1. No Mark Schemes available.

2.

C[1]

3.

B[1]

4.

D[1]

5.

A[1]

6.

A[1]

7.

D[1]

13.

C[1]

15.

C[1]

16.

(a)

(b)

1
[2]

17.

A
[1]

18.

C
[1]

19.

(a)

(b)

(c)

1
[3]

20.

(a)

(i)

2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Correct formulae (1)
Balancing (1)
ALLOW multiples or equation divided by 2 Second mark on correct
species only Ignore state symbols even if incorrect
ALLOW
N2O4
Extra oxygen molecules on both sides in a balanced equation

Sri Lankan School

2
1

(ii)

Stand alone marks

2+
Mg / Magnesium ion smaller or fewer electron shells / greater
charge density (1)
OR
Magnesium ion has same charge (as calcium ion) but is smaller (1)
Causes more polarisation /distortion of nitrate / anion (electron clouds)
/ NO (bond)(1)
OR
MgO produced has stronger lattice (1)
OR
production of MgO is more exothermic (1)
OR reverse argument based on Ca

2+

Magnesium / calcium / atoms / molecules

(b)

(c)

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
ALLOW multiples or equation divided by 2 Ignore state symbols even if
incorrect
ALLOW
Extra oxygen molecules on both sides in a balanced equation

No as.
double bond would be shorter (than single bond) / shorter than dative
(covalent) bond.
ALLOW
Structure has double and single bonds (between N and O)
Double and single bonds have different lengths

Implication that the single covalent and dative covalent bonds

have different lengths
(d)

(i)

Mark independently Goes darker (brown) (1)

ALLOW
Goes browner
Ignore comments on mixture first becoming paler if volume increases
Equilibrium moves in the endothermic direction (1)
OR
Equilibrium moves left as forward reaction is exothermic (1)
For second mark ALLOW
Equilibrium moves left to counteract addition of heat / increase in
temperature(1)
OR
Reaction removes added heat by moving left (1)

Brown (gas evolved)

(ii)

Equilibrium moves right (ALLOW forwards) (so NO2 concentration

decreases) (1)
OR
Reaction reduces pressure (1)
As fewer moles / molecules(ALLOW particles) (of gas) on RHS (1)
Stand alone marks

Sri Lankan School

2
2

(e)

At T2 more molecules/collisions have energy greater than (or equal to) EA (1)
This can be shown on the diagram by indicating areas to right of vertical line
Energy must be at least EA for successful collision / for reaction (1)
OR So more collisions have sufficient energy to react (1)
Ignore references to the average energy and speed of the molecules

2
[12]

21.

(a)

(i)

A hydrocarbon (solvent) / volasil / named hydrocarbon solvent /

tetrachloromethane Formulae

Ethanol
Alkenes
(ii)
(b)

(i)

Red / brown /orange / amber / yellow Or any combination

No TE on incorrect / no reagent

Oxidation number of S in H2SO4 = (+)6

Oxidation number of S in SO2 = (+)4 (1)
Oxidation number had decreased (1)
ALLOW
S has gained electrons for second mark
Second mark stands alone provided oxidation numbers have
decreased, even if calculated wrongly

Just S has gained electrons without calculating oxidation

numbers
(ii)

Black / (shiny) grey solid (1)

Purple / violet / pink vapour / fumes (1)
Smell of (bad) eggs (1)
Yellow solid (1)
ALLOW
Brown liquid (1)
Any two

Purple solid
(iii)

(c)

Oxidation number of S has reduced more / to 2 (in H2S) (1)

OR
Oxidation number of S is lower in H2S (than in SO2)
If ON of S in H2S is calculated it must be correct

People can choose whether to take extra fluoride

ALLOW
Fluoride is not released into the environment

Fluoride can be monitored

[8]

30.

D[1]

31.

C[1]

Sri Lankan School

32.

A[1]

33.

B[1]

35.

(a)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Use of heat (1)

To break down (a reactant)/one reactant into more than one product (1)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Allow correct multiples

Group 2 carbonates are more (thermally) stable as you go down the

group (1)
as the cations get bigger/charge density gets less/cation has more shells (1)
So have less of a polarising effect/distortion on the carbonate
(ion)/less of a weakening effect on CO (1)
2nd and 3rd marks cq on first

Metal gets bigger/element gets bigger

Carbonate molecule
(b)

(i)

orange

Yellow
Any colour in conjunction with orange
(ii)

(18.0/1000 0.100) = 1.8 10 /0.0018/2 10 /0.002

IGNORE sf and units even if incorrect

(iii)

(50/1000 0.100) = 5 10 (1)

[If candidate fails to divide by 1000 in both (b)(ii) and b(iii) penalise
only once]
3

Moles HCl reacted = 3.2 10 (can get first mark here if 5 10

not shown above)
3
So moles CaO = 1.6 10 (1)

IGNORE sf
Allow TE from b (ii)
(iv)

2
3

Mass CaO = (1.6 10 56.1) = 0.0898 g (1)

% purity = 0.0898/0.121 100 = 74.2% (1)
OR
Allow % calculated in terms of moles e.g moles of CaO should
be 0.121 56.1 = 0.0021568 (mol) (1)
% purity = 0.0016/0.0021568 = 74.2% (1)
Accept
3
= (1.6 x 10 56)
= 0.0896 g (1)
% purity = 0.0896/0.121 100 = 74.0% (1)
Allow TE of incorrect moles of CaO from (b)(iii)
Allow TE from incorrect mass of CaO if answer is 100%

Sri Lankan School

0.09 g and 74.4% is 1 out of 2 (rounding too soon)

Any % purity without 3 sf for second mark

(c)

(i)

(Clean) nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod/silica/nickel/chrome rod (1)

(In conc.) HCl/HCl(aq)/dilute HCl (1)
Heat/place in (blue Bunsen) flame (1)

Metal loop/inoculating loop/glass rod/silver/spatula

Place in yellow Bunsen flame/burn
(ii)

Barium/Ba/Ba

2+

1
[16]

38.

A[1]

39.

C[1]

40.

D[1]

41.

C[1]

42.

B[1]

43.

B[1]

44.

C[1]

45.

D[1]

46.

A[1]

47.

A[1]

48.

A[1]

49.

(a)

(i)

Procedure: Only one titration carried out/ no check on

accuracy of titration
OR
3
1000 cm volume to large to fit in titration flask (1)
Recording: Did not record burette readings to 0.05 cm
/1 decimal place / sufficient precision / recording
only one significant figure in a titration reading (1)
5

(ii)

4.65 10 / 4.7 10 / 0.0000465 / 0.000047 (mol)

(iii)

2.3 10 / 0.000023
OR candidates answer to (ii) divided by 2

(iv)
(b)

(i)

2
1

2.3 10 / 0.000023 mol dm

OR candidates answer to (iii)

QWC
Redox as chlorine removes/gains electrons from the metal
(and is reduced) (1)
And metal gives/loses electrons to the chlorine (and is oxidised) (1)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Redox is essential in order to score both marks

The gain / loss of electrons can be awarded from two ionic
half equations.

Chlorine is (highly) toxic/poisonous/irritant

OR chlorine has an unpleasant smell (1)

1
5

(iii)

Ca(ClO)2 (1)1

(iv)

QWC
Cl is oxidised from +4 (in ClO2) to +5 (in HClO3) (1)
and is reduced (from +4) to +1 (in HClO) (1)

(c)

QWC
Any of the five points below as long as they are logically connected
and use correct scientific terminology plus 1 mark for an equation
to a maximum of 6 marks.
CFCs are greenhouse gases
because their dipole moment changes when they vibrate
and so contribute to global warming
depletion of the ozone layer
causes less ozone to absorb UV radiation (from the sun) /
increase in UV reaching the earths surface
causes skin cancer / mutations
CFCs (decompose photolytically to) produce free radical
chlorine atoms/ Cl radicals
Recognition that one Cl radical can cause the destruction
of many thousands of ozone molecules / or mention of
chain reaction

Equations Cl + O3 ClO + O2

ClO + O Cl + O2
Either equation or other relevant equation (1)

6
[17]

51.

