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Heat pipes and Thermosyphons

Heat pipes and Thermosyphons


Cold end

Cold end

Hot end
Inside the system, there is a fluid (usually termed refrigerant)
Hot end

Heat is transferred as latent


heat of evaporation which
means that the fluid inside
the system is continuously
changing phase from liquid
to gas.
The fluid is evaporating at
the hot end, thereby
absorbing heat from the
component.
At the cold end, the fluid is
condensed and the heat is
dissipated to a heat sink
(usually ambient air).

Heat pipes and Thermosyphons

Heat pipes

Heat pipes

Heat pipes

In Heat Pipes, capillary forces in the wick


ensures the liquid return from the hot end to
the cold end.
This means that a Heat Pipe can operate
independent of gravity. The heat pipe was
actually developed for zero gravity (i.e.
space) applications.

Heat pipes

Heat pipes - Applications

Heat pipes - Applications

Thermosyphons

LiquidVapor
Mixture
Hot
Component

Liquid

Air

988

1200

Falling tube

Condenser

101510

PCB

Example of a
Thermosyphon
cooling three
components in
parallel

Rising tube

Condenser

Schematic of a Thermosyphon

27 273

Are always gravity driven!


Loop system enables enhancement of heat
transfer and minimization of flow losses
(pressure drop).
Generally have better performance compared to
Heat Pipes working with gravity.

Evaporator

5 hole with d_f=1.5 mm


Falling tube length=1750mm
Rising tube height=1200 mm

Evaporator

Liquid head:988+27=1015 mm

Areas in a thermosyphon
Example of a
Thermosyphon
cooling three
components in
series

4 times

Advantages with Thermosyphon cooling:


Large heat fluxes can be dissipated from small
areas with small temperature differences
(150 W/cm2)
Heat can be transferred long distances without
any (or with very small) decrease in
temperature.

Component, 1 cm2
Evaporator, front, 2.2 cm2
Evaporator, inside, 3.5 cm2
Condenser, inside, 108 cm2
Condenser, facing air,
(heat sink included), 5400 cm2

Temperatures obtained experimentally in a


Thermosyphon system that has three evaporators that
each cool one component. The total heat dissipation is
170 W.
Component

Contact
resistance

Saturation
temperature

Evaporation

Condensation

Condenser
Thermosyphon

Temp

Fin to
air

Evaporator
Boiling

Contact
resistance

Saturation temp
Condensation

Hot side

Air

Cold side

Temperature difference as a function of the


heat dissipation

Evaporator geometries

(Prototype C, Condenser is fan cooled)


Data: P8F2MAX.STA 10v * 23c

12
R142b
Filling Ratio = 39%

Evaporator2

10 mm

Temp.difference (C)

10

14.7 mm

d=1.5 mm

d=2.5 mm

d=3.5 mm

Tc, d=0.8 mm

Condenser

2
0

d=1.1 mm

40

80

120

160

P (W)

Cooling of Power Amplifiers in a


Radio Base Station

Thermosyphons - Applications

Thermosyphons - Applications

Thermosyphons - Applications

Immersion cooling

Two phase flow in a


large diameter tube:
Flow regimes determine heat transfer
mechanism

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Thermosyphons
Rahmatollah Khodabandeh

all heat transfer correlations can be divided into three basic


models: 1) Superposition model 2) Enhancement model 3)
Asymptotic model
In the superposition model, the two contributions are
simply added to each other, while in the enhancement
model the contribution of nucleate and convective boiling
are multiplied to obtain a single-phase model. In the
asymptotic model the two mechanisms are respectively
dominant in opposite regions.
The local heat transfer coefficient as sum of the two
contributions htpn = h n + h n = (Eh L )n + (F hnb )n
cb
b
Where n is an asymptotic factor equal to 1 for the
superposition model and above 1 for the asymptotic model

Lazarek-Black, Tran and Crnwell-Kew have developed heat


transfer correlations for small diameter channel.
Coopers pool boiling correlation or Liu-Wintertons flow
boiling correlation can be used for heat transfer coefficient in
an advanced closed two-phase flow thermosyphon loop.
Liu-Winterton correlation
2
2 0.5
h tp = [(E h l ) + (s h pool ) ]
h pool = 55 p r 0.12 ( log 10(p r ))(0.55) M (0.5 ) q 0.67

