) with = 180 ). All SVC variants
with different ratings are operating at their operational capacitive limit depictured in the
characteristics of Figure 6-11.
Significant in Figure 6-9 is the high voltage spike arising after fault clearing for a SVC
with high reactive power capacity. This spike can be ascribed to the time delay of the TCR
controller. While the fault has already been removed, the SVC still supplies its maximal
capacitive power. After it, the TCR controller reacts immediately and starts to compensate
Qcap as fast as possible (Figure 6-10). Nevertheless, a short-time capacitive power peak arises
after fault clearing and causes the voltage spike discussed earlier.
The analysis of the situation after fault clearing, the SVC shows a regulating function
for the bus voltage level. Thus, the voltage recovery time can be reduced significantly with
installed SVC assemblies. By observing Figure 6-10 again, it can be seen that for Qsvc=100
MVAr and Qsvc=300 MVAr the SVC reaches its operational limits concerning voltage
regulation. It is not able to return the voltage to the pre-fault level. For Qsvc=500 MVAr and
Qsvc=1000 MVAr the voltage returns to the reference value after fault clearing.
Dietmar Holzer
64
Diploma Thesis
10
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Figure 6-12 portrays the behaviour of the wind park connected to the bus
NRW_D7NEHD11. The power decrease due voltage sag is obviously, but disconnection of the
wind park is not given. In Figure 6-13, the active power swings of the observed synchronous
machine SM D2WALD-11 during the fault are depictured.
As synchronous machines (SM) are the main actor for a reliable voltage control in
power grids, the performance of the excitation system and the reactive power supply from SM
during the fault is important (Figure 6-14). During a disturbance, the voltage controller
increases the exciter voltage (time delay depends on excitation system of SM) leading the
resulting field current Ifield to step up significantly (Figure 6-15). This forced excitation leads to
an enormous step in Ifield. Thus, reactive power feeding of SM increases to secure voltage
stability. Additionally, the installed SVC device is able to support synchronous machines for
voltage control slightly and therefore discharge generators in immediate surrounding areas.
The depression of bus voltages levels during an emerging short circuit varies in
strength due to fault intensity and relative distance to the fault location. Figure 6-16 shows the
occurring voltage changes (during a short circuit) for monitored buses with wind power plants.
A remarkable improvement on voltage levels is detected in NRW_D7NEHD11. This is simply
because this bus represents the single SVC installation site. As additional advice, the pictured
voltage levels are not the residual bus voltages, moreover the value of the voltage sags.
Voltage sags
40%
35%
30%
25%
without SVC
Qsvc=100 MVAr
Qsvc=300 MVAr
Qsvc=500 MVAr
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
20%
15%
10%
5%
B
B
G
-D
3
B
B TEU
G
11
D
B
8
B
G PE W i n
-D
d
11
M
8
VP P R - W 1
in
L
-D
d2
8 G 12
M
VP
O -W
in
-D E
d
11
8
M
3
VP GU -W
E
in
N
d1
R D8L 12
W
-D UB Win
7G
N
d
11
R
R
-W 2
W
-D ON
in
N
R 7N E 1 2 - d 3
W
W
- D HD
i
1 nd
7
N
SA SE 1-W 1
- D CH
in
d2
N 2A L 11SA
G Wi
E1 nd
-D
N
3
S A 2D
1-D IE WI
nd
7W L 1
2
1
R
PF EH - W
in
R
-D
4P 11- d 2
R
PF
W
H
i
I
R -D7 L12 nd3
PF
D
-D IE Win
F
7
SA W 21- d1
H THU Wi
-D
11 nd2
SA 8K
-W
H LM
in
d
S A - D 8 11
-W 3
M
H
A
in
D
SW 8
d1
11
H WO -W
SW D2A L 1 ind
U 2-W 2
H
D
SW D5B O1 ind
R 1- W 3
H
-D UN
in
5N
1
d
O 1-W 1
R
in
D
d
13
-W 2
in
d3
0%
Figure 6-16: A1-Voltage sags at buses with wind parks during fault
Dietmar Holzer
65
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
1,15
350
1,05
-50
0,85
Qsvc [MVAr]
150
0,95
0,75
0,65
10
-250
-450
-650
-850
0,55
-1050
0,45
2
10
-1250
Time [sec]
Qsvc=100MVAr
Qsvc=300MVAr
Qsvc=500MVAr
Qsvc=1000MVAr
Qsvc=100MVAr
without SVC
Time [sec]
Qsvc=300MVAr
Qsvc=500MVAr
Qsvc=1000MVAr
1.05
Voltage [p.u.]
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.55
0.45
-1900
-1400
-900
-400
100
600
Current [A]
Qsvc=100MVAr
Qsvc=300MVAr
Qsvc=500MVAr
Qsvc=1000MVAr
10
250
240
230
P_SM [MW]
PWIND [MW]
-200
-250
-300
220
210
200
190
-350
180
-400
170
Time [sec]
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=300MVAr
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=500MVAr
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_without SVC
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=100MVAr
PWind_NRW-D7NEHD11_Qsvc=1000MVAr
6
Time [sec]
NRW_D7NEHD11-Wind1
SM_D2WALD11-G
Dietmar Holzer
66
Diploma Thesis
10
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Field current ISYN-D2WALD11G
1,7
400
1,6
IField direct [p.u.]
350
Q_SM [MVAr]
300
250
200
150
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
100
50
0,9
2
0
-50
10
10
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Analysis
The fault location is near to the monitored bus (NRW_D7NEHD11). Thus, the voltage is
depressed heavily to around 0.5 of Unom (Figure 6-17). The SVC characteristic (Figure 6-19)
and the reactive power curves (Figure 6-18) show the response of the SVC to the low bus
voltage by maximizing its capacitive power output. The SVC characteristic Figure 6-19 also
depictures that all different SVC assemblies reach their operational limits for capacitive mode,
but for inductive mode only variant Qsvc=100 MVAr and Qsvc=300 MVAr operate at the limit.
The slight voltage improvement in Figure 6-17 from 0.49 p.u. (without SVC) to 0.52 p.u.
can be ascribed to the low voltage level and the relation between voltage depression and
reactive power supply. Not even increasing the SVC rating brings a remarkable difference.
After the fault, the SVC still supplies Qcapmax due to controller time delay (small step in Figure
6-18). A high voltage spike arises, which possibly activates overvoltage protection equipments.
Voltage sags
55%
50%
45%
40%
35%
without SVC
Qsvc=100 MVAr
Qsvc=300 MVAr
Qsvc=500 MVAr
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
B
G
-D
3
B
B TE
G
U
11
D
B
8
B
G PE -Wi
-D
1 nd
M
VP 8PR 1-W 1
-D
L
i
1 nd
8
M
VP GO 2-W 2
-D E
in
1
d
8
M
VP GU 1-W 3
in
-D E
N
1
d
R
W 8LU 2-W 1
N D7G B 1 ind
R
R 1-W 2
W
O
N D7 N1 ind
R
N
W
EH 2-W 3
-D
in
7 D
N
SA SE 11- d1
-D CH Win
N 2A 11- d2
SA LG W
in
E
N
SA D2D 11 d3
-D IE -WI
nd
7W L1
R
PF EH 2-W 1
in
R
-D
1
d
4
R
PF PH 1-W 2
R -D7 IL1 ind
PF
3
D 2
-D IE -Wi
F
nd
SA 7W 21
1
H TH -W
-D
in
U
SA 8K 11- d2
H LM Wi
SA -D8 11 nd3
M
H
A Wi
SW -D8
11 nd1
W
H
O -W
SW D2 L 1 ind
A
U 2-W 2
H
D
in
O
SW D5
1
d3
B
R 1
H
-D UN -Wi
n
5N
1
d
O 1- W 1
R
i
D
13 nd2
-W
in
d3
0%
Figure 6-24: A2-Voltage sags at buses with wind parks during fault
Dietmar Holzer
67
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
The analysis of arising bus voltage levels in Figure 6-24 shows slight deviances for
different SVC variants. In general, the obtainable impact by single SVC arrangements is
negligible small, also for major rated SVC devices.