(a)

(i)

(pale) green

Accept apple green

Accept yellow(y) green
Reject blue green
(ii)

Crimson

Accept red
Accept scarlet
Accept carmine
Accept depth of red colour e.g.
Dark red
Deep red
Pale red
Light red
Bright red
Reject red with any other colour e.g.
Brick-red
Orange-red
Yellow-red
Magenta
Sri Lankan School

(b)

Ba
81.1
137
= 0.592
1

O
18.9
16
= 1.18
2

(1)

Accept dividing by 32 scores (0) unless their table is headed by

O2, then answer BaO2 scores (1)
Correct working leading to answer BaO2 (1)
but if this is the case BaO scores (0)
Working must be shown and final formula given for 2 marks
BaO2 without working 1 mark

Reject any answer dividing by atomic number (0)

This leads to Ba2O
(c)

(i)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
Ignore state symbols even if they are wrong

Accept multiples
Reject equations based on BaO
(ii)

Gets warm
Accept heat produced
Effervescence/fizzing/ bubbles/mist
Accept bubbles of hydrogen
Ba sinks/moves up and down /Does not float
Give one mark for observation from each bullet point to max of 2
3 answers given, one wrong scores (1)
3 answers given, two wrong scores zero
Ignore mention of Steam/steamy fumes
Ba gets smaller
Ba disappears
Goes cloudy / precipitate
Gas/hydrogen evolved is not an observation

Reject reference to flame

Reject melts
Dashes about on surface are wrong answers
(iii)

Red litmus (goes) blue/ () blue

and
blue litmus unchanged/stays blue/no effect/nothing

1
[8]

52.

(a)

(i)

4LiNO3 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2

Species (1)
Balance (1)
Not stand alone conditional on correct species

Accept or fractions/ multiples

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

2CsNO3 2CsNO2 + O2
Correct balanced equation

1
7

Accept or fractions/ multiples

(b)

(i)

There must be a comment about both barium and

calcium to score both marks
Barium would react to produce a (colourless)/(clear)
solution does not give a ppt./ clear (1)
Allow Ba and Ca in argument
Accept barium hydroxide dissolves
Reject goes colourless
Calcium would go cloudy /give (white) ppt. (1)
E.g. Calcium would go cloudy but barium (goes) clear (2)

Reject other colours

(ii)

Insoluble/ solid/layer / coating of barium sulphate

formed (1) allow equn with BaSO4(s)
Must say what the coating is since question says use
information in table
Which prevents acid getting to surface (of barium) (1)
nd
2 mark conditional on 1st need some idea that a
substance is formed that generates a barrier to further reaction

If candidate uses word ppt must be clear that this is on the

surface of the barium or causes interference
Reject BaSO4 unreactive
Reject barium disappears
Any reference that implies barium all used up or was a very
small piece or acid not in excess or reaction over scores zero
Reject references to other layers such as oxide/hydroxide
(c)

Insoluble (1)

(d)

Ca(s) + 2H (aq) Ca (aq) + H2(g)

1 mark for equation
1 mark for state symbols

1
2+

Accept state symbol mark for correct molecular equation

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2 (g) scores (1)
[10]

53.

(a)

Any statement that means the number gets less

Eg
Decrease (in oxidation number of an element)
Reduction of ON
Lowering of ON
ON becomes more negative
ON becomes less positive

Reject just Gain of electrons

(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

2NaBr + 3H2SO4 2 NaHSO4 + SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

OR
2NaBr + 3H2SO4 2 NaHSO4 + SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O
OR
2NaBr + 3H2SO4 2 NaHSO4 + 1SO2 + 1Br2 + 2H2O

1
8

(ii)

H2SO4 : +6 / 6 / VI / 6+

HSO4 : +6 / 6/ VI / 6+
SO2 : +4/4/IV / 4+
H2S : 2 / II / 2
All four correct 2 marks
Any 3 correct 1 mark
Reject superscript + e.g S
(iii)

6+

Change in ON of S increases down (halide) group (1)

Link all three changes to actual numbers with halide (1)
Consequential on answers to part(ii)

Correct answer referring to only two halides scores 1 mark

If ref to halogens lose second mark
[6]

54.

(i)

Enthalpy change when 1 mol of gaseous ions (1)

Accept energy or heat
Reject any implication of an endothermic process
e.g. energy required
Reject .1 mol of gaseous atoms
is dissolved such that further dilution causes no
further heat change (1)
Accept added to water/reacts with water instead of
dissolved
Reject just hydrated
Reject just completely hydrated
IGNORE standard conditions
Accept is dissolved to form an infinitely dilute solution
OR
Is dissolved in a large/excess/infinite amount of water
Mark each aspect independently

(ii)

EITHER
HSOLN = (HLE + HHYD) (1)
Expression quoted or correctly used in at least one of
the calculations below
Accept answer only with no working (1)
HSOLN MgSO4 = (2874) + (1920)
1

= +954 (kJ mol ) (1)

HSOLN = BaSO4 = (2374) + (1360)
1

= +1014 (kJ mol ) (1)

Accept answer only with no working (1)
Enthalpy of solution of MgSO4 less endothermic/more
exothermic/more negative than for BaSO4, so MgSO4
more soluble than BaSO4 (or reverse argument) (1)
Reject just solubility/Hsoln depends on a balance between
Sri Lankan School

lattice and hydration energies

OR
(both) lattice energies and hydration enthalpies
decrease from MgSO4 to BaSO4 (or down group) (1)
Accept The hydration energies decrease faster..
Reject ()500 and ()560 stated without further explanation
(but) lattice energies change less (1)
HSOLN = (HLE + HHYD) (1) stated in words or symbols
Reject just solubility/Hsolution depends on a balance between
lattice and hydration energies
so Hsoln less exothermic/more endothermic/more
positive for BaSO4 so less soluble
OR so Hsoln more exothermic/more negative/less
endothermic for MgSO4 so MgSO4 more soluble (1)

4
[6]

55.

(a)

(i)

Br2(aq) + H2O(l)
2H (aq) + Br (aq) + BrO (aq)
formulae (1)
balancing (ignore state symbols) (1)
+

Accept
H (aq) + Br (aq) + HBrO(aq)/ BrOH
+

H (aq) + BrO (aq) + HBr (aq)

+
If HBr + HBrO, H must be crossed out
(ii)

reaction is reversible/equilibrium (reaction)

can go backward and forward/can go both ways/occurs in
both directions

Accept reversable (1)

(iii)

bromine has been both oxidised and reduced (1)

must mention bromine (Br/Br2 for first mark)
from 0 to +1 and 1 (1)

Accept Br oxidation number both increased and decreased

/goes up and down
Reject bromine goes to +1 and 1
must show from 0
Reject arguments based on OILRIG
Incorrect identification of ox/red i.e. ox is 0 1

(iv)

Cl2(g) + 2Br (aq) 2Cl (aq) + Br2(aq)

formulae (1)
balancing and state symbols (1)
second mark dependent on first unless correct but non ionic
equation given
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

Accept Br2(l)
Sri Lankan School

10

Accept multiples
Reject Cl2(aq)
Reject Br2 (g) Br(aq)
(b)

(i)

Sulphur from +4 to +6 /4+ to 6 + /4 to 6 (1)

Bromine from 0 to 1 (1)
Accept name or symbol (S or Br or Br2)

Accept oxidation and reduction transposed but correct numbers

1 ( out of 2)
Elements correctly identified but incorrect numbers
1 (out of 2)
Accept sulfur, sulpher, sulfer

(ii)

Br2 + 2H2O + SO2 4H + 2Br + SO4

Accept multiples
[10]

56.

(a)

(i)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
IGNORE state symbols

Accept multiples
Reject Ba + H2O BaO + H2
(ii)

NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl

OR
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
IGNORE state symbols

Accept multiples
Reject HNaSO4
(b)

(i)

Green/pale green/apple green

Accept yellow-green
Reject any mention of blue e.g. blue green OR any other colour
(ii)

Red

1
Accept deep/dark red / carmine/crimson /scarlet
Reject lilac
Reject any mention of lilac e.g. lilac-red OR any other colour

(c)

Electrons (absorb heat/energy) and are promoted to higher energy

levels (1)
as they drop back/down (1)
Emit radiation (of characteristic colour)
OR emit light (1)

Accept excited/go instead of promoted

Accept orbitals/shells instead of energy levels
Reject if any reference to absorption spectra
Sri Lankan School

11

e.g. light absorbed (0)

Reject (produce) colours (0)

Sri Lankan School

12

(d)

Percentage oxygen (= 45.1)

Ar (1)
Empirical formula = KO2

(1)
(1)

e.g.
Percentage of oxygen = 45.1 (1)
K
54.9
39
1.41

O
45.1
16
2.82

(1)

KO2 (1)

3
Accept use of atomic numbers 2 max
Accept use of O2 Mr ~ 32 but only if give formula KO2 (for 3
marks)
Reject mole calculation then inverted, no consequential
marking on formula
[10]

57.