E = 1 + (x ) Prl l 1
g

0.35

s = 1 + 0.055 E 0.1 (Re l )0.16

](

1)

k
h l = 0.023 l (Re l )0.8 (Prl )0.4
d

At least two different mechanisms behind flow boiling heat


transfer: convective and nucleate boiling heat transfer.
General accepted that the convective boiling increases
along a tube with increasing vapor fraction and mass flux.
Increasing convective boiling reduces the wall superheat
and suppresses the nucleate boiling. When heat transfer
increases with heat flux with almost constant vapor
fraction and mass flux, the nucleate boiling dominates the
flow boiling process. Due to the fact that the mechanism of
convective and nucleate boiling can coexist, a good
procedure for calculating flow boiling must have both
elements.

With larger n, the htp is implying more asymptotic behavior


in the respectively dominant region. hL and hnb are the heat
transfer coefficients for one-phase liquid flow and pool
boiling respectively. E and F are enhancement and
suppression factors.
Chen, Gungor-Winterton [1986] and Jungs correlations
are based on superposition model.
Shah, Kandlikar and Gungor-Wintertons [1987]
correlations are based on enhancement model.
Liu-Winterton, Steiner-Taborek and VDI-Wrmeatlas are
based on asymptotic model.

Total thermal resistance in an advanced closed two-phase


flow thermosyphon loop
The thermosyphons thermal resistance can be considered to the sum
of four major component resistances:

Rtot =Rcr+Rbo+Rco+Rcv
(K/W)

Rcr is the contact resistance between the simulated component and the
evaporator front wall. In order to reduce Rcr a thermally conductive
epoxy can be used.
Rbo, is the boiling resistance.
Rco, is the condensing resistance. This resistance is in fact very low due
to the high heat transfer coefficient in condensation and the large
condensing area.
Rcv is the convection resistance between the condenser wall and the air.

Heat transfer depends on pressure level, vapor fraction,


flow rate, geometry of evaporator and thermal properties of
refrigerant.

Consideration when choosing refrigerant


A fluid which needs small diameter of
tubing
A fluid which gives low temp. diff. in
boiling and condensation
A fluid which allows high heat fluxes in the
evaporator.

p = f1 w2
f1 = 0.158Re
wd
Re =

For a certain tube


length, diameter and
cooling capacity the
pressure drop is a
function of viscosity,
density and heat of
vaporization.

w=

V
=
A

m
d 2

Q/ h fg

d 2

7/ 4

p = 0.241

LQ
d

19 / 4

4Q
h fg d 2

1/ 4
h 7fg/ 4

45000
40000
35000
30000
25000

NH3,M=17.03
R32,M=52.02
R600a,M=58.12

20000
15000
10000

R134a,M=102
R12,M=120.9
R22,M=86.47

5000
0

R11,M=137.4

10

15

20
Ps (bar)

25

2.50E-08
2.00E-08

R32, M=52.02
NH3,M=17.03

1.50E-08

R12, M=120.9
R134a, M=102

1.00E-08

R22, M=86.47

5.00E-09

R600a, M=58.12

0.00E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pressure (bar)

For Saturated temperature


between 0-60 C.

h-Cooper (W/mK)

Coopers pool boiling


correlation is plotted
versus saturated
pressure for different
fluids: (for saturated
temp. between 0-60
C)
As can been seen heat
transfer coefficient
generally increases
with increasing
pressure and
decreasing the
molecular weights.

L
d

1/ 4

Fig. shows ratio of viscosity


to density and heat of
vaporization vs. Saturated
pressure, we find that the the
general trend is decreasing
pressure drop with increasing
pressure and decreasing
molcular weights.
The Two-phase pressure
drops expected to follow the
same trends.

30

35

40

Another important
parameter when choosing
working fluid is the critical
heat flux.
Figure shows calculation of
Kutateladze CHF correlation
versus reduced pressure for
pool boiling.
As can been seen ammonia
once again shows
outstanding properties with
3-4 times higher than the
other fluids.