Simulation
D8WHTU21
D7ARPE11
A1
A2
D8WOL11
A3
D3MIT 11
D2WAHL11
A4
A5
MW
0,0
0,0
421,9
420,0
350,1
350,1
1.542,2
421,9
0,0
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
Total
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
no tripping action
MW
0,0
0,0
421,9
420,0
350,1
350,1
1.542,2
421,9
0,0
Table 6-6: A- Steady wind power outages for grid connection according revised guidelines
Dietmar Holzer
68
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
differences. The three fault cases within simulation A3 (D8WOL11), A4 (D3MIT11) and A5
(D2WAHL11) cause serial wind power outages. In contrast, short circuits in simulation A1
(D7WHTU21) and simulation A2 (D7ARPE11) have negligible effects for serial wind power
outages. In both cases, there is only one tripping action. Especially remarkable is that the fault
within simulation A5 transgresses the UCTE control reserve capacity of 3000 MW. For
simulation A5, a reduction or replacement of conventional power plant capacities through
increasing wind power capacity could perhaps lead to a concerned power system condition.
It has shown that also for combined connection guidelines the installation of SVC
arrangements operating in single mode placed to optimal positions and irrespective of rating
size obviously does not avoid disconnections of wind power plants (Table 6-7).
Fault location
Simulation
D8WHTU21
D7ARPE11
A1
A2
D8WOL11
A3
D3MIT 11
A4
D2WAHL11
A5
MW
189,5
129,5
421,9
420,0
410,1
189,5
192,5
350,1
342,0
350,1
2.676,3
421,9
420,0
189,5
192,5
350,1
342,0
1.916,1
420,0
410,1
189,5
192,5
774,0
350,1
342,0
378,1
373,9
3.430,3
MW
189,5
129,5
421,9
420,0
410,1
189,5
192,5
350,1
342,0
350,1
2.676,3
421,9
420,0
189,5
192,5
350,1
342,0
1.916,1
420,0
410,1
189,5
192,5
774,0
350,1
342,0
378,1
373,9
3.430,3
Table 6-7: A - Steady wind power outages with combination of different connection guidelines
Dietmar Holzer
69
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Wind power decrease and steady outages
500
Revised Connection
Guidelines without SVC
PWIND [MW]
450
400
Revised Connection
Guidelines Qsvc=1000 MVAr
350
Combined Connection
Guidelines without SVC
300
Combined Connection
Guidelines Qsvc=1000 MVAr
250
Tripping
-Revised Guidelines-
200
Tripping
-Combined Guidelines-
150
Tripping avoided
100
50
B
G
-D
3T
B
EU
B
G
-D
1
B
8P 1-W
B
E
G
in
-D
d1
1
1
8
M
VP P R - W
in
L
-D
d
12
2
8
M
VP GO -W
-D E 1 ind
3
8
1
M
VP GU -Wi
-D E 1 nd
N
1
28L
R
W
W
-D UB
in
d2
7G
11
N
R
R
W
W
O
in
-D
N
d3
7N 12
N
R
-W
E
W
in
-D HD
d1
1
7
N
SA SE 1-W
in
-D CH
d2
2A 11
N
SA LG -Wi
E1 n d
D
N
3
1SA 2D
W
-D IEL
I
7W 12 nd1
R
PF EH -Wi
nd
R
-D
11
2
4
R
PF PH -Wi
-D IL1 nd
R
2
7
PF
-W 3
D
in
-D IEF
d1
7W 21
SA
TH -W
H
in
U
-D
d2
1
SA 8KL 1-W
M
in
H
d3
-D
1
SA
8M 1-W
H
A
in
d1
11
SW D8
W
-W
H
in
-D OL
d2
2
1
SW
2A
U
W
H
in
-D DO
d3
11
SW 5 B
-W
R
H
in
-D UN
d
5N
11
-W 1
O
R
in
D
d2
13
-W
in
d3
Figure 6-25: A3-Transient power decrease during fault and steady wind power outages for simulation A3
Interesting is that the wind park with the closest position to the fault location does not
disconnect. This is a result of high sustainability to grid also for deep voltage sags (below 80%
of Unom) because of selective connection guidelines.
Dietmar Holzer
70
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
For each of the SVC ratings of Qsvc=100 MVAr, Qsvc=300 MVAr, Qsvc=500 MVAr and
Qsvc=1000 MVAr separate mean validation parameter values out of the faults in simulation A1
(D7WTHU21), simulation A2 (D7ARPE11) and simulation A3 (D8WOL11) have been
calculated.
For the validation of *1Qsvc=1000 MVAr also the results of simulation A4 (D3MIT11) and
A5 (D2WAHL11) have been taken into account. The different values in mean voltage and
power outage parameter compared to the equal rated SVC version Qsvc=1000 MVAr can be
ascribed to the different quantity of applied simulations (Figure 6-2).
Revised Connection
Guidelines
Validation Parameter
(Mean values)
Parameter
Unit
umean
uimprove
urelated
Poutage
Poutage
%
%
%
MW
MW
Million
Million /%
MW/Million
costs
costs/urelated
Poutage/costs
without SVC
Qsvc=100 MVAr
Qsvc=300 MVAr
Qsvc=500 MVAr
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
17.10%
0.00%
0.00%
514
0
0.0
0
0
17.04%
0.73%
0.06%
514
0
7.9
139.1
0
16.91%
2.20%
0.18%
514
0
15.2
89.0
0
16.79%
3.71%
0.31%
514
0
20.4
74.6
0
16.50%
6.93%
0.60%
514
0
30.9
59.8
0
*1
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
19.07%
5.80%
0.72%
393
0
30.9
59.8
0
Table 6-8: A - Comparison of different single SVC assemblies with WP modeled according revised
connection guidelines
Combination of
connection guidelines
Parameter
Unit
Validation Parameter
(Mean values)
umean
uimprove
urelated
Poutage
Poutage
costs
costs/urelated
Poutage/costs
%
%
%
MW
MW
Million
Million /%
MW/Million
without SVC
17.10%
0.00%
0.00%
998
0
0.0
0.0
0
16.91%
2.27%
0.19%
998
0
15.2
86.8
0
16.78%
3.77%
0.32%
998
0
20.4
74.4
0
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
16.49%
7.01%
0.61%
998
0
30.9
59.4
0
*1
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
19.09%
5.70%
0.69%
1,668
0
30.9
59.4
0
Table 6-9: A - Comparison of different single SVC assemblies with WP modeled according combination of
former and revised connection guidelines
The key figures within this and all further statistics are the relative voltage improvement
urelated , the ratio cos ts mean voltage improvement [Million /%] as well as the Poutage cos ts
[MW/Million ].