(a)

H2SO4 + NaCl NaHSO4 + HCl/

H2SO4 + 2NaCl Na2SO4 + 2HCl

Either version
State symbols (Ignore these)
Multiples
H2SO4 + NaCl NaSO4 + H2 Cl (0)
Correct formulae (1) Balanced (1)
Second mark depends on first being correct
4 correct formulae with an additional existing molecule
eg H2, SO2 Max 1
(b)

(i)

Sulphur: from +6 to +4 (1)

Bromine: from 1 to 0 (1)

Accept sign after value,

Roman numerals
Incorrect signs
(ii)

Increase in ox number of bromine = 2 1 / 2 (1)

One S decreases in ox number by 2 (1)
Must be clear that one S atom is unchanged/only one S
changes for second mark.
[Look for oxidation no. written under elements in equation]

Accept increase in oxidation number of Br = decrease in

oxidation number of S, without specifying values (1)
Reject explanations in terms of electrons
(c)

(i)

Going down group

Number of electrons increases (1)
Accept reverse argument going up group
Reject arguments based on quantum shells.

Sri Lankan School

13

So Van der Waals force (between molecules) increases (1)

Ignore comments on radius of atom

Reject vdw for Van der Waals

(ii)

Boiling point between 200 and 300 (K) (1)

73 to +27 if value quoted in C
Hydrogen bonding is present (1)
Stronger forces between molecules /stronger intermolecular
forces (than in other hydrogen halides.) (1)

Accept B pt 155 175(K) with explanation that there are fewer

electrons in HF for maximum 1 mark.
Accept boiling point in correct range, with comment on much
stronger dipole in HF and stronger intermolecular forces (2)
[11]

58.

(i)

Red/brick-red/orange-red (1)
NOT Orange on its own
Yellow (1)

2
ALLOW orange

(ii)

electrons promoted (by heat/flame to a higher level) (1)

NOT electrons excited
fall back down/return (1)
emit light (1)

3
[5]

62.

(a)

Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
formula Ca(OH)2 (1)
correct equation (1)
ignore state symbols
incorrect symbol for calcium, penalise once
Any one from each line (max 2)
Gets warm (1)
Effervescence / fizzing/bubbles / mist/steam / bobs up & down (1)
white ppt / white solid / cloudy / milky / white suspension (1)
Ca disappears / gets smaller / dissolves (1)
If more than two answers given and one or more wrong max 1

(b)

Increases

(c)

(i)

24.4 / 40 = 0.61
17.1 / 14 = 1.22
if rounded to 1dp, must be correct

58.5 / 16 = 3.66

(0.61 / 0.61) = 1
(1.22 / 0.61) = 2
(Therefore it is CaN2O6)
penalise use of atomic number once

(3.66 / 0.61) = 6

OR first correct % (1), next two correct (1) e.g.

Sri Lankan School

14

40 100
40 28 96

Ca %

28 100
164
96 100
164

N%
O %

4000
24.4%
164

(1)

17.1%
58.5 %

(1)
2

(ii)

Cation/group 2 ion (radius) larger (1)

same charge stated or shown (1)
[lower charge density/charge:size ratio of ion award (1)
of first two marks]
polarises / distorts
anion / nitrate / negative ion (1)
NOT just polarising
ALLOW
LE of oxide and nitrate decrease down the group (1)
LE of oxide decreases faster (1)
So nitrate becomes more stable relative to oxide (1)

3
[10]

63.

(a)

(b)

Substance which accepts/gains electrons (from another species) /

which removes electrons
(i)

(ii)
(c)

Fluorine / F2
ACCEPT Flourine / Flurine / Florine
NOT F or Fl2

(Red / brown / orange (or combination) and / or volatile) liquid

Red/brown / orange or combinations of these colours

NOT yellow or any other colours
Steamy / misty (fumes)
NOT white
If incorrect product linked to observation (0)

(d)

+1 / 1+ / +I / I+ / I
+5 / 5+/ +V / V+ / V
+ can be sub or superscript

(e)

2OH + Cl2 Cl + OCl + H2O

OR

6OH + 3Cl2 5Cl + ClO3 + 3H2O

Chlorine species ie Cl2 , Cl , OCl or Cl2 , Cl , ClO3 (1)

ALLOW Cl2, NaCl, NaOCl / NaClO3
Balancing (1)
Sri Lankan School

15

Correct ionic equation only, spectator ions (0)

Explanation in terms of oxidation number e.g. chlorine
(allow Cl2 / Cl) is oxidised 0 to +1 (1) and is reduced
from 0 to 1 (1)
ALLOW If chlorine goes from 0 to +1 and 0 to 1 (1 out of 2)
Consequential on the disproportionation equation

(f)

(i)

(ii)

Cl(g) + e Cl (g)
species (1)
state symbols (1) only for correct equation and

X(g) + e X (g) max 1

(ion and electron) both negatively charged

OR electron added to a negative ion
(energy required to overcome) repulsion

2
[14]

65.

(a)

3OCl 2Cl + ClO3 (1)

(b)

chlorine (in OCl ) is (simultaneously) oxidised from +1 to +5 (1)

and reduced from +1 to 1 (1)
If only oxidation numbers given max 1 (out of 2)
If oxidation numbers omitted max 1 (out of 2)

(i)

blue / black to colourless

(ii)

2
3
no. moles S 2 O 3 used = 12.5 0. 1 / 1000 = 1. 25 10 (1)

no. moles I2 = 1.25 10 / 2 = 6.25 10

(1)

no. moles ClO = no. moles 12 (1)

no. moles ClO in original 10 cm = 10 6.25 10

= 6.25 10

(iii)

(c)

QWC

(d)

(1)
3

no. moles ClO in 1 dm = 100 6.25 10 (1) = 0.625

mass Cl2 = 0.625 71

= 44.4 (g)
mark consequentially on (ii)
must be 3s.f. in final answer

Cl2 is the stronger oxidising agent because Cl2 oxidises S from

(+)2 to (+)6 (1)
but l2 oxidises S from (+)2 to (+)2.50 (1)

O2 oxidises KI / iodide to l2. or balanced equation (1)

ll2 reacts with starch / paper to give blue / black (1)

2
[14]

Sri Lankan School

16

67.

O + H2O 2OH
IGNORE state symbols
2+
ALLOW if Mg shown on both sides

1
[1]

68.

(a)

(b)

Gas / g
green/pale green/yellow (1)
Liquid / l brown/red-brown / orange / red-orange
Solid / s (dark) grey ALLOW black
IGNORE shiny / silver
Any combination of allowed colours
(i)

(ii)

NOT red alone (1)

NOT purple (1)

KCl + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HCl

OR
2KCl + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2HCl
ALLOW multiples
IGNORE state symbols

Oxidation numbers: -1 (+) 6 / (+) VI

0 (+) 4 / (+) IV
Charge can be either side of number
(1) mark for any two correct oxidation numbers (2)
Oxidising Agent: (concentrated) H2SO4 (1)
NOT dilute
Oxidation no. of bromine / bromide / Br changes from -1 to 0 / rises
OR
Oxidation number of sulphur/ S changes from +6 to +4 / falls (1)
ALLOW T.E. for incorrect oxidation numbers in the correct direction
only
IGNORE electrons if in correct direction
th
4 mark not awarded if incorrect oxidising agent given EXCEPT sulphur

[8]

69.

(a)

(b)

(i)

% of oxygen = 45.1% (1)

54.9/39 = 1.41 and 45.1/16 = 2.82 (1)
1.41/1.41 = 1 and 2.82/1.41 = 2 (hence KO2) / 1.41 : 2.82 1 : (1)
2
MUST have some working
3
Correct inductive reasoning (3)

(ii)

-0.5 / / -.5

KNO3 because K / potassium ion has larger radius / is larger - ion essential (1)
+

but same charge - stated or K and Li given

[lower charge density scores 1 out of the first two marks]
Charge density on its own (1) UNLESS term is explained (2)
polarises/distorts nitrate/negative ion/anion less (1)
OR weakens bonds in nitrate less
NOT weakens ionic bond
If LiNO3 more stable (0)
Sri Lankan School

3
17

[4]

Sri Lankan School

18

72.

Diagram showing correct covalent and hydrogen bonds (1)

Linear around H and water shown V shaped (1)
+ H and O (1)
due to difference in electronegativities / because both atoms small /
description of involvement of lone pair (1)

4
[4]

73.