2400

CHF (W)

For turbulent singlephase we can derive


pressure drop as:

Figure of merit (Dp)

The influence of pressure level, choice of working fluid,


geometry of evaporator, pressure drop, heat transfer
coefficient, critical heat flux and overall thermal resistance
were investigated during the present project.

2100

R600a, M=58.12

1800

R11, M=137.4

1500

NH3, M=17.03

1200

R134a, M=102

900

R12, M=120.9

600

R22, M=86.47
R32, M=52.02

300
0
0

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7


Reduced pressure

Influence of system pressure and


threaded surface

FC fluids

R600a (Isobutane)
Tests were done at five reduced pressures ;
p

-Low specific heat


-Low heat of vaporization
-Low surface tension
-Low critical heat flux
-Large temperature overshoot at boiling
incipience

The picture shows heat flux vs.


temperature difference between
inside wall temperature and
refrigerant.

350000

p r = p cr
; 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3.
Two types of evaporators: smooth and

threaded tube surfaces.

pr=0.3

pr=0.02

300000
250000
q (W/m)

As can be seen, the temperature


difference increases with
increasing heat flux, but with
different slopes, depending on the
saturation pressure in the system

200000
150000
100000

Isobutane
Smooth tube

50000
0

As the heat transfer coefficient is


the heat flux divided by the temp.
difference, this indicates higher
heat transfer coefficient with
increasing pressure

10

15

20

25

DT (C)

40000
30000
25000

h = constantpr
R2 = 0.9957

20000
15000

0.317

Q=110 W

10000
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
pr

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

The fig. shows temp. diff. vs.


reduced pressure from 10 to 110 W
heat input for each one of
evaporators on threaded surface.
Relatively low temp. diff can be
achieved.
Temp. diff. In the most points will
be reduced to less than a third by
increasing the reduced pressure
from 0.02 to 0.3.

pr=0.3
pr=0.2
pr=0.1
pr=0.05
pr=0.02

35000

5000

In the present case, m=0.317,


correlates the experimental data
well for the smooth tube with
Isobutane as refrigerant.

As the heat transfer coefficient is


the heat flux divided by the temp.
difference, this indicates higher
heat transfer coefficient with
increasing pressure

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Effect of threaded surface


at different reduced
pressure on heat transfer
coefficient

45000

h (W/m.K)

The Fig. shows, heat transfer


coeff. vs. reduced pressure for 110
W heat input to each one of the
evaporators.
The dependence of heat transfer
coefficient on reduced pressure are
often expressed in the form of h=f
(prm), in which m is generally
between 0.2-0.35.

The Fig. shows temperature


difference between inside wall
temperature and refrigerant vs. heat
input.
As can be seen, the temperature
difference increases with
increasing heat input, but with
different slopes, depending on the
saturation pressure in the system

DT (C)

In immersion boiling FC fluids have been used


FC fluids generally have poor heat transfer
properties:
-Low thermal conductivity

DT (C)

20

40

60
Q (W)

80

100

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

120

10 W
30 W
50 W
70 W
90 W
110 W

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

pr

Comparison between
Coopers correlation and
experimental results
The Fig. shows heat transfer coeff.
comparison between Coopers pool
boiling correlation versus
experimental results for smooth
tube surfaces at different reduced
pressure.

y = 0.8761x0.5755
R2 = 0.9984

R600a

20
15

h=f (qn)

10

h=f (q0.57)

5
0
0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

q (kW/m)

Comparison between LiuWintertons correlation and


experimental results

25%

Q=50 W
Q=70 W

30000

Q=90 W

25%

Q=110 W
20000
10000
0
0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

h-exp (W/mK)

10 W

50000

30 W

25%

50 W

40000

As can be seen the heat transfer


coeff. calculated by Liu-Wintertons
correlation is in good agreement with
the experimental results
For the most points the deviation is
less than 25 percent.

70 W
30000

25%

90 W
110 W

20000
10000
0
0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

h-exp (W/mK)

R600a as refrigerant
Tests were done with 7, 5,4, 3, 2 and 1 vertical
channels with diameter of 1.1, 1.5,1.9, 2.5 3.5 and
6 mm.
Smooth surface
At reduced pressure 0.1 (p/Pcr)

Conclusions

Influence of diameter
Heat transfer coefficient vs.
heat flux at different diameters.