While urelated shows the direct differences in voltage lifting through diverse SVC
installations the factor cos ts mean voltage improvement gives a clue for the related investment
costs. Therefore, the SVC installations should show a high mean voltage improvement and a
low factor of cos ts mean voltage improvement . In Table 6-8 and Table 6-9 it can be pointed out
that a SVC with Qsvc=1000 MVAr exhibits best efficiency for cos ts mean voltage improvement ,
where this also counts for the parameters urelated and uimprove .
The analysis of wind power outages for the different SVC variants offers no detectable
changes. The ratio Poutage cos ts allows validating the changes in occurring power outages
related to arising investment costs for SVC installations. The factor is zero for all simulations,
because there is no identified reduction of wind power outages by SVC technology.
Dietmar Holzer
71
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
6.5
Figure 6-26: Network topology with SVC assemblies and fault locations
Dietmar Holzer
72
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Node Number
SVC 1
RPF-D7WTHU11
395
SVC 2
SAH-D8KLM 11
265
Table 6-10: Selected installation site for two SVC devices operating simultaneously
_ RPF D7WTHU 21
= 1,0146 p.u.,URe f
= 1,0811 p.u.
_ SAH D8WOL12
The reactive power operating ranges for the SVC assembly varies:
QSVC =2X150 MVAr, QSVC = 2X250 MVAr,QSVC =2X500 MVAr,QSVC =2X1000 MVAr
1,09
1,1
0,9
0,8
1,08
1,07
1,06
0,7
1,05
0,6
2
1,04
10
Time [sec]
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
without SVC
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
RPF_D7WTHU11-Wind3
SAH_D8KLM11-Wind3
10
without SVC
100
100
3
10
-300
Qsvc [MVAr]
Qsvc [MVAr]
300
-100 2
6
Time [sec]
-100
-500
-700
-200
-900
-300
-1100
-1300
-400
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Time [sec]
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Time [sec]
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
SVC 1-RPF_D7WTHU11
SVC 2-SAH_D8KLM 11
Dietmar Holzer
73
Diploma Thesis
10
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
SVC U-I Characteristic RPF_D7WTHU11
1.09
1.04
0.99
Voltage [p.u.]
0.94
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.74
0.69
0.64
-1800
-1300
-800
-300
Current [A]
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
200
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
1.1
Voltage [p.u.]
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
-550
-450
-350
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
Current [A]
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
-75
2
10
-85
PWIND [MW]
-95
PWIND [MW]
10
-340
-105
-115
-345
-350
-355
-125
-360
-135
-365
-145
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_without SVC
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x250MVAr
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x1000MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_without SVC
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x250MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x1000MVAr
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x150MVAr
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x500MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x150MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x500MVAr
RPF_D7WTHU11-Wind3
SAH_D8KLM 11-Wind 1
Dietmar Holzer
74
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Analysis
The characteristic SVC performance during the fault is similar to previous simulations
with one SVC element. Because of parameter analogy, the description of SVC parameter is
abbreviated. In further investigations, only significant occurrences will be discussed in detail.
A 3-phase symmetrical short circuit in D7WTHU21 (region RPF) depresses the bus
voltage of RPF_D7WTHU11 heavily to 0.65 of Unom (Figure 6-27). SVC1 responses with
maximum capacitive power supply in Figure 6-29, but again limitation regarding provided
reactive power is given due to the voltage dependency. In the characteristic of SVC1 (Figure
6-31), the curves tangents to the origin for zero voltage if extrapolated. This can be ascribed to
the fact that SVC operates at the capacitive limit and the fixed capacitor value C inside the
controller. Typically for SVCs, the high voltage spike after fault clearing which can be
monitored for both SVC assemblies (Figure 6-27 and Figure 6-28).
The exact observation of the reactive power performance of SVC2 (Figure 6-30, Figure
6-32) shows that the SVC controller is not lined out for capacitive operation mode, with
exception of the lowest SVC rating. The need for maximum capacitive power supply for ratings
of Qsvc=500 MVAr and Qsvc=1000 MVAr is not given. However, due to the modeling of SVC
controller as proportional controller, a steady voltage deviation remains. This effect occurs also
when SVC operates with reactive power reserve far away from capacitive operation limits.
Voltage sags
40%
35%
Voltage sags[%]
30%
25%
without SVC
2X150 MVAr
2X250 MVAr
2X500 MVAr
2X1000 MVAr
20%
15%
10%
5%
B
B
G
-D
3T
B
EU
B
G
11
-D
B
8
PE -Wi
B
G
nd
-D
11
1
8
M
VP PR -Wi
nd
L
-D
12
2
8
M
VP GO -Wi
-D E 1 nd
3
18G
M
W
VP
U
i
-D E 1 nd1
N
28L
R
W
W
in
-D UB
d2
11
7G
N
R
RO
W
W
in
-D
N
d3
7N 12
N
-W
R
E
W
in
-D HD
d
11
1
7
N
SA SEC -W
in
-D
H
d
2
2A 11
N
SA LG Win
E1
d3
D
N
1SA 2D
W
In
-D IEL
d1
7W 12
R
W
PF EH
in
R
-D
d2
11
4
R
PF PHI Win
L
d3
-D
12
R
-W
PF 7D
in
-D IEF
d
2
7
1
SA WT 1-W
H
in
H
U
-D
d
11
2
8
-W
SA KL
in
M
H
d3
-D
11
SA
8M
-W
H
-D A 1 ind
1
SW 8W
1W
O
H
in
-D
L
d2
12
SW 2A
-W
U
H
in
-D DO
d3
11
SW 5B
-W
R
H
U
in
-D
N
d1
11
5N
-W
O
R
i
nd
D
13
2
-W
in
d3
0%
Dietmar Holzer
75
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
The voltage sags resulting at wind parks due to the emerging short circuit are pictured
in Figure 6-35 for different SVC variants. Remarkable improvements through SVC assemblies
are detected at wind park RPF-Wind3 with around 5% of Unom. This node represents one of the
two SVC installation sites. In addition, the second bus with an SVC installation (SAH-
D8KLM11) shows also a lifting in its voltage level. All other wind nodes experience only slight
improvements.
1,1
1,17
1,08
1,15
1,06
1,13
Bus Voltage [p.u.]
1,04
1,02
1
0,98
1,11
1,09
1,07
1,05
0,96
1,03
0,94
1,01
0,92
0,99
10
without SVC
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
10
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
without SVC
200
250
0
2
10
50
-200
Qsvc [MVAr]
Qsvc [MVAr]
-150
-400
-600
-800
10
-350
-550
-750
-1000
-950
-1200
-1150
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Time [sec]
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Time [sec]
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
RPF-D7WTHU11
SAH-D8KLM11
Dietmar Holzer
76
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
SVC U-I Characteristic RPF_D7WTHU11
1.1
1.08
1.06
Voltage [p.u.]
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
-1700
-1500
-1300
-1100
-900
-700
-500
Current [A]
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
0.92
-100
-300
100
300
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
Voltage [p.u.]