(a)

H + I OR all dots/crosses

(i)

(ii)

(b)

Because HI has more electrons (1) NOT iodine/iodide

NOT because atoms are bigger/heavier
it has stronger/larger induced dipole / vdW / London / dispersion
forces (1)
more energy is required to separate the molecules/break/overcome vdW
forces (1)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

shared pair (1)

st
correct outer shell (1) consequential on 1 mark

(i)

(ii)

HI + H2O H3O + I
IGNORE state symbols
+

NOT HI H (aq)+I (aq)

It forms (hydrated) hydrogen/hydroxonium ions

+
Any reference to H will suffice
NOT proton donor

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

equation (1)
state symbols consequential on correct equation (1)

Because the surface of the calcium oxide gets coated with

insoluble/sparingly soluble / impermeable calcium sulphate
A protective layer of . impermeable and coated

1
[10]

74.

Magnesium or beryllium

1
[1]

75.

10

(a)

2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (1) 4p 5s (1)

(b)

(i)

Sr(g) Sr (g) + e

Formulae (1)
(ii)

State symbols (1)

ALL increasing (1)

Jump between second and third larger than between any other pair (1)

(c)

Provide red colour

(d)

(i)

Sr

2+

(ii)

Sr(OH)2

(i)

Sr(s) + 2H2O(I) Sr(OH)2(aq or s) + H2(g)

(e)

Formula, H2 and balancing (1)

State symbols (1)
(ii)
Sri Lankan School

Sr(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) SrCl2(aq) + 2H2O(I)

19

Formulae and balancing (1)

State symbols (1)
(f)

Any number from 8 to 12 inclusive

1
[14]

76.

ALLOW multiples in (i), (ii) and (iii) and (c)

(a)

2+

Ca Ca

(ii)

2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH

(iii)

Ca + 2H2O Ca + H2 + 2OH
Or
Ca(OH)2 + H2
NOT consequential on (i) and (ii)

(Vigorous) bubbles/fizzes/effervesces (1)

(white) ppt./suspension / cloudy / milky (1)
IGNORE gas evolved/ hydrogen produced/ names
IGNORE calcium dissolves/gets smaller
If flame described 1 max

(iv)

+ 2e / Ca 2e Ca

2+

(i)

2+

(b)

Increases

(c)

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

species (1)
st
balancing (1) dependent on 1 mark

2
[8]

77.

(a)

(b)

Iodine/ I2 OR astatine / At2

Bromine/Br2

Chlorine / C12 OR fluorine/F2

If halides given max 2
If symbols for atoms given max 2
If symbols for ions given 0

(i)
(ii)

(c)

(d)

Ions produced (1)

to which H2O bonds /become hydrated (1)
+

H formed (in solution) / H3O

hydrogen bonding in HF (1) - stand alone

stronger than vdW/dipole-dipole/dispersion forces in HI (1) - must be an
identified intermolecular force NOT HI does not have hydrogen bonding

+1 , +5 / 1+, 5+ / I, V (2)
1, 5
(1)
1, 5
(0)
+
5+
Superscript pluses penalised once eg Cl , C1 (1)
+
3+
BUT Cl , Cl (0) ie two errors

2
[10]

83.

(a)

(b)

(i)

+7/7+ /VII

(ii)

+7/7+ /VII

(i)

Sn

2+

+ 2e

()

I2 + 2e
Sri Lankan School

4+

Sn

()

21 (1)

OR Sn

2+

2e

()

4+

Sn (1)
2
20

Sri Lankan School

21

(ii)

2+

4+

Sn + I2 Sn + 2I
IGNORE state symbols

1
[5]

88.

(a)

% oxygen 100 (31.84 + 28.98) = 39.18 (1)

K
31.84/39
0.8164

Cl
28.98/35.5

O
39.18/16

0.8163

2.448

Divide by Ar (1)
Divide by smallest

1
1
3
M u s t b e 2 o r m o r e s ig n if ic a n t f ig u r e s
Alternative multiply by Ar + SUM (1)
(b)

Calc % (1)

39.18 for 0 (1)

Ratio of moles or mass (1)

Moles of A or relative mass of A (1)
24 or volume of O2 (1) (not stand alone)
E.g.
2 moles of A gives 3 mols of oxygen (1)
1.0g of A 1.00/122.5 moles of A
therefore 1.00 3/122.5 2 moles of oxygen
volume of oxygen = 1.00 3 24 / 122.5 2
3
= 0.294 dm
OR
1.00g of A gives 0.3918 g of oxygen (1)
0.3918 g of oxygen = 0.03918/32 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 moles (1)
3
3
0.0122 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 24 dm of O = 0.293 dm (1)
2-4 significant figure in answer allowed

3
[6]

89.

(a)

Br or bromide [care clearly bromide ion] (1)

(b)

A colourless solution / a greenish-yellow gas / greenish-yellow solution (1)

Turn to a brown/ red-brown solution/ gives a black or grey solid (1)
NOT red / yellow / orange
If solution not indicated but colourless brown (1)
If neither state is indicated and colourless black (0)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

(Simultaneous) oxidation and reduction of same species (in the same

reaction)
NOT atom, element, particle, substance, ion

Selects C (1) - conditional on an attempt at an explanation

3 chlorine oxidation numbers +1, +5, 1 (1)
Linkage +1 to +5 identified as oxidation AND +1 to 1 identified as
reduction (1)

3
[7]

90.

(a)

(i)

(ii)
Sri Lankan School

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1 mark equation ionic equation must include spectator ions
1 mark state symbols

In Ca valence electrons further away from nucleus / less attraction

of nucleus on valence electrons / more shielding (1)
22

Lower IE / loses outer electrons more easily (therefore faster reaction) (1) 2
(iii)

(b)

(i)

Calcium sulphate (1)

Forms an insoluble / protective layer (1) - NOT free standing if
incorrect compound
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 (1)
2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
1 for species
1 for balance

(ii)

Calcium nitrate less (thermally) stable / decomposes more easily than

potassium nitrate (1) dependent on attempt at explanation
Calcium ion smaller (1)
Calcium ion has double charge (1)

} (1) for greater charge density

}

Therefore greater polarising power / greater polarisation of nitrate (1)

Bonds in nitrate more easily broken / oxide ion / oxygen atom more
attracted (1)

5
[14]

93.

(a)

An element with its highest energy electron in a p orbital (1)

(b)

(i)
(ii)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Colour brown (1)

State: liquid (1)

The solution goes (from colourless to) dark brown / black solid
produced (1)

(i)

Br2 + 2e 2Br (1) or this

(ii)

Fe

(iii)

Br2 + 2Fe
or this

(i)

Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O (2)

1 mark for correct bromine products
Ionic equation acceptable

(ii)

Disproportionation (1)

(i)

KBr 1 (1) KBrO3 +5 (1) Br2 0(1)

(ii)

Oxidising agent: KBrO3 (1)

2+

Fe

3+

2+

+ e (1)

2Br + 2Fe

1
1

3+

(1)

Oxidation number of Br in KBrO3 goes down (1)

2
[15]

96.

(a)
(b)

Bromine liquid (1)

Iodine solid (1)

AgNO3 (aq): yellow ppt / solid / suspension with

Nal (1)
Cream / pale yellow / off white / ivory
ppt / solid / suspension with NaBr (1)
Not cloudy not white.
Add ammonia solution :
ppt. insoluble / stays the same. Nal (1)
ppt. (partially) soluble NaBr (1)

If says dilute ammonia must say partially soluble for AgBr.

Sri Lankan School

23

If says conc ammonia must say soluble for AgBr.

[6]

97.