Heat transfer coefficients and CHF can be expected to

Increase with increasing reduced pressure and with

decreasing molecular weight

30
h-exp. (kW/mK)

The influence of diameter on


the heat transfer coefficients for
these small diameter channels
was found to be small and no
clear trends could be seen.

Q=30 W

40000

Influence of diameter
Testing condition

h-LW(W/mK)

The Fig. shows heat transfer coeff.,


comparison between Liu-Wintertons
correlation versus experimental
results for smooth tube surfaces at
different reduced pressure.

As can be seen the heat transfer


coeff. calculated by Coopers
correlation is in good agreement
with the experimental results
For the most points the deviation
is less than 25 percent.

Q=10 W

50000

h-Cooper (W/mK)

25

h (kW/m.K)

Effect of heat flux on heat


transfer coefficient
Figur shows the relation
between heat transfer
coefficient and heat flux for
Pr=0.1, with smooth tube.
The dependence of heat
transfer coefficient on heat
flux can be expressed as h=f
(qn), n, in most cases varies
between 0.6-0.8
Presented data follows h=f
(q0.57)

25

d=6 mm

20

d=3.5 mm

15

d=2.5 mm
d=1.9 mm

10

The effects of pressure, and threaded surface on heat

transfer coefficient have been investigated.

1.5 mm

d=1.1mm

0
0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350


Heat flux (kW/m)

The pressure level has a significant effect on heat

transfer coefficient.
h=f (prm) m=0.317
h=f (qn) where n=0.57

Conclusion

Conclusion

The effects of pressure, mass flow, vapor

quality, and enhanced surface on CHF have

been investigated.
Threaded surface has a minor effect on CHF.

Heat transfer coefficient can be improved by using

the threaded surfaces.


Heat transfer coefficient at a given heat flux

is more than three times larger at the reduced

pressure 0.3 than 0.02 on threaded surfaces.

The pressure level has a significant effect on CHF.


The CHF can be improved by using the higher pressure.

The experimental heat transfer coefficients are

in relatively good agreement with Coopers

Pool boiling and Liu-Wintertons correlations.

The influence of diameter on the heat transfer coefficients


for these small diameter channels was found to be small
and no clear trends could be seen.

Classification and application of thermosyphon system.

Open thermosyphon
Closed thermosyphon
Pipe thermosyphon
Single-phase flow
Two-phase flow

Simple loop Thermosyphon


Single-phase flow
Two-phase flow

Closed advanced two-phase flow thermosyphon loop

Thermosyphon is a circulating fluid system whose motion is


caused by density difference in a body force field which result
from heat transfer.
Thermosyphon can be categorized according to:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The nature of boundaries (Is the system open or closed to mass flow)
The regime of heat transfer (convection, boiling or both)
The number of type of phases present (single- or two-phase state)
The nature of the body force (is it gravitational or rotational)

All thermosyphon syatems removing heat from prescribed source


and transporting heat and mass over a specific path and rejecting the
heat or mass to a prescribed sink.

Open Thermosyphon:
The most common industrial thermosyphon applications
include:
gas turbin blade cooling
electrical machine rotor cooling
transformer cooling
nuclear reactor cooling
steam tubes for bakers oven
cooling for internal combustion engines
electronic cooling.

Single-phase, naturalconvection open system in the


form of a tube open at the top
and closed at the bottom.
For open thermosyphon
Nua=C1Raam(a/L)C2,
Nua=(ha)/k
a: based on radius

Closed Thermosyphon
(simple pipe)
A simple single-phase naturalconvection closed system in the form
of a tube closed at both ends.
It has been found that the closed
single-phase thermosyphon can be
treated as two simple open
thermosyphon appropriately joined at
the midtube exchange region.
The primary problem is that of
modeling the exchange region.
It has been found that the exchange
mechanism is basically convective.

Closed loop thermosyphon

Two distinct advantages make the closed-loop


thermosyphon profitable to study:

1.

Natural geometric configuration which can be found or


created in many industrial situation.
It avoid the entry choking or mixing that occurs in the
pipe thermosyphon
For single phase loop:
NuL=0.245(GrPr2L/d)0.5 can be used

Condenser

Evaporator

Thermosyphon
Thermosyphon pipe

2.
3.
4.