1.12
1.1
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
-1700
-1200
-700
-200
300
Current [A]
Qsvc=2X150MVAr
Qsvc=2X250MVAr
Qsvc=2X500MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000MVAr
-115
2
10
-320
-120
PWIND [MW]
PWIND [MW]
-330
-125
-130
-340
-350
-360
-135
-370
-140
-380
Time [sec]
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_without SVC
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x250MVAr
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x1000MVAr
Time [sec]
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x150MVAr
PWind_RPF_D7WHTU11_Qsvc=2x500MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_without SVC
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x250MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x1000MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x150MVAr
PWind_D8WOL12_Qsvc=2x500MVAr
RPF-D7WTHU11-Wind 3
SAH-D8KLM11-Wind1
Dietmar Holzer
77
Diploma Thesis
10
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Analysis
In simulation A2 (D7ARPE, region NRW) the short circuit causes similar voltage
depressions for the two buses with SVC assemblies (Figure 6-36, Figure 6-37). In
40%
35%
without SVC
Qsvc=2x150MVAr
Qsvc=2x250MVAr
Qsvc=2x500MVAr
Qsvc=2x1000MVAr
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
B
B
B
B
G
-D
3T
E
B
U
G
1
-D
8P 1-W
E
in
G
-D
d1
11
8
M
VP PR -Wi
n
L
-D
d2
12
8
M
VP GO -Wi
nd
-D E 1
3
18G
M
W
VP
U
in
E
d
D
N
1
8L 12R
W
W
in
- D UB
d
1
7
N
2
1G
R
R
W
W
in
-D ON
d
1
7
3
N
2N
R
W
E
W
in
- D HD
d1
11
7
N
SA SEC -W
in
-D
H
d2
2A 11
N
SA LG Wi
n
E1
d3
-D
N
1S A 2D
W
In
-D IEL
d1
7W 1 2
-W
R
PF EH
in
R
-D
d2
11
4
-W
R
PF PH
in
-D IL1
d3
R
PF 7D 2-W
in
-D IEF
d
7
2
SA WT 1-W 1
H
H
in
U
-D
d2
11
8
-W
SA KL
in
M
H
d
1
SA D8M 1-W 3
H
-D A 1 ind
S W 8W
1
1W
H
in
-D OL
d
1
2
SW
2
2A
U
W
H
in
-D DO
d3
11
SW 5B
-W
R
H
in
-D UN
d1
11
5N
-W
O
R
i
nd
D
13
2
-W
in
d3
0%
Dietmar Holzer
78
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Simulation
D8WHTU21
D7ARPE11
B1
B2
D8WOL11
B3
D3MIT 11
D2WAHL11
B4
B5
MW
0.0
0.0
421.9
420.0
350.1
350.1
1,542.2
421.9
0.0
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
Total
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
no tripping action
MW
0.0
0.0
421.9
420.0
350.1
350.1
1,542.2
421.9
0.0
Table 6-11: B - Steady wind power outages for grid connection according revised guidelines
Dietmar Holzer
79
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Fault location
Simulation
D8WHTU21
D7ARPE11
B1
B2
D8WOL11
B3
D3MIT 11
B4
D2WAHL11
B5
MW
189.5
129.5
421.9
420.0
410.1
189.5
192.5
350.1
342.0
350.1
2,676.3
421.9
420.0
189.5
192.5
350.1
342.0
1,916.1
420.0
410.1
189.5
192.5
774.0
350.1
342.0
378.1
373.9
3,430.3
MW
189.5
129.5
421.9
420.0
410.1
189.5
192.5
350.1
342.0
350.1
2,676.3
421.9
420.0
189.5
192.5
0.0
342.0
1,565.9
420.0
0.0
189.5
192.5
774.0
350.1
342.0
378.1
373.9
3,020.2
Table 6-12: B- Steady wind power outages with combination of different connection guidelines
Qsvc=2x500 MVAr for both connection types (revised and combined connection guidelines).
Dietmar Holzer
80
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Wind power decrease and steady outages
450
Revised Connection
Guidelines without SVC
400
Revised Connection
Guidelines 2X500 MVAr
350
Combined Connection
Guidelines without SVC
PWIND [MW]
300
Combined Connection
Guidelines 2X500 MVAr
250
200
Tripping
-Revised Guidelines-
150
Tripping
-Combined Guidelines-
100
Tripping avoided
2x500MVAr
50
B
B
B
G
-D
3T
EU
11
-D
B
8
PE -Wi
B
G
nd
-D
11
1
8
M
VP PR -Wi
nd
L
-D
1
2
28G
M
W
VP
O
i
-D E 1 nd
3
18G
M
W
VP
U
in
E
d
D
12
N
1
8L
R
-W
W
U
in
B
-D
d2
1
7
N
1G
R
R
W
W
in
-D ON
d3
7N 12
N
R
W
EH
W
in
-D
D
d1
11
7
N
SA SEC -W
i
n
-D
H
d2
2A 11
N
SA LG Wi
n
E
d3
-D
11
N
-W
SA 2D
In
-D IEL
d1
7W 12
-W
R
PF EH
i
n
R
d2
-D
11
4P
-W
R
H
PF
in
I
L
d3
-D
12
R
-W
PF 7D
in
-D IEF
d
2
7
1
SA WT 1-W
H
in
H
U
-D
d2
1
18
SA KL
W
in
M
H
d3
-D
11
SA
8M
-W
H
A
in
-D
d1
SW 8W 11
-W
O
H
in
-D
L
d2
12
SW 2A
-W
U
H
in
- D DO
d3
11
SW 5B
-W
R
H
U
i
-D
nd
N
11
5N
1
-W
O
R
in
D
d2
13
-W
in
d3
Figure 6-45: B4- Transient power decrease during fault and steady wind power outages for simulation B4
PWIND[MW]
700
Revised Connection
Guidelines 2X500 MVAr
600
Combined Connection
Guidelines without SVC
500
Combined Connection
Guidelines 2X500 MVAr
400
Tripping
-Revised Guidelines-
300
Tripping
-Combined Guidelines-
200
Tripping avoided
2x500MVAr
100
B
B
B
B
G
-D
3T
EU
1
-D
B
8P 1-W
B
E
in
G
-D
d1
11
8
M
VP PR -Wi
nd
L
-D
12
2
8
M
VP GO -Wi
-D E 1 nd
3
8G
1M
W
VP
U
i
-D E 1 nd
N
1
28L
R
W
W
in
-D UB
d2
11
7G
N
R
-W
R
W
in
-D ON
d3
7N 12
N
R
-W
E
W
in
-D HD
d1
11
7
N
-W
SA SE
in
-D CH
d2
2A 11
N
SA LG Wi
n
E
-D
d3
11
N
SA 2D
-W
In
-D IEL
d1
7W 12
-W
R
PF EH
in
R
-D
d2
11
4
-W
R
PF PH
in
-D IL1
d3
R
PF 7D 2-W
in
-D IEF
d
7
2
SA WT 1-W 1
H
H
in
U
-D
d2
11
8
-W
SA KL
in
M
H
d
1
SA D8M 1-W 3
H
-D A 1 ind
SW 8
1
1W
W
H
in
-D OL
d
1
SW 2A
2
2U
W
H
in
-D DO
d3
11
SW 5B
-W
R
H
in
-D UN
d1
11
5N
-W
O
R
in
D
d2
13
-W
in
d3
Figure 6-46: B5 - Transient power decrease during fault and steady wind power outages for simulation B5
Dietmar Holzer
81
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
6.5.7
arrangements and ratings of SVC are listed in Table 6-13 (revised guidelines) and Table 6-14
(former guidelines). For Qsvc=2x150 MVAr, Qsvc=2x250 MVAr, Qsvc=2x500 MVAr and
Qsvc=2x1000 MVAr the mean parameters are determined out of simulation B1, B2 and B3.