(a)

(b)

(i)

2Ca + O2 2CaO (1)

(ii)

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH (1)

(iii)

Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O

Species (1) Balancing (1)

(Thermal stability) increases (1) (with some

attempt at a reason)
(cat)ion size increases / (cat)ion charge density
decreases (1)
polarises or distorts carbonate ion / anion /
electron cloud less. (1)

3
[7]

100. (a)

(b)

(i)

(i)

(ii)

(i)

(ii)

(d)

NaCl
or
2NaCl

H2SO4 NaHSO4

HCl (1)

H2SO4 Na2SO4

2HCl (1)

add silver nitrate (solution) / correct formula AgN0 3 (aq) (1)

white ppt /solid (1)
soluble in dilute ammonia /ammonia solution (1)
or
add lead nitrate/ethanoate (solution) (1)
white ppt. (1)
soluble in hot water (1)
Any feasible correct chemical method can score the marks here

dissociates /reacts/lionises/changes into ions (as it dissolves) (1)

+
+
forming H ions / H3O ions/ donates a proton to water.
This makes the solution an acid (1)

damp litmus paper (1) bleached (1)

or
damp starch-iodide paper (1) goes blue (1)
Displacement acceptable

[+4] [1] (1)

[+2] [1] [0] (1)
positive charge not essential

(hydrogen) iodide is more easily oxidized / loses electrons more

easily than (hydrogen) chloride (1)
because larger (than chloride) (1)
Could argue from the reducing power of the iodide / chloride
for the first mark

2
[12]

102. (a)

(b)

(i)

Ca brick red or orange red, Ba (apple) green (1) each

(ii)

electrons excited / promoted (1)

fall to lower energy level / orbital (1)
give out energy in the visible region / in form of light (1)

2Ba(NO3)2 2BaO + 4NO2 + O2 (2)

species (1) balance (1)

Sri Lankan School

24

(c)

(i)

ability (of a cation) to distort / change shape of (1)

the electron cloud around an anion (1)

(ii)

Size /radius /ionic radius (1) charge (1)

(iii)

Mg / magnesium ion smaller than Ba / barium ion

or
2+
Mg has higher change density (1)
2+
Polarising power increases/ Mg able to polarise the nitrate
2+
ion more effectively than Ba (1)
this weakens the bonds in the nitrate / bonds in nitrate more
easily broken (1)

2+

2+

3
[14]

103. (a)
(b)
(c)

(d)

B (1)

Limewater turns milky CO2 (1)

MgCO3 decomposes on heating to CO2 label correct / equation (1)

Substance on wire in flame (1) not burn or heat (in test tube)
(Pale) green flame for barium (1)
No colour for magnesium (1)
or
add dilute sulphuric acid (1)
barium hydroxide does not dissolve (1)
magnesium hydroxide dissolves / forms colourless solution (1)
or
Valid chemical test

(brown gas is) nitrogen dioxide (1)

(gas relights a glowing splint) oxygen (1)
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
species (1) balance (1)

4
[10]

105. (a)

(i)

LiCl red/scarlet/crimson/carmine red (1)

NaBr orange/yellow (1)
KI lilac/purple/mauve/pink/violet/lavender (1)

(ii)

Excited electrons (1)

Move down energy levels (1)

(b)

(i)

LiCl - white/steamy fumes

NaBr - brown/orange vapour or liquid
Kl - purple vapour / dark solid or liquid or residue

(ii)

LiCl(s) + H2SO4(l) LiHSO4(s) + HCl(g)

formulae (1), states (1)
or 2LiCl(s) + H2SO4(l) Li2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
formulae (1), states (1)

2
[11]

106. (a)

(i)

Loss of electrons

(ii)

A substance which gains/removes/accepts electrons

(iii)

Chlorine (is stronger oxidising agent)

Sri Lankan School

25

(b)

(c)

So it can accept electrons from Br /

so it can displace Br / so can oxidise Br

3OCl ClO3 + 2Cl

formulae + charges (1), balancing (1)

(ii)

Disproportionation

(i)

SO2: +4

(i)

SO4 : +6

(ii)

Oxidised because oxidation number of S becomes more positive/sulphur loses

electrons
1

(iii)

Starch/any named non polar solvent: hexane, chloroform, volasil

Blue-black/purple

2
[12]

108. (a)

formal charge

an atom would have in a compound if ionic

OR

(b)

number of electrons lost or gained

control of / used for bonding

(i)

0 +1 1 (ignore everything else)

(ii)

One of the chlorines in each molecule (0 to +1) has lost

an electron / been oxidised

The other chlorine in the chlorine molecule has

gained an electron / been reduced to 1

a simple statement / definition of disproportionation

(c)

reacts / changes / dissociates / ionises /

HCl donates a proton to the water
+

(d)

max 1

H (aq) or H3O (aq) ions

white precipitate (1) soluble in ammonia. (1) chloride cream ppte (1)
slightly soluble in ammonia (1) bromide yellow ppte (1)
insoluble in ammonia (1) iodide

if only 3 colours without any mention of ppte max 1 out of 3

[13]

109. (a)
110. (a)

(i)

2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

formulae correct (1) balance (1). Ignore any state symbols.
The balance mark is not standalone.

(ii)

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

steam / fizzing sound / crumbles (1)

solid swells up / milky liquid produced / comment about sparingly soluble
substance (1)
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 (1) ignore any state symbols

less (1)

26

(iv)

(Cat)ion size increases down the Group / charge density decreases (1)
(not atom size)
The polarizing power of the cation decreases down the Group (1).
The less polarized the anion is by the cation the more difficult the nitrate is to
decompose (1).
Polarisation mark could come from the less the electron cloud is distorted
or
trend in cation size (1)
comparison of the lattice energies of the nitrate and the oxide (1)
balance in favour of oxide at top of group
and the nitrate at the bottom (1)
3

(b)

(i)

same number of particles in a smaller volume / gas density increased (1) 1

(ii)

comment related to the number of molecules on each side to explain a shift to

l.h.s. (1) (not just due to Le Chatelier)
so at higher pressure equilibrium moves to favour N 2O4 (1)
2

(iii)

Kp = p(NO2)
p(N2O4)

There must be some symbolism for pressure, and no [ ]

(iv)

(Kp = p(NO2) = 48)

p(N2O4)
2

p(NO2) = 48 0.15 = 7.2 (1)

p(NO2) = 2.7 (1) atm (1) accept 2.683 / 2.68 / 2.7
Answer and units conditional on (iii).

3
[16]

6.

(a)

(i)

Mark the two points independently, subject to the constraint in

Reject column
Effect:
(Equilibrium) shifts to the right (1)
ALLOW: favours forward reaction / increase the amount of product
/ increase the yield (of product)
Reason:
Exothermic (in forward direction) (1)
NOTE: Just (equilibrium) shifts in the exothermic direction
scores (1)

Equilibrium shifts to left will score (0) for (a)(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

First mark:
Activation energy for the reaction is too high / (if cooled) molecules
would not have enough energy to react / few(er) molecules have the
required Ea/more molecules have energy Ea at higher temperatures
OR
not (technologically) feasible to cool the gases before they enter the
converter/costly to cool the gases (1)
27

Second mark:
(cooling the gases would make) the rate (too) slow /rate is faster if the
temperature is high (so the gases are not cooled) (1) 2
Cooling the gases decreases the yield (of products) /an
incorrect Le Chatelier argument
(iii)

Mark the two points independently, subject to the

constraint in Reject column
Effect:
(Equilibrium) shifts to the right
ALLOW: favours forward reaction / increase the amount of product /
increase the yield of product (1)
Reason:
Shifts / moves in the direction of fewer (moles of gas) molecules
ALLOW shifts in direction of fewer moles (of gas molecules) (1)
IGNORE effect on the rate

Equilibrium shifts to left will score (0) for (a)(iii)

.... fewer atoms
(b)

(i)

(In NO): +2 / 2+ (1)

(In NO3 ): +5 / 5+ (1)

NOTE:
(In NO): Just 2
AND

(In NO3 ): Just 5 scores (1)

(ii)

NO3 + 4H + 3e NO + 2H2O
ACCEPT multiples

(iii)

Ag Ag + e

()

2
()

/ Ag e

Ag

ACCEPT multiples
IGNORE state symbols, even if incorrect
Ag + e
(iv)

3Ag + NO3 + 4H

Ag+
+

3Ag + NO + 2H2O (2)

(1) for multiplication of the silver half-equation by three or cq multiple

from (b)(ii)
(1) for rest of equation correct
NOTE: Equation must be completely correct for the second mark.
IGNORE state symbols, even if incorrect

if any e are left in the final equation, second mark cannot be

scored
[13]

16.

C
[1]

Sri Lankan School

28

17.

(a)

(b)

1
[2]

20.

