DIGITAL

SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Part 4
J.S. Lim, Two Dimensional Signal Processing, in Advanced Topics In Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall.

Digital Signal Processing

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Signals:
Impulses: The 2-D impulse is,

1, n1 n 2 0
n1 , n 2
0, otherwise

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xn1 , n2 may be represented as a linear

Any sequence
combination of shifted impulses:

xn1 , n2

x[k , k ] [n
1

k1 , n2 k 2 ].

k1 k 2

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Line impulses are:

1, n1 0
xn1 , n2 T n1
0, otherwise

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or

1, n2 0
xn1 , n2 T n2
0, otherwise

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or

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1, n1 n2
xn1 , n2 T n1 n2
0, otherwise

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Step sequence:

n1 , n2 0
otherwise

1,
un1 , n2
0,

un1 , n2

n1

n2

[k , k ].
1

k1 k 2

or
n1 , n2 un1 , n2 un1 1, n2 un1 , n2 1 un1 1, n2 1

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Separable sequences:
A separable sequence can be written as

xn1 , n2 f1 n1 f 2 n2
The impulse is separable

n1 , n2 n1 n2

Periodic sequences:
~
x n1 , n2 is periodic with period N1xN2 if

~
x n1 , n2 ~
x n1 N1 , n2 ~
x n1 , n2 N 2
Example: Periodic with 2x4
~
x n1 , n2 cos n1 ( / 2)n2
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Systems:
The relation between the input
of the system is given by

x n 1 , n 2 and the response

y n 1 , n 2 F x n 1 , n 2 .

Linearity: A system is linear if

F a x 1 n 1 , n 2 b x 2 n 1 , n 2

where

a y 1 n 1 , n 2 b y 2 n 1 , n 2 .

y i n 1 , n 2 F x i n 1 , n 2

, i 1, 2 .

Time Invariance: A system is time-invariant if

F x n 1 m 1 , n 2 m

y n 1

m 1 , n 2 m 2 .

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Convolution:
For a LSI system with impulse response,
input/output relation is given by

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h n 1 , n 2 ,the

yn1 , n2 xn1 , n2 * hn1 , n2

x[k , k ]h[n
1

k1 , n2 k 2 ].

k1 k 2

Where * denotes 2-D convolution.

Convolution with a delayed impulse :

xn1 , n2 * n1 m1 , n2 m2 x[n1 m1 , n2 m2 ].

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Example:

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y n1 , n 2

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x [ k 1 , k 2 ] h [ n 1 k 1 , n 2 k 2 ].

k 1 k 2

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If the impulse response is separable

hn1 , n2 h1 n1 h2 n2
then

yn1 , n2

x[k , k ]h [n
1

k1 ]h2 [n2 k 2 ]

k1 k 2

h [n
1

k1

h [n
1

k1 ] x[k1 , k 2 ]h2 [n2 k 2 ]

k 2

k1 ] f k1 , n2

k1

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Stability:
A system is BIBO stable iff a bounded input leads to a
bounded output. If

h[n , n ]
1

n1 n2

then the system is BIBO stable.

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Discrete Space Fourier Transform (2D F.T.):

2D Fourier Transform and its inverse are defined as

X (1 , 2 )

xn , n e
1

j1n1 j 2 n2

n1 n2

xn1 , n2

1
(2 ) 2

X (1 , 2 ) e j1n1 e j2 n2 d1d 2 .

X (1 , 2 ) is periodic with 2 in both variables.

X (1 , 2 ) X (1 2 , 2 ) X (1 , 2 2 ).

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Example:

Frequency Response:
If the input to Linear Shift Invariant (LSI) system is

x[n1 , n2 ] e j1n1 e j2 n2
then

y[ n1 , n2 ] H (1 , 2 ) e j1n1 e j2 n2
where

H (1 , 2 )

hk , k e
1

j1k1 j2 k 2

k1 k 2

is the frequency response function of the system.

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Example:
Given LPF

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1, 1 a and 2 b
H (1 , 2 )
otherwise
0,

This function can be written as

H (1 , 2 ) H1 (1 ) H 2 ( 2 ).

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then

h[n1 , n2 ] h1[n1 ] h2 [n2 ]

sin(an1 ) sin(bn2 )
.
n1
n2

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Example:
Given impulse response and magnitude response of a 2D LPF
as

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Original

LP-Filtered

HP-Filtered

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Example:
Given frequency response of a 2D LPF as

1,
H (1 , 2 )
0,

12 22 c
12 22 c and 1 , 2

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then the impulse response sequence is

c
h[n1 , n2 ]
J 1 c n12 n22
2 n12 n22

where J1(x) is the Bessel function.

Digital Signal Processing

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2D Z-Transform:
2D Z-Transform is defined as

X ( z1 , z2 )

xn , n z
1

n1

z2

n2

n1 n2

where z1 and z2 are complex variables. The space

represented by (z1, z2) is four-dimesional (4-D).

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Example:
Given 2D sequence

x[n1 , n2 ] a n1 b n2 un1 , n2

then

X ( z1 , z2 )

n1

b n2 un1 , n2 z1 n1 z 2 n2

n1 n2

a

n1 0 z1

n1

n2

b
1
1

, z1 a and z 2 b

1 az11 1 bz 21
n2 0 z 2

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Inverse Z-Transform:
2-D polynomials, in general, can not be factored as a product
of lower order polynomials, therefore the partial fraction
expansion is not a general procedure for 2-D signals.

Linear, Constant Coefficient Difference Eq.:

LCCDE is given in the following form

ak , k yn
1

( k1 , k 2 ) R A

k1 , n2 k 2

bk , k xn
1

k1 , n2 k 2

( k1 , k 2 ) RB

where a and b are known, with boundary conditions.

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Example:
Given an IIR filter with a first quadrant impulse response as

H ( z1 , z 2 )

1
1 0.5 z11 z21

then

H ( z1 , z 2 )

Y ( z1 , z 2 )
1

X ( z1 , z 2 ) 1 0.5 z11 z 21

Y ( z1 , z 2 ) 0.5 Y ( z1 , z 2 ) z11 z 21 X ( z1 , z 2 )
y[n1 , n2 ] 0.5 y[n1 1, n2 1] x[n1 , n2 ]

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End of Part 4

Digital Signal Processing

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