For the validation of *1Qsvc=2x500 MVAr also the results of simulation B4 (D3MIT11)
*1
and B5 (D2WAHL11) have been considered in mean parameter values. The deviances to the
validation parameters of the version Qsvc=2x500 MVAr can only be assigned to the differences
in total power outages for the different applied simulations.
Revised connection
guidelines
Validation Parameter
(Mean values)
Parameter
Unit
umean
uimprove
urelated
Poutage
Poutage
*1
without SVC
Qsvc=2X150 MVAr
Qsvc=2X250 MVAr
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000 MVAr
17.10%
16.45%
16.10%
15.71%
15.47%
18.30%
%
%
MW
MW
0.00%
0.00%
514
0
6.47%
0.65%
514
0
10.92%
1.00%
514
0
15.06%
1.39%
514
0
17.97%
1.63%
514
0
11.87%
1.49%
393
0
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
costs
Million
0.0
21.0
28.0
41.0
64.0
41.0
costs/urelated
Million /%
0.0
34.2
28.2
31.6
44.5
31.6
Poutage/costs
MW/Million
Table 6-13: Comparison of two SVC devices working in parallel with WP modeled according revised
connection guidelines
Combination of
connection guidelines
Validation Parameter
(Mean values)
Parameter
Unit
umean
uimprove
urelated
Poutage
Poutage
%
%
%
MW
MW
Million
Million /%
MW/Million
costs
costs/urelated
Poutage/costs
without SVC
Qsvc=2X150 MVAr
Qsvc=2X250 MVAr
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
Qsvc=2X1000 MVAr
17.10%
0.00%
0.00%
998
0
0.0
0.0
0
16.60%
5.66%
0.50%
998
0
21.0
43.2
0
16.15%
10.63%
0.95%
998
0
28.0
30.1
0
15.76%
14.43%
1.34%
998
0
41.0
32.8
0
15.52%
16.98%
1.58%
998
0
64.0
45.9
0
*1
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
18.37%
11.34%
1.42%
1,516
0
41.0
32.8
0
Table 6-14: Comparison of two SVC devices working in parallel with WP modeled according combination of
former and revised connection guidelines
With the utilization of two SVCs with Qsvc=2x500 MVAr remarkable mean voltage
improvements are recordable (1.39% in Table 6-13 and 1.34% in Table 6-14). Observing the
ratio cos ts mean voltage improvement , the assembly Qsvc=2x500 MVAr (31.6 or 32.8 Million
Qsvc=2x250 MVAr. A reactive power increase to a variant with Qsvc=2x1000 MVAr does not
further improve the mean voltage levels significantly. However, it would advance the arising
investment costs very intensively from 41 Million to 64 Million .
Dietmar Holzer
82
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Generally, for the simulations B1 up to B3 there are no differences in power outages for
all different SVC variants. The consideration of further simulations B4 and B5 for the SVC
variant
*1
6-13 and 1516 MW in Table 6-14) compared to the in to the single variant of
*1
Qsvc=1x1000 MVAr (393 MW in Table 6-8 and 1668 MW in Table 6-9). Of course, the
investment costs for single SVCs are less than the costs for two SVCs rated half the size.
Because of validation results, future investigations only include the variant Qsvc=2x500 MVAr.
6.6
SWH-Wind 1
-Wind-
Fault location
SM-
Synchronous machine
MVP-Wind 3
SWH-Wind 2
SWH-Wind 3
MVP-Wind 2
D2WAHL11
NSA-Wind 2
SVC 3
MVP-Wind 1
SVC 4
BBG-Wind 1
D8WOL11
D3MIT
BBG-Wind 3
SAH-Wind 3
NSA-Wind 1
NRW-Wind 1
NRW-Wind 2
NSA-Wind 3
BBG-Wind 2
SM-WALD11G
D7ARPE11
SVC 2
SAH-Wind 2
SAH-Wind 1
SVC 5
NRW-Wind 3
RPF-Wind 3
D7WTHU11
SVC 1
RPF-Wind 2
RPF-Wind 1
Figure 6-47: Network topology with multiple SVC assemblies and occurring faults
Dietmar Holzer
83
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Node Number
Single Ranking
Installation Site
SVC 1
SVC 2
SVC 3
SVC 4
451
489
309
556
2
8
7
5
RPF-D7WTHU11
SAH-D8KLM 11
MVP-D8GUE 12
D2DOLL11
SVC 5
570
NRW-D7NEHD11
_ SVC1
_ SVC2
= 1,061 p.u.
URe f
_ SVC3
_ SVC4
= 1,023 p.u.
URe f
_ SVC5
= 1,0406 p.u.
The reactive power operating ranges for the SVC assembly varies:
QSVC =5X200 MVAr, QSVC =5X500 MVAr
The principle operation characteristics for SVC assemblies are shown in detail in
simulation A and B. In further diagrams, understanding of dynamic SVC behaviour is
premised. The simulations following focus on terminal voltages of wind generators during
faults in connection with possibly disconnection from grid.
6.6.2
(D8WOL11) didnt show changes in mean voltage improvement that would affect the statistics
for steady outage power. Thus, only simulations C4 (D3MIT11) and C5 (D2WAHL11) with
significant changes are observed in detail.
6.6.3
directly at the SVC installation sites. The realization of two SVCs rated to Qsvc=5x200 MVAr
allows respectable voltage lifting in the regions MVP (between 6 to 8% of Unom) and SAH
(between 5 to 7% of Unom). Multiple SVC elements allow voltage lifting in region SWH of
around 5%. An increase of SVC reactive power capacity to the variant Qsvc=5x500 MVAr
remarks improvements at nearly every bus. In NRW-D7NEHD11 a single SVC with
Dietmar Holzer
84
Diploma Thesis
-D
6.6.4
B
G
3T
EU
11
-D
-W
8P
B
B
in
E
G
d1
-D
11
8P
-W
M
VP
R
i
n
L
d2
-D
12
8G
-W
M
O
VP
i
n
d3
-D E 1
18G
W
M
U
VP
in
E
d1
-D
12
N
8L
-W
R
W
U
in
B
-D
d2
11
7G
N
-W
R
R
W
O
in
N
-D
d3
7N 12N
W
R
EH
W
in
D
d
-D
1
7 S 11N
W
EC
SA
in
H
d
-D
2
2A 11W
N
in
SA LG
E
d
-D
3
11
N
-W
SA 2DI
In
EL
-D
d
12
1
7W
EH -Wi
R
PF
nd
R
-D
11
2
4P
-W
R
H
in
PF
IL
d3
-D
12
7D
R
-W
PF
IE
in
-D
F
d1
7W 21
SA
T H - Wi
n
H
U
d2
-D
11
8
-W
SA KL
in
M
d3
H
1
-D
8M 1-W
SA
in
A
H
d1
-D
8W 11SW
W
O
H
in
L
-D
d2
12
SW 2 A
-W
U
D
H
i
nd
O
-D
11
3
SW 5B
-W
R
H
U
i
nd
-D
N
11
1
5N
-W
O
R
in
D
d
13
2
-W
in
d3
B
B
G
-D
3T
B
EU
B
G
11
-D
-W
8P
B
in
B
E
G
d1
11
-D
-W
8P
M
R
in
VP
L
d
-D
2
12
8G
-W
M
O
in
VP
E
d
-D
3
11
8G
-W
M
U
in
VP
E
d
1
12
-D
N
8L
-W
R
U
W
in
B
-D
d
2
11
7G
N
-W
R
R
in
O
W
N
d
-D
3
7N 12N
W
R
EH
in
W
D
d
-D
1
7S 11N
W
EC
SA
in
H
d2
-D
1
12A
W
N
i
SA LG
E1 nd3
-D
1N
2D
W
SA
IE
In
-D
d1
L
7W 12
-W
EH
R
in
PF
R
d2
11
-D
4P
-W
R
H
in
PF
IL
d3
1
-D
7D 2-W
R
PF
IE
in
-D
d1
F
7W 21
-W
SA
TH
i
nd
H
U
-D
2
11
8
-W
SA KL
i
nd
M
H
3
11
-D
-W
8M
SA
in
A
H
d1
-D
11
SW 8W
-W
O
in
H
L
d2
-D
12
2
A
SW
-W
U
in
D
H
O
d3
-D
11
SW 5B
-W
R
in
U
H
N
d1
-D
11
5N
-W
O
in
R
D
d2
13
-W
in
d3
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Voltage sags
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
Dietmar Holzer
without SVC
1X1000 MVAr
2X500 MVAr
5X200 MVAr
5X500 MVAr
30%
20%
10%
0%
Voltage sags
80%
70%
60%
without SVC
50%
1X1000 MVAr
2X500 MVAr
40%
5X200 MVAr
5X500 MVAr
30%
20%
10%
0%
The regions MVP, SWH and SAH enjoy the highest improvements for the assembly of
Qsvc=5x200 MVAr. The arrangement of Qsvc=2x500 MVAr shows higher efficiency in the region
85
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
of SAH when compared to the variant Qsvc=5x200 MVAr. Another version of multiple SVCs,
rated to Qsvc=5x500 MVAr, lifts the voltage levels throughout all bus systems, but effect
especially the regions NRW, MVP, SAH and SWH.