(a)

Starch (solution)

(b)

(i)

I2 at start = 1 10 / 0.001 (mol)

(ii)

1.26 10 (mol) thiosulfate (1)

4
6.3(0) 10 / 0.00063 (mol) I2 (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)
Ignore SF except 1 SF

(iii)

1
3

I2 used = (1 10 - 6.30 10 ) = 3.70 10 (mol) (1)

4

Mol SO2 = mol I2 = 3.70 10 / 0.00037 (mol) (1)

Correct answer with no working (1)
ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii)
Ignore SF except 1 SF
(iv)

Mass SO2 in 100 m = (64.1 3.70 10 ) (1)

3

Mass SO2 in 1 m = 64.1 3.70 10 /100 = 237(.2) 10-6 g

4

= 2.37 10 g (1)
(= 237.2 / 237 / 240 g) units required
( within limit)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Allow TE from (iii)

Ignore SF except 1 SF

Improved because titration may be repeated /averages could be taken

ALLOW
Smaller titration reading so greater (%) error

Larger titration reading (1)

So smaller (%)error in titration reading (1)
OR
Smaller mass of sodium thiosulfate used to make solution (1)
So greater %) error in the mass measurement (1)
Second mark dependent on correct first or near miss

Smaller titration reading as more I2 reacts/ less I2 left (1)

So greater (%) error in titration reading (1)
Second mark dependent on correct first or near miss)
OR
Smaller (%) error in measuring volume of air (1)

2
[13]

34.

(a)

(i)

metallic

Reject metal
(ii)

attraction between ions and delocalised electrons

is stronger in lithium (1)
With reference to atoms 1 max
as lithium ion is smaller / lithium ion has greater charge
density/ electrons closer to nucleus (1)

Accept reverse argument

Sri Lankan School

29

(b)

(i)

x
Cl
x
(1 )

o
X

o
o

o o
o o
o
Cl
o
o o
o o

o
o

o
o

(1 )

Accept all dots and crosses

Accept charges next to element symbols
Reject correct electronic structure but wrong or no charges max
1
Reject covalent structures = 0
(ii)

(iii)

Electrons are promoted (to higher energy level). (1)

Then they fall back to lower levels (they emit light
of particular wavelength). (1)

strontium / calcium

Accept rubidium
[8]

35.

(a)

Lithium
carmine/ red/ magenta/ crimson
Any combination of these or prefaced by deep or dark
Accept scarlet
Reject brick-red
Potassium: lilac
Accept mauve or purple
Sodium: yellow
Accept orange or yellow-orange
All three correct 2 marks
Two correct 1 mark

(b)

Electrons (absorb heat energy and) are promoted (to higher level) (1)
Accept excited
Accept any phrase that implies movement to higher level
If answer based on absorption spectra scores zero
They drop back and emit light/radiation (of characteristic colour) (1)

Ignore references to shells, sub-shells, etc.

Reject colour or energy
(c)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

LiCl + H2SO4 LiHSO4 + HCl

30

Ignore state symbols

Accept multiples
Accept 2LiCl +H2SO4 Li2SO4 +2HCl
(iii)

NaI + AgNO3 AgI + NaNO3

Ignore state symbols and spectator ions

Accept multiples
+

Accept Ag + I AgI
[6]

38.

(a)

10

10

3d 4s and 3d

1
1

10

Accept 4s 3d
(b)

(i)

QWC*
the (3)d subshell is full (1)
Accept orbitals (it must be plural) for sub-shell
Reject comments on partially filled sub-shell
so no d-d transitions are possible
OR no transitions in the right energy range are possible (1)
(and no light is absorbed)
nd
Any mention of light emission loses 2 mark

(ii)

combine the halfreactions to get 2Cu Cu

IGNORE state symbols

2+

+ Cu (1)

and show that E for this is (+) 0.37 (V) (and as it is positive it is
feasible) (1)
conditional on correct reaction

Reject just > 0.3 (V)

(iii)

activation energy (for the disproportionation) is high

OR
+
Cu is kinetically stable

Reject activation energy for one of the half-equations is too

high
(c)

(i)

divides each by atomic mass (1)

divides by smallest to obtain Cu2SO6H2 (1)

Division by atomic number scores zero

(ii)

CuSO4.Cu(OH)2 (2)
If formula wrong but sulphate/ SO4 is present scores 1 (out of 2)

Accept Cu2SO4(OH)2
Accept Cu2(OH)2SO4
Accept (CuOH)2SO4
Reject HSO4 instead of SO4
Sri Lankan School

31

(iii)

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]

2+

Accept [Cu(NH3)4]
Reject [Cu(NH3)6]
(d)

2+

2+

(iv)

ligand exchange / ligand substitution

(i)

QWC

(add aldehyde to 2,4DNP) to obtain precipitate/ppt/solid/crystals (1)

recrystallise derivative (1)
determine melting temperature of derivative (1)
compare with data tables (1) 4th mark conditional on melting
temperature of a derivative being measured

Reject any identification method based on IR, NMR or mass for

last 2 marks
(ii)

the aldehyde is distilled off as it is formed

Reject any mention of reflux

Reject just the aldehyde is distilled off
(iii)

propanoic acid OR CH3CH2COOH OR CH3CH2CO2H

Accept C2H5 for CH3CH2

(iv)

(v)

No (extra) oxygen present

OR catalyst specific to formation of aldehyde / only lowers E a
of first oxidation
OR presence of hydrogen gives reducing conditions
OR copper is not an oxidising agent
OR aldehydes rapidly leave catalyst surface

(At high pressure) all active sites are occupied/full

OR
(At higher pressures) rate controlled by availability of sites.

Accept reverse argument for low pressure

[20]

39.

(a)

Ca(NO3)2(s) CaO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

Accept doubled up version or multiples

(b)

(i)

Blue

1
Accept purple
Reject green, green-blue

(ii)

OH / HO / OH / HO

1
[3]

40.

(a)

Red / crimson / carmine

Accept magenta / cherry red

Reject pink
(b)

During the flame test promoted/excited electrons return to

Sri Lankan School

32

ground state, whereas during ionisation electrons leave

permanently/completely
Flame test: electrons move to higher shells / are excited
then fall back again / return to lower shells / to ground state
(releasing energy), i.e. electrons up then down
Ionisation: electrons leave (permanently), i.e. electrons out
Any false statement regarding energy changes loses the mark, eg
electrons are promoted to higher shells releasing energy

1
[2]

43.

(a)

Ca + O2CaO

IGNORE state symbols

ALLOW multiples
(b)
++
++

+
+
+
C
+
+

+
+
+
a
+
+

2+
+ O
+

++
++

(1)

(c)

(1)

ALLOW all dots or all crosses for oxide ion

Max 1 if no/wrong charges
1 mark for two correct charges
Covalent bonding (0)

(i)

Calcium hydroxide
NOT limewater

(ii)

10 14

1
[5]

Sri Lankan School

33

44.

(a)

(i)

Add silver nitrate (solution) (1) ACCEPT correct formula

(pale) yellow precipitate/solid(1)
OR
Add chlorine (solution)/bromine (solution) and hydrocarbon solvent (1)
Solvent goes purple/pink/violet (1)
nd
st
2 mark is dependent on 1

(ii)

(iii)

Iodine /I and sulphur / S identified (1) -NOT I2 /I /iodide

Iodine
initial (+)5 final 1 (1)
Sulphur
initial (+)4 final (+)6 (1)
ACCEPT as roman numerals
ACCEPT +/ on either side/sub or superscript
ACCEPT as words
1 6 = 6,

3 +2 = +6

ALLOW TE from (ii)

OR total change in oxidation number of +6 for S, 6 for I

(b)

(i)

(ii)

ACCEPT justification in terms of electrons

pipette
ALLOW burette
NOT measuring cylinder

Starch (solution) (1)

blue/dark blue/blue-black/black to colourless (1)
ALLOW max 1 if candidate states no indicator needed/self-indicating
with colour change brown/yellow to colourless
If no indicator given but correct colour change 1 (out of 2)

(iii)

24.0
2.4(0) 10 4
1000

OR 0.00024 (mol)

The mark is for the answer

(iv)

2.40 10 4

4
2
1.2(0) 10 (mol) OR 0.00012 (mol)

ALLOW TE from (iii)

The mark is for the answer
(v)

1
3

1.2 10 100 = 0.012(0) (mol dm )

ALLOW TE from (iv)
The mark is for the answer

1
[12]

48.

(a)

(i)

(1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p

(ii)

3 IE roughly in line with first two in third row

(including lines)

rd

th

4 IE well above this line difference between

nd
rd
2 and 3 + two squares

Sri Lankan School

34

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

3+

Al Al + 3e

OR 3e on LHS
ALLOW multiples
IGNORE state symbols

O2 + 4e 2O (NOT O + 2e O ) (NOT O2 2O
ALLOW multiples
IGNORE state symbols

4e )
1

4Al + 3O2 2AI2O3 ALLOW multiples

Stand alone
NOT consequential on bi and ii
3+
2
NOT 4Al + 6O

1
[6]

51.

