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Selecting gas-turbine
inlet air systems
for new, retrofit
applications
Filtration efficiency
Hot DOP test. A common method for measuring the efficiency of high-efficiency filter media
is the hot DOP test. It involves boiling DOP and
injecting the vapor into the air stream in front of the
test filter. As the vapor condenses back to ambient temperature, it forms very uniform droplets of
about 0.3 micron diameter. Use of light scattering
instrumentation allows measurement of upstream
and downstream particle concentrations. HEPA
(high efficiency particulate air) filters, usually rated
for efficiencies in excess of 99.9% on 0.3 micron
size particles, are tested using this method.
To understand how misleading efficiency tests
can be, the table shows how certain filters would
respond to the three tests described above. For
example, assume a standard filter rated 65%
under ASHRAE 52-76 (dust spot). Locate the 6080% range in the center column. Now, look left
and right. Note that this same filter could be rated
95% efficient if measured by the weight arrestance
method or 35-40% efficient if measured by the
hot DOP method. The only types of filters that will
show high efficiency on the sub-micron particles
generated in the hot DOP test are HEPA filters and
electrostatic precipitators.
Comparing filter efficiency using different tests
ASHRAE weight
arrestance method, %
70-80
80-90
90-95
95
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
ASHRAE dust
spot method, %
15-30
20-35
40-60
60-80
80-90
90-98
Not applicable
MIL-STD 282,
hot DOP method, %
0
0
15-25
35-40
50-55
75-90
95-99.999*
*HEPA filters test at -100% efficiency using the arrestance and dust spot methods
Filter A
Filter B
patched.
Running wet. Another factor to consider when
Coarse
dust filter
Eurovent EN 779
class
class Efficiency, % Measured by
Standards
EU1
EU2
EU3
EU4
G1
G2
G3
G4
<65
65 <80
80 <90
>90
Synthetic
ASHRAE
dust weight
52-76,
arrestance Eurovent 4/5
Fine dust
filter
EU5
EU6
EU7
EU8
EU9
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
40 <60
60 <80
80 <90
90 <95
>95
Atmospheric BS 6540,
dust spot DIN 24 185,
efficiency
EN 779
HEPA
filter
EU10
EU11
EU12
EU13
EU14
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
85
95
99.5
99.95
99.995
Sodium
chloride
or liquid
aerosol
BS 3928,
Eurovent 4/5,
DIN 24 184
(DIN 24 183)
Ultra-low
EU15
penetration
EU16
air filter (ULPA) EU17
H15
H16
H17
99.9995
99.99995
99.999995
Liquid
aerosol
DIN 24 184
(DIN 24 183)
BS (British Standard) specifications generally have been replaced by ENBS (Euro norm/British Standard) specifications, which are commonly abbreviated EN. DIN are German standards
User perspective
an increase in pressure drop during the fogs occurrence and also for several hours after the fog has
cleared.
The importance of air velocity through the
filter, noted earlier, deserves greater scrutiny. A
filters operating velocity generally is defined as the
volumetric air flow divided by the filter face area.
Hence, a filter house with an air flow of 500,000
ft3/min and a filter face area of 1250 ft2 would have
a filter velocity of 400 ft/min. Performance data for
a filter normally is given at a nominal velocity,
which is chosen to be representative of the typical
in-service velocity.
The testing of filter characteristics are conducted at the nominal velocity and quoted in sales literature. When the actual in-service velocity is the
same, or close to, the nominal velocity, the filtration
system will perform as expected. But, for a variety
of reasons (typically, poor aerodynamic design of
the filter house and/or intake structure), some systems operate at velocities well above the nominal.
Result is an increase in pressure drop, a reduction
in specific dust holding capacity, and usually a
reduction in filtration efficiency.
To avoid this situation, all intake housings should
be analyzed for proper aerodynamics using computational fluid dynamics. Generic CFD analyses
generally are available for new intakes. But for retrofits to correct design deficiencies or an improper
design for actual conditions, have
a knowledgeable party conduct a
dedicated analysis. Pay particu- Filtration system selection guide
lar attention to the velocity profile Environment
Dust level
Weather protection
through the intake housing, speHot and dry
High
Weather hood
cifically the filtration system. A
Hot
and
dry
Low/medium
Weather
hood
well-designed system will have a
Humid
All
Weather
hood
relatively uniform velocity profile
Coastal
All
Weather
across the entire filter bank. This
hood/separator
velocity should be similar to the
High
rainfall
All
Separator
nominal velocity against which
Ice and snow High
Snow hood
performance data are quoted.
Ice and snow Low/medium Snow hood
Filtration system
Pulse
Static
Static
Static, downstream
separator
Static
Pulse
Static, anti-icing
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Gray market equipment
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