A further comparison of variant Qsvc=5x200 MVAr to previous Qsvc=2x500 MVAr
assembly states the downgrading effect in BBG-D8PRL12-Wind3. Figure 6-50 depictures the
associated tripping for unselective coupling. This downgrading effect applies also for the whole
region of SAH, but there are no differences regarding wind park disconnections compared to
the two SVC variant.
An interesting fact is the significant bus voltage improvement (around 8%) of a single
SVC device in NRW-D7NEHD11.
6.6.5
installed.
Simulation
C1
C2
D8WOL11
C3
D3MIT 11
D2WAHL11
C4
C5
MW
0.0
0.0
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
350.1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
Total 1,542.2
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
no tripping action
0.0
MW
0.0
0.0
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
350.1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
Total 1,542.2
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
no tripping action
0.0
MW
0.0
0.0
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
350.1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
Total 1,542.2
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
no tripping action
0.0
Table 6-16: C- Steady wind power outages for grid connection according revised guidelines
Qsvc=2x500 MVAr, Qsvc=5x500 MVAr and without SVC elements. The marked wind parks
exhibit avoidances for tripping achieved by SVC applications. The analysis highlights a
prevention of outage power of 730 MW in simulation C4 (D3MIT11) with the SVC version of
Qsvc=5x500 MVAr. Moreover, the SVC arrangement Qsvc=5x500 MVAr reduces steady outage
power of 1150 MW in simulation C5 (D2WAHL11).
Dietmar Holzer
86
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Fault location
D8WHTU21
D7ARPE11
Simulation
C1
C2
D8WOL11
C3
D3MIT 11
C4
D2WAHL11
C5
MW
189.5
129.5
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
BBG-D8RAG 12-Wind3
410.1
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
350.1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
342.0
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
350.1
Total 2,676.3
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
342.0
Total 1,916.1
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
BBG-D8PRL 12-Wind3
410.1
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
NSA-D7WEHR11-Wind3
774.0
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
342.0
SWH-D5BRUN11-Wind2
378.1
SWH-D5NORD13-Wind3
373.9
Total 3,430.3
MW
189.5
129.5
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
BBG-D8RAG 12-Wind3
410.1
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
350.1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
342.0
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
350.1
Total 2,676.3
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
342.0
Total 1,373.5
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
BBG-D8PRL 12-Wind3
410.1
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
NSA-D7WEHR11-Wind3
774.0
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
342.0
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
SWH-D5NORD13-Wind3
373.9
Total 3,052.2
MW
5X500MVAr
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
RPF-D7WTHU11-Wind3
189.5
129.5
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
BBG-D8RAG 12-Wind3
410.1
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
SAH-D8KLM 11-Wind1
350.1
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
342.0
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
350.1
Total 2,676.3
BBG-D3TEU 11-Wind1
421.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
342.0
Total 1,183.9
BBG-D8PE 11-Wind2
420.0
BBG-D8PRL 12-Wind3
410.1
MVP-D8GUE 12-Wind2
189.5
MVP-D8LUB 11-Wind3
192.5
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
SAH-D8MA 11-Wind2
350.1
SAH-D8WOL 12-Wind3
342.0
tripping of wind park avoided
0.0
SWH-D5NORD13-Wind3
373.9
Total 2,278.2
Table 6-17 : C- Steady wind power outages with combination of different connection guidelines
Revised Connection
Guidelines without SVC
400
Revised Connection
Guidelines 5X200 MVAr
350
Combined Connection
Guidelines without SVC
PWIND [MW]
300
Combined Connection
Guidelines 5X200 MVAr
250
Tripping
-Revised Guidelines-
200
Tripping
-Combined Guidelines-
150
Tripping avoided
2x500MVAr
100
Additional tripping
avoided 5x500MVAr
50
B
B
B
B
-D
3T
EU
1
-D
B
8 P 1 -W
B
E
in
G
-D
d1
11
8
M
VP PR -W
in
L
-D
d
12
2
8
M
VP GO -Wi
-D E 1 nd
3
8
1
M
VP GU -Wi
-D E 1 nd
N
1
2
8
R
-W
L
W
in
-D U B
d2
11
7G
N
R
R
W
W
O
in
-D
N
d
7N 12
N
3
R
-W
E
W
in
-D H D
d1
1
7
1N
SA SE
W
in
-D C H
d2
2A 11
N
L
SA
G Win
E1
d3
D
N
1SA 2D
W
In
-D IEL
d1
7W 12
-W
R
PF EH
in
R
-D
d2
1
14
R
W
PF PH
i
-D IL1 nd
3
R
2
-W
PF 7D
in
-D IEF
d1
7W 21
SA
T H -W
H
in
U
-D
d2
8K 11SA
LM Wi
H
nd
-D
11
3
SA
8M
-W
H
A
in
d1
11
SW D8
W
-W
H
in
-D OL
d2
12
SW 2A
-W
U
H
D
in
-D
O
d3
11
SW 5B
-W
R
H
in
-D U N
d1
11
5N
-W
O
R
in
D
d2
13
-W
in
d3
Figure 6-50: C4- Transient power decrease during fault and steady wind power outages for simulation C4
Dietmar Holzer
87
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
The Figure 6-50 reflects the power outage statistic for simulation C4 (D3MIT11).