O + H2O 2OH
IGNORE state symbols
2+
ALLOW if Mg shown on both sides

1
[1]

52.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(b)

(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(c)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Cl2(aq) + 2I (aq) 2Cl (aq) + I2(aq / s) OR halved version

Entities (1)
Balancing and state symbols (1)
nd
st
2 mark dependent on 1 unless spectator ions included on
both sides of equation

Purple/pink/violet/mauve/lilac OR any combination of these colours

Can be prefixed by deep or dark
Any mention of red (0)

Orange OR yellow ALLOW red OR brown

ALLOW any combination of these colours

iodine in I2 : 0

iodine in I : 1 (1)

sulphur in SO2 : +4

sulphur in SO4 : +6

(1)

sulphur dioxide / SO2 ,

because of sulphurs increased oxidation number/losing electrons
ALLOW because sulphur dioxide gains oxygen
[both parts needed for the mark]
ALLOW reverse argument ie iodine gains
electrons/oxidation number decreases
I2(aq) + SO2(aq) +
ALLOW multiples

2H2O

2I(aq)

+ SO4 (aq) +

4H+(aq)
1

the red colour would interfere with the colour change at the
end-point
OR so that the colour of the indicator/the end-point can be
seen/determined

colourless to (deep/dark) blue / blue-black / black

Any mention of purple (0)

35

(iii)

(12.2)
0.001 1.22 10 5 / 0.0000122
1000
moles of iodine =
(1)
moles of sulphur dioxide
5
= 1.22 10 (1)
ALLOW answer equal to or a single digit multiple of answer above
concentration of SO2
5

= 1.22 10 (1000) = 4.88 10 /0.000488 (mol dm )

25

(iv)

(1)

OR 4.9 10 /0.00049 (mol dm )

ALLOW TE from answer above

IGNORE units

activated charcoal might react with / adsorb SO2 /

(traces of) charcoal might react with I 2
(thus giving an underestimate of [SO2] in the wine)

1
[14]

53.

(a)

(i)

(1)
cycle with state symbols or as energy level diagram. (1)
labels (in symbols, words or numbers) (1)
2+

Hsoln = Hlat + Hhyd Ca + 2 Hhyd OH OR values

Hlat = 1650 + 2 (460) (16.2) (1)
= 2553.8
(ii)

Solubility increases down the group (1)

(if this is wrong, no marks available in this part)
QWC

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Hhyd of cation decreases / less exothermic (1)

but Hlatt decreases more (1)
therefore Hsol gets more exothermic / increases (1)

Calcium hydroxide will be less soluble at the higher temperature, (1)

(if this is wrong, no marks available in this part)
because the reaction is exothermic (left to right) (1)
(an increase in temperature will cause a) decrease in the value of K
(and (1) hence drive the equilibrium to the left).

The solubility will decrease,

(if this is wrong, no marks available in this part)

because the addition of OH ions will increase [OH ] /

36

concentration of OH (1) driving the equilibrium to the left. (1)

(c)

The three gases are:

hydrogen bromide
bromine
sulphur dioxide

) (1)
) OR formulae (1)
) (1)

The hydrogen chloride / CaCl2 / chloride evolved is not a strong enough

reducing agent to reduce / cannot reduce the concentrated sulphuric acid (or
sulphuric not a strong enough oxidising agent to ) (1)

4
[18]

54.

(a)

Any two
(Misty) steam / water droplets / condensation (on upper part of the test
tube) (1)
NOT water vapour
NOT white gas
Brown gas / fumes / vapour evolved (1)
NOT NO2 evolved
NOT fizzing
Crystals dissolve (in their own water of crystallisation) /melt /liquefy/
form a solution (1)
NOT crystals decompose/ get smaller/disappear
Forms a white solid (1)

(b)

Name (1)
Test (1) is dependent on correct material
e.g.
Water / Steam / H2O (1)
(Anhydrous) CuSO4(s) (white) to blue
OR
CoCl2(paper) (blue) to pink/purple (1)
NOT damp CoCl2(paper)
OR
Nitrogen dioxide / Nitrogen(IV) oxide / NO2 (1)
(moist) litmus/pH paper turns to red/orange/pink (1)
NOT pH meter
IF nitric acid, allow test with pH paper for 1(out of 2)
OR
Oxygen / O2 (1)
glowing splint (re)kindles (1)

2
[4]

55.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

OH / OH / HO / HO
IGNORE brackets

Ammonia (is a weak base) and is only partially ionised, whereas

NaOH(aq) is fully ionised / ammonia has fewer OH ions / lower

OH concentration [or converse]

Answer must give a comparison, either explicitly or implicitly e.g.
more/less/-er/only
ASSUME it refers to ammonia BUT must still be a comparison
NOT answers in terms of protons being accepted on its own

Sri Lankan School

37

NOT answers that imply rate e.g. readily

(b)

RQP
OR R Q P
OR R < Q <P
ACCEPT upper or lower case letters or mixture of both

1
[3]

59.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

Hydrogen iodide / HI/ H-I / IH

ALLOW either correct name or formula
NOT hi / ih
NOT + or on any formula
If both name and formula given but one is incorrect (1)
H3PO4 + 3KI 3HI + K3PO4
OR
H3PO4 + 2KI 2HI + K2HPO4
OR
H3PO4 + KI HI + KH2PO4

ALLOW HK2PO4
ALLOW H2KPO4

Correct formulae (1) ALLOW minor slip in formula

Correctly balanced (1)

ALLOW multiples
If overall formula of salt is correct ignore charges, even if
incorrect
(iii)

Reagent
(+)
()
silver nitrate (solution) / Ag NO3 (1)
If formula given must be correct
+
NOT Ag
Observation
Yellow / pale yellow precipitate/solid/crystals (1)
OR
Add chlorine/bromine with a hydrocarbon solvent to give
purple/pink/violet colour
nd

nd

2 mark depends on correct test BUT allow 2 mark if Ag

given as reagent
(b)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

Purple vapour / gas/ fumes

OR
Brown/black solid/solution/liquid
NOT increase in temperature/fizzing/solid dissolves
If more than one observation eg all correct or correct plus
neutral (1) but if correct plus contradictory (0)

Paper goes black /silvery black / grey/brown/

black ppt forms / darkens
IGNORE original colours
NOT discoloured

Lead(II) sulphide / Pb(II) sulphide

ALLOW Pb(II)S / lead(II) sulphide(II)
NOT lead sulphide (II)
NOT PbS
38

Brackets not essential

(iv)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Elements

iodine / I / I / iodide and sulphur / S (1)

NOT I2
Oxidation numbers
iodine oxidised from 1 to 0 (1)
sulphur reduced from (+)6 to 2 (1)
Oxidation numbers must be given in correct order
1 mark for each correct pair of oxidation numbers

(Standard) sodium thiosulphate / Na2S2O3

ALLOW any named thiosulphate
2
ACCEPT thiosulphate ions / S2O3
NOT thiosulphate on its own

Starch (1)
Blue-black /(dark) blue/black to colourless (1)
ALLOW no indicator/self-indicating/iodine and yellow to
colourless 1 (out of 2)
If indicator left blank (0)
nd
st
2 mark is dependent on 1
4

(iii)

4.8 10 20 = 9.6 10 /0.0096/0.00960 / 0.009600 etc

(iv)

Molar mass of Kl = 166

3
Mass pure KI = 166 9.6 x10 (1) = 1.59/1.593 / 1.5936 g
ALLOW TE from (iii)

2
1

% purity = (1.59/1.75) 100 = 90.9 / 91.1 / 91 / 91.06 / 91.063% (1)

ALLOW sensible TE from molar mass
OR
Calculation based on moles
IGNORE SF

2
[17]

61.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

H + I OR all dots/crosses
shared pair (1)
st
correct outer shell (1) consequential on 1 mark

Because HI has more electrons (1) NOT iodine/iodide

NOT because atoms are bigger/heavier
it has stronger/larger induced dipole / vdW / London / dispersion
forces (1)
more energy is required to separate the molecules/break/overcome vdW
forces (1)

HI + H2O H3O + I
IGNORE state symbols
+

NOT HI H (aq)+I (aq)

It forms (hydrated) hydrogen/hydroxonium ions

+
Any reference to H will suffice
39

(c)

(i)

(ii)

NOT proton donor

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

equation (1)
state symbols consequential on correct equation (1)

Because the surface of the calcium oxide gets coated with

insoluble/sparingly soluble / impermeable calcium sulphate
A protective layer of . impermeable and coated

1
[10]

66.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Cl in HCl: 1 / 1
O in H2O2: 1 / 1

Cl in Cl2: 0 (1)
O in H2O: 2 / 2 (1)

hydrochloric acid/hydrogen chloride/chloride ion/ HCl/Cl

NOT chlorine UNLESS the chlorine in HCl

N.B. Read whole thing through.