Heat pipe and thermosyphon


Thermosyphon and heat pipe cooling both rely on
evaporation and condensation. The difference between
the two types is that in a heat pipe the liquid is
returned from the condenser to the evaporator by
surface tension acting in a wick, but thermosyphon
rely on gravity for the liquid return to the evaporator.
However the cooling capacity of heat pipes are lower
in general compared to the thermosyphon with the
same tube diameter.

Thermosyphon

Simple thermosyphon
loop

Advanced thermosyphon
loop

Two-phase thermosyphon

The advantages of operating two-phase


thermosyphons are:
1. The ability to dissipate high heat fluxes due to
the latent heat of evaporation and condensation
2. The much lower temperature gradients
associated with these process.
3. Reduced weight and volume with smaller heat
transfer area compared to other systems.

Closed advanced two-phase thermosyphon


loop
Thermosyphon cooling offers passive circulation
and the ability to dissipate high heat fluxes with
low temperature differences between evaporator
wall and coolant when implemented with surface
enhancement.
An advanced two-phase loop has the possibility of
reducing the total cross section area of connecting
tubes and better possibility of close contact
between the component and the refrigerant
channels than a thermosyphon pipe or a heat pipe.

10

Operation condition of an advanced two-phase


thermosyphon loop

In design of a compact two-phase thermosyphon system,


the dimensions of connecting tubing and evaporator,
affects the packaging and thermal performance of the
system.

The net driving head caused by the difference in density


between the liquid in the downcomer and the vapor/liquid
mixture in the riser must be able to overcome the pressure
drop caused by mass flow, for maintaining fluid circulation.

The pressure drop is a limiting factor for small tubing


diameter and compact evaporator design.

The pressure changes along the thermosyphon loop due to


gravitation, friction, acceleration, bends, enlargements and
contractions.

Single-phase flow pressure drop in downcomer


The total pressure drop in the downcomer consists of two
components: frictional pressure drop and pressure drop due
to bends respectively.
For fully developed laminar flow in circular tubes, the
frictional pressure drop can be calculated by:
pl =

16 2 G L

Re d

For the turbulent flow regime, the Blasius correlation for


the friction factor can used:
2 G L
pl = 0.079 Re 0.25

By determining the magnitude of pressure drops at


different parts of a thermosyphon, it may be possible to
reduce the most critical one, therby optimizing the
performance of the thermosyphon system.

The pressure loss around bends can be calculated by:


plb =

G
2 l

where
is an empirical constant which is a function of
curvature and inner diameter.

In the downcomer section, the pressure drop due to friction


is much larger than the pressure loss around bends.

Two-phase flow pressure drop


Two-phase flow in the riser and evaporator:

The total two-phase flow pressure drop consists of six


components:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Acceleration pressure drop


Friction pressure drop
Gravitational pressure drop
Contraction pressure drop
Enlargement pressure drop
Pressure drop due to the bends
Frictional and gravitational pressure drop are most important
pressure drops in the riser

Method of analysis two-phase flow pressure drop


The methods used to analyse a two-phase flow are often
based on extensions of single-phase flows.
The procedure is based on writing conservation of mass,
momentum and energy equations.
To solve these equations, often needs simplifying
assumptions, which give rise different models.

11

Homogeneous flow model

Separated flow model


The separated flow model is based on assumption that two
phases are segregated into two separated flows that have
constant but not necessarily equal velocities.

One of the simplest predictions of pressure drop in twophase flow is a homogeneous flow approximation.
Homogeneous predictions treat the two-phase mixture as a
single fluid with mixture properties.
In the homogeneous flow model it is assumed that the two
phases are well mixed and therefore have equal actual
vapor and liquid velocities.
In other words in this model, the frictional pressure drop is
evaluated as if the flow were a single-phase flow, by
introducing modified properties in the single-phase friction
coefficient.

Pressure drop in the riser

The total two-phase flow pressure drop in the riser is


mainly the sum of two contributions: the gravitationaland the frictional pressure drop.
The most used correlations for calculation of frictional
pressure drop are:
Lockhart-Martinelli correlation
CESNEF-2 correlation
Friedel correlation
Homogeneous flow model correlation

1.
2.
3.
4.