Multiple SVC elements show higher efficiency for outage reduction than single or double SVC
arrangements. In the specific simulation of C4 obviously the SVC assembly with
Qsvc=5x200 MVAr avoids power outages for generation sites MVP-D8LUB11-Wind3 as well as
SAH-D8MA11-Wind 2. A further increase to the variant of Qsvc=5x500 MVAr additionally allows
the wind park in MVP-D8GUE-Wind2 to sustain the occurring grid disturbances.
800
Revised Connection
Guidelines 5X200 MVAr
PWIND[MW]
700
600
Combined Connection
Guidelines without SVC
500
Combined Connection
Guidelines 5X200 MVAr
400
Tripping
-Revised Guidelines-
300
Tripping
-Combined Guidelines-
200
Tripping avoided
2x500MVAr
100
Additional tripping
avoided 5x500MVAr
-D
B
G
-D
B
G
B
G
-D
3T
EU
1
8P 1-W
in
E
d1
11
8
M
VP PR -Wi
nd
L
-D
2
8G 12M
W
VP
O
i
-D E 1 nd3
18G
M
W
U
VP
i
-D E 1 nd1
N
28L
R
W
W
U
in
B
-D
d2
11
7G
N
-W
R
R
W
in
-D ON
d3
7 N 12
N
-W
R
E
W
in
-D HD
d1
11
7
N
SA SEC -W
i
n
H
-D
d2
2A 11
N
SA LG Win
E
d3
-D
11
N
-W
SA 2D
In
-D IEL
d1
7W 12
-W
R
PF EH
in
R
d2
-D
11
4P
-W
R
H
PF
in
I
L
d3
-D
12
R
-W
PF 7DI
EF
in
-D
d1
2
7
SA WT 1-W
H
in
H
U
-D
d2
11
8
-W
SA KL
in
M
H
d
-D
1
3
SA
8M 1-W
H
-D A 1 ind
1
SW 8W
1W
O
H
in
-D
L
d2
12
SW 2A
-W
U
H
in
-D DO
d3
11
SW 5B
-W
R
H
in
-D UN
d1
11
5N
-W
O
R
in
D
d
13
2
-W
in
d3
Figure 6-51: C5 - Transient power decrease during fault and steady wind power outages for simulation C5
The comparison of power outages for the variant Qsvc=5x200 MVAr (Table 6-12) and
Qsvc=2x500 MVAr (Table 6-17) points out the disconnection of BBG-D8PRL12-Wind3 for
variant 5x200 MVAr, where this decoupling is not given for the arrangement with two SVCs
(2x500 MVAr). Nevertheless, observing the region of NSA highlights the avoided
disconnection of the WP SWH-D5BRUN11-Wind2 by the used SVC assembly (5x200 MVAr).
Similar to the simulation in C4 (D3MIT11), a further increase to the variant of
6.6.7
beforehand. Therefore, the arising costs for SVC realization and the voltage criteria for SVCs
in different SVC quantities and ratings are analysed. The utilized validation parameters are the
Dietmar Holzer
88
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
same as for the simulations in A and B, what allows establishing relationships to previous
investigations.
Revised connection
guidelines
Validation Parameter
(Mean values)
Parameter
Unit
without SVC
umean
%
uimprove
%
urelated
%
Poutage
MW
Poutage
MW
costs
Million
costs/urelated
Million /%
Poutage/costs MW/Million
*1
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
19.79%
0.00%
0.00%
393
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
*1
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
19.07%
5.80%
0.72%
393
0
30.9
49.8
0.0
*1
Qsvc=5X200 MVAr
18.30%
11.87%
1.49%
393
0
41.0
29.3
0.0
*1
Qsvc=5X500 MVAr
17.93%
13.20%
1.86%
393
0
62.0
41.5
0.0
16.71%
20.48%
3.07%
393
0
102.5
41.9
0.0
Table 6-18: C - Comparison of diverse multiple SVC arrangements with WP modeled according revised
connection guidelines
Combination of
connection guidelines
Validation Parameter
(Mean values)
Parameter
Unit
without SVC
umean
%
uimprove
%
urelated
%
Poutage
MW
Poutage
MW
costs
Million
costs/urelated
Million /%
Poutage/costs MW/Million
*1
Qsvc=1000 MVAr
19.79%
0.00%
0.00%
1,668
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
*1
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
19.09%
5.70%
0.69%
1,668
0
30.9
50.7
0.0
*1
Qsvc=5X200 MVAr
18.37%
11.34%
1.42%
1,516
152
41.0
30.6
3.7
*1
Qsvc=5X500 MVAr
17.97%
12.97%
1.81%
1,484
184
62.0
42.0
3.0
16.83%
19.75%
2.96%
1,291
377
102.5
43.0
3.7
Table 6-19: C - Comparison of diverse multiple SVC arrangements with WP modeled according combination
of former and revised connection guidelines
For the analysis, the focus is on the statistics in Table 6-19 representing the mean
parameter for combined connection guidelines.
In a first comparison, the value urelated shows a steady increase for raising SVC
quantity (up to 2.96% for
*1
similar
values
for
the
version
*1
Qsvc=5x200
MVAr
(42
million
/%)
and
*1
Qsvc=5x500 MVAr (43 million /%), slightly to the advantage of the first variant. A comparison
*1
points out that this ratio increases significant for both multiple SVC arrangements.
The observation of differences in steady power outage Poutage highlights definitely best
*1
results for multiple SVC arrangements. The SVC version with Qsvc=5X200 MVAr achieves a
mean reduction of 184 MW, but especially the higher-rated variant with
*1
Qsvc=5x500 MVAr
points out a remarkable value of 377 MW. Finally the analysis of Poutage/costs shows a higher
ratio for the SVC version of
*1
Qsvc=2X500 MVAr
*1
Qsvc=5X200 MVAr.
Dietmar Holzer
89
Diploma Thesis
DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
As a resume, the installation of several SVC devices lift the voltage levels for isolated
bus voltages more and others in a less effective way. Furthermore, a combination of multiple
SVC combinations enables significant reductions of steady power outages.
A final comparison of different SVC arrangements with same overall rating shows
advantages of the realization
*1
improvement and Poutage/costs. For the SVC arrangements with multiple SVC devices, these
characteristics are lower than for double SVC arrangement. Nevertheless, the value for power
outage differences Poutage increases with raising SVC quantity. A further increase of feeding
capacity for multiple SVCs to
*1
reduction. This can be ascribed to the feature that single SVC element out of the version
*1
Qsvc=5x500 MVAr with single capacity of Qsvc=500 MVAr intensifies its impact on the power
system.
Dietmar Holzer
90
Diploma Thesis
7
7.1
determination of optimal SVC locations. Appropriate control circuits and strategies allow the
modeling of the dynamic performance of Static Var Compensators in transient simulations.
For steady state operation, the SVC technology shows the advantage of voltage
regulation for bus voltage stabilization. For wind power fluctuations and associated changes
in bus voltage levels the SVC, operating within its operation range, represents an appropriate
element for compensation.
7.2
site and its dynamic performance. The impact of SVC assemblies during faults on
surrounding bus voltage levels depends on the arising levels of voltage at the SVC
installation site. For near faults, depressing the voltage levels in nearby areas of SVC very
heavily, the effect of voltage stabilization by SVC is restricted. In this case, SVC applications
are no practicable solution for the reduction or at least restriction of voltage funnels. Hence,
the reachable improvements by SVC technology at the installation site are sufficient only for
distant faults, which show slight bus voltage depressions.