Look for good use of chemical language eg use of molecule / atom
O.N. of 2 Cls has increased by (1 2=) TWO
O.N. of 2 Os has decreased by (1 2=) TWO
OR
In terms of electron exchange from one oxidation state to another.
OR
Can consider total oxidation numbers remaining constant eg sum of O and Cl
O.N. = 4 on left, sun of O and Cl O.N. = 4 on right too.

1
[4]

67.

2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

ALLOW whole equation divided by 2 (i. e. O2(g)) or other correct multiples

1
[10]

68.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

Electrons promoted/excited to higher energy levels (1)

Fall back releasing energy as light of a particular frequency
/wavelength/emr (1)

(iii)

Sodium/Na

(i)

4.18 100 1.1 (1)

= 460J / 0.460 kJ/459.8J (1)

Mr MgSO4.7H2O = 246 (1)

12.3/246 = 0.05 (1) Allow TE

460/0.05
1
1
+9200 J mol /+9.2 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1)
1 for incorrect SF.
ALLOW TE from b(i) and/or b(ii)

Hr = H1 H2

(ii)
(iii)

(c)

Nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod (1)

cleaned in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1)
dipped in powdered sample and heated in flame (1)
rd
both ideas needed for 3 point.

(i)

Sri Lankan School

40

(ii)

+9.2 85.2
1
= +94 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1)

2
[15]

70.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

C12(aq)/(g) + 2I (aq) 2Cl (aq) + I2(aq)/(s)

Formulae including charges (1)
Balancing and all state symbols (1) ALLOW multiples

Brown/yellow/red
OR any combination of the three eg red-brown.
NOT orange on its own or as a combination of the above

1/1
+5/5+

)
)

+4/4+
+6/6+

)
)

3SO2(aq) 3SO4 (aq) (1)

+

(c)

(i)

(ii)

3H2O(I) 6H (aq) (1)

ALLOW multiples

Separating funnel (1)

upper hydrocarbon layer (1)
pink/purple (1)

Evaporate / Distil solvent

1
[11]

71.

(a)

Phosphine has more electrons

(b)

(i)

Hydrogen/H bonds

Correct atoms (1)

...
Angle 180 /N-H N in straight line (1)

(ii)

[4]

74.

(a)

(b)

77.

(a)

Diagram showing
Electrons 2,8 (1)
Charge 2+ (1)

Energy/light/radiation
is emitted outside the visible spectrum/ in UV region
or frequency/wavelength/emission outside visible region.

(i)

a particle / species /group with an unpaired electron /OWTTE

(ii)
(iii)
(b)

1
homolytic

B and C

Sri Lankan School

1
1
41

(c)

(d)
(e)

(i)

C12 + CH4

CH3Cl

+ HCl

(ii)

+242 + 4 + 339 = 93 kJ mol

(A + B + F)
OR
1
+4 97 = 93 kJ mol
(B + C)
Method (1)
answer with units (1)

(i)

-242 kJ mol

(ii)

Exothermic because a bond has been formed.

2
1

Less endothermic (1)

the bond is weaker (1)

1
2
[11]

78.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i)

It would turn red.

(ii)

White fumes

(iii)

Sulphur dioxide / SO2

(i)

A pale yellow / off-white / cream precipitate / solid

(ii)

The precipitate would dissolve / disappear / the mixture goes clear

Both AgCl and AgBr are soluble in concentrated ammonia

No more of the solid will dissolve (1)

at that temperature (1)

100 g KBr and 25g KCl (1)

crystals only KBr (1)
solution contains both KBr and KCl (1)

(i)
(ii)

[11]

83.

(a)

(b)

(i)

White / colourless

(ii)

Yellow / orange

(iii)

2Br + Cl2 Br2 + 2Cl ACCEPT multiples

(iv)

Separate layers stated or implied (1)

Organic /Hydrocarbon / upper layer coloured orange (1)

(i)

Sulphur / S
Bromine / Br

)
)

(1)

S, initially 2, finally +1 sign needed (1)

Br,initially 0, finally 1 (1)

2 +3 = +6, 6 1 = 6
OR total change in ON of S = +6, total change in ON of Br = 6
OR Up 6, down 6
OR 6 electrons lost, 6 electrons gained

Greater van der Waals attractions in HI / iodine (1)

because it has more electrons (1)
Can be from a HBr perspective

(ii)

Hydrogen / H bonding in HF (but not in HBr or HI)

(iii)

Within range 174 to 195 (actually 188) (K) (1)

Fewer electrons than in HBr (but no hydrogen bonding)
weaker van der Waals forces than in HBr (1)

(ii)

(c)

(i)

[14]
Sri Lankan School

42

91.

(a)

(i)

Ticks in Cl2 /KBr and Cl2 /Kl boxes

(ii)

Solution / it becomes darker / turns brown / orange / yellow

OR black ppt

(iii)

Br2 + 2I I2 + 2Br

(iv)

Test for bromide ions: add silver nitrate (solution) (1)

pale yellow/cream/off-white/ivory ppt (1)
OR
test for iodine: add starch (solution) (1) OR hydrocarbon solvent (1)

blue-black colour
(b)

(c)

(i)

(1)

purple/pink upper layer (1)

Colour must be consistent with reagent.

Cr/chromium and I/iodine identified (1)

Cr, initially +6, finally +3 (1)
I, initially 1, finally 0 (1)

3+

(ii)

Cr2O7 + 14 H + 6I 2Cr

(i)

Bromine is toxic / poisonous / corrosive / causes burns

(ii)

May leave harmful residues (1)

Harmful vapour could escape (1)

Total opposition to use of chemical pesticides as posing a

general health risk (1)
Depletes /damages/ harms ozone layer. (1)
Build up in the food chain (1)

) Any one
)
)
)
1

+ 3I2 + 7H2O

1
1

[11]

92.

(a)

(b)

(i)

2Ca + O2 2CaO (1)

(ii)

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH (1)

(iii)

Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O

Species (1) Balancing (1)

(Thermal stability) increases (1) (with some

attempt at a reason)
(cat)ion size increases / (cat)ion charge density
decreases (1)
polarises or distorts carbonate ion / anion /
electron cloud less. (1)

3
[7]

93.

(a)

(b)
(c)

(i)

Ca brick red or orange red, Ba (apple) green (1) each

(ii)

electrons excited / promoted (1)

fall to lower energy level / orbital (1)
give out energy in the visible region / in form of light (1)

2Ba(NO3)2 2BaO + 4NO2 + O2 (2)

species (1) balance (1)
(i)

ability (of a cation) to distort / change shape of (1)

the electron cloud around an anion (1)

(ii)

Size /radius /ionic radius (1) charge (1)

(iii)

Mg
or

Sri Lankan School

2+

2+

/ magnesium ion smaller than Ba / barium ion

43

2+

Mg has higher change density (1)

2+
Polarising power increases/ Mg able to polarise the nitrate
2+
ion more effectively than Ba (1)
this weakens the bonds in the nitrate / bonds in nitrate more
easily broken (1)

3
[14]

94.

(a)

B (1)

(b)

Limewater turns milky CO2 (1)

MgCO3 decomposes on heating to CO2 label correct / equation (1)

Substance on wire in flame (1) not burn or heat (in test tube)
(Pale) green flame for barium (1)
No colour for magnesium (1)
or
add dilute sulphuric acid (1)
barium hydroxide does not dissolve (1)
magnesium hydroxide dissolves / forms colourless solution (1)
or
Valid chemical test

(brown gas is) nitrogen dioxide (1)

(gas relights a glowing splint) oxygen (1)
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
species (1) balance (1)

(c)

(d)

[10]

96.

(a)

(i)

LiCl red/scarlet/crimson/carmine red (1)

NaBr orange/yellow (1)
KI lilac/purple/mauve/pink/violet/lavender (1)

(ii)

Excited electrons (1)

Move down energy levels (1)

(b)

(i)

LiCl - white/steamy fumes

NaBr - brown/orange vapour or liquid
Kl - purple vapour / dark solid or liquid or residue

(ii)

LiCl(s) + H2SO4(l) LiHSO4(s) + HCl(g)

formulae (1), states (1)
or 2LiCl(s) + H2SO4(l) Li2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
formulae (1), states (1)

2
[11]

Sri Lankan School

44