Drift flux model


This model is a type of separated flow model, which looks
particularly at the relative motion of the phases. The model
is most applicable when there is a well-defined velocity in
the gas phase

In the homogeneous model, the analysis for single-phase


flow is valid for homogeneous density and viscosity. The
homogeneous density is given by:
1
x 1 x
h

Gravitational pressure drop

The gravitational or head pressure change at the riser

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The momentum equation gives:


m = g + (1 ) L
Where is void fraction
Ag
=
A: total cross-section area (m2)
A
Ag: average cross-section area occupied by the gas phase (m2)
Void fraction can be calculated by:
Homogeneous model
Zivi model [1963]
Turner& Wallis two-cylinder model [1965]
Lockhart-Martinelli correlation [1949]
Thom correlation [1964]
Baroczy correlation [1963]

Several different correlations have been proposed for


estimation of two-phase viscosity, such as:

Cicchitti et al.
h = x g + (1 x ) L

Beattie- Whalley
1
x 1 x
=

h = L (1 )(1 + 2.5 ) + g

x al
et
h.

h =

g x h
g

al.

L (1 x ) h
L

Mc Adams
Dukler et

p G , R = m g H r
=

1
u g (1 x) g
1+

uL x L

For the homogeneous flow the phase velocities are equal,


uL=ug, S = u g , where S is the slip ratio.
uL

h =

1
(1 x ) g
1+

x
L

12

Fig. 1

Experimental setup

glass tube

77

Acceleration pressure drop

186

255

150

Condenser

Acceleration pressure drop in the evaporator, resulting


from the expansion due to the heat input during the
evaporation process can be calculated:
(homogeneous model)
p = G 2 ( v g v L ) x

ID=6.1 mm

1160

v specific volume

974

Downcomer

939

Abs.
pressure
transduc
er

Evaporator

10 15 10

Not to scale

C
B
95
5 hl
holemed
with d_f=1.5
d_f=1.5 mm
mm

All dimensions in the figure


are in mm

CHF

CHF=f(pr, G, x)
Effect of pressure on
CHF:

R600a (Isobutane)
Tests were done at three reduced pressures;

0.035, 0.1, and 0.2.


Two types of evaporators: smooth and

threaded tube surfaces.

Effect of mass flow on


CHF
0.006

pr=0.2

0.003
0.002
0.001

smooth channel

0
0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700


Qcri (W)

According to the
simulations the vapor
quality at different
pressure on CHF is almost
constant.

pr=0.1

20

pr=0.2

15
10

0.035

5
0

smooth channel

0.1
0.2

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750


Qtot (W)

m_dot (kg/s)

The Fig. shows, vapor


quality vs. CHF for three
evaporators.

pr=0.1

0.004

pr=0.035

25

pr=0.035

0.005

Higher pressure gives higher mass


flow on CHF, which facilitates the
deposition and replenishment of
liquid film.

30

Effect of vapor
quality on CHF

The mass flow is a function of


both heat flux and system pressure.
As can be seen simulations at
CHF shows that mass flow
increases with increasing reduced
pressure.
This is believed to be the
explanation for the higher CHF.

35

The Fig shows temperature


difference between inside wall
temperature and refrigerant for three
evaporators, vs CHF.
For pr =0.2 the CHF is 690 W which
correspond to 230 W/cm front area of
the component which correspond to
650 kW/m heat flux for smooth
channels.
As can be seen, the saturation
pressure strongly affected the temp.
diff. With increased pressure the
temp. diff. decreases in the total range
of heat load up to CHF.

DT(C)

Testing condition

1
pr=0.035
0.9
0.8 pr=0.1
0.7 pr=0.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 smooth channel
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Qcri (W)

13

The picture shows the CHF versus


reduced pressure for both surfaces.
However the CHF is independent
on surface condition.
The fact that the surface condition
is unimportant for CHF were
reported by other researcher.

700
600
Qcri (W)

Generally at enhanced surfaces


increases the heat transfer.
In this study threaded surfaces
have been used to investigate the
effect of surface structure on CHF.

500
400
300
200

threaded

100

smooth

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Comparison between
Kutateladzes