The performance of SVC showed voltage spikes after fault clearing due to SVC
controller gain and time delays. Nevertheless, modern SVC controllers normally include
voltage hysteresis function to reduce or even remove these spikes after fault clearing and to
avoid power quality disturbances. Furthermore, the application of SVC technology in high
voltage grids allows significant reduction of the voltage recovery time after grid disturbances.
7.3
Main effects are the achievable improvements for voltage stabilization as well as the
complete new conditions of reactive power inside the power grid.
First investigations with single SVC devices pointed out only slight improvements for
voltage stabilization. Hence, the simulations have shown that a central reactive power
injection, even inserted to an optimal position, does not ensure remarkable mean voltage
improvements. Arrangements with SVC devices operating simultaneously highlighted some
Dietmar Holzer
91
Diploma Thesis
7.4
system settings for wind power plants showed enormous differences in occurring wind power
outages.
Multiple SVC arrangements offered some improvements for power outage reduction,
but only for wind parks following old connection requirements. The arising investment costs
for SVC installations have to be related to achievable voltage improvements. This will
determine the need for the realization of such installations.
Only the connection of wind parks according to revised connection guidelines pointed
out avoidances of disconnections for most simulations, also without necessary usage of
SVCs. Consequently, it has rather to be considered to equip existing wind power generators
with modern connection technology than installing SVC devices. Nevertheless, what should
be kept in mind are the arising costs of Repowering.
7.5
Dietmar Holzer
92
Diploma Thesis
APPENDIX
Appendix
2p>16
xd
xqxq'
xd'
xd"
xq"
Td0'
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
1,5-2,5 1,2-2,3
0,150,35
0,10,25
0,10,25
5 -15
0,95 1,78
0,46 0,91
0,15 0,37
0,08 0,24
0,08 0,26
2-10
0,83 1, 6
0,57 0,89
0,23 0,34
0,16
0,24
0,17 0,25
4,210
0.98 1,7
0,52 0,9
0,2 0,35
0,2
0,35
0,52 0,9
2 -10
0,86 1,5
0,45 0,8
0,25 0,4
1,5 8
Tdo
"
s
0,050,2
0,020,1
Tqo"
Td'
Td"
KD
TJ
2050
8-16
0,050,2
0,020,1
0,020,08
0,5 2,5
550
5-8
<1
1-2
0,55
-2,5
Dietmar Holzer
93
Diploma Thesis
APPENDIX
Release Time
[sec]
0.00
0.00
0.70
1.75
3.10
3.50
5.00
Release Time
[sec]
1.20
consistent
Release Time
[sec]
0.00
0.10
0.70
1.75
3.10
3.50
5.00
Release Time
[sec]
1.20
consistent
BBG
MVP
NSA
NRW
RPF
SAH
SWH
ALL CONTROL AREAS
DEN
F
HOL
POL
CONTROL AREA 1
CONTROL AREA 1-Back-up-Capacities
CONTROL AREA 1-Wind
CONTROL AREA 2
CONTROL AREA 2-Back-up-Capacities
CONTROL AREA 2-Wind
CONTROL AREA 3
CONTROL AREA 3-Back-up-Capacities
CONTROL AREA 3-Wind
CONTROL AREA 4
CONTROL AREA 4-Back-up-Capacities
CONTROL AREA 4-Wind
SW
CZE
AUT
REST
P-Factor-GEN Gen. P Total P-Factor-LOAD LOAD P Total Q-Factor-GEN Gen. Q Total Q-Faktor-LOAD LOAD Q Total
MW
MW
MW
MW
Mvar
Mvar
Mvar
Mvar
1,00
-59826,70
1,00
59627,90
1,00
-10806,30
1,00
19873,10
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-808,80
1,00
0,00
1,00
77,90
1,00
0,00
1,00
-5180,30
1,00
471,10
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-166,70
1,00
4334,90
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-95,40
1,00
174,20
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-4322,30
1,00
8707,50
1,00
-1595,10
1,00
3263,50
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-7904,80
1,00
14944,80
1,00
-2160,40
1,00
4388,00
1,00
-5503,90
1,00
0,00
0,00
-452,60
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-19192,10
1,00
19096,80
1,00
-5456,40
1,00
8730,70
1,00
-4557,90
1,00
0,00
0,00
-1763,90
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-3647,70
1,00
9166,80
1,00
256,10
1,00
3490,90
1,00
-5379,80
1,00
0,00
0,00
288,10
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-413,10
1,00
2478,30
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-1694,70
1,00
65,90
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
1,00
-959,20
1,00
187,60
1,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
-59826,70
59627,90
-10806,30
19873,10
Table 8-4: Wind power, conventional back-up capacities and the assigned control areas
Dietmar Holzer
94
Diploma Thesis
BIBLIOPGRAPHY
Bibliography
[1]
[2]
Song Yong Hua, Allan T. Johns, Flexible AC transmission systems, IEEE Institution of Electrical
Engineers, London U.K., October 1999, ISBN 0 85296 771 3
[3]
Grnbaum Rolf, Noroozian Mojtaba, Thorvaldsson Bjrn, FACTS-Powerful Systems for flexible Power
Transmission, Publication, ABB Review 6/1999, www.abb.com
[4]
Noroozian Mojtaba, Modeling of SVC in Power System Studies, ABB Power Systems, NR 500-026E,
April 1996, www.abb.com
[5]
Peterson Tore, Reactive Power Compensation, ABB Power Systems, NR 500-028E, December 1993,
www.abb.com
[6]
Glanzmann G., Student Member IEEE, Andersson G., Fellow IEE,Coordinated Control of FACTS
Devices based on Optimal Power Flow, ABB Power Systems, Power Systems Laboratory of the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, www.abb.com
[7]
GLANZMANN G., ANDERSSON G., ETH ZURICH, Using FACTS Devices to resolve Congestions in
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Haase Torsten, Weber Harald, Hamacher Thomas , Einfluss der Einspeisung von Windenergie auf die
Struktur des Kraftwerksparks und des bertragungsnetzes, VDE-Kongress-Berlin, Innovationen fr
Menschen, 18.-20.4.2004
[9]
Luther Mathias Dr., Radtke Uwe Dr., Winter Wilhelm Dr., Einbindung grosser WindleistungenSystemverhalten und Manahmen zur Erhaltung der Versorgungsqualitt im bertragungsnetz, E-ONNetz GmbH Bayreuth,
[10]
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Windenergie Institut, www.dewi.de
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Verband der Netzbetreiber VDN, Transmission Code 2003 - Netz und Systemregeln der deutschen
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Lijun Cai, Erlich Istvn, Stamtsis Georgios, Luo Yicheng, Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS
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95
Diploma Thesis
BIBLIOPGRAPHY
[17]
[18]
Muckenhuber Richard Dr. Dipl. Ing.- Elektrische Anlagen, Skriptum, Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen,
Stand 1988
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[20]
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Luther Matthias Dr.-Ing., Radtke Uwe Dr.-Ing., Winter Wilhelm Dr.-Ing., Einbindung
groer
Fachtagung
Zuverlssigkeit
im
in
der
Energieversorgung
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Diplomarbeit,
D.Oeding, B.R. Oswald, Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze, 6.Auflage Springer Verlag Berlin, ISBN 3540-00863-2
[28]
fr
den
Anschluss
und
Parallelbetrieb
von
Eigenerzeugungsanlagen
am
Dietmar Holzer
96
Diploma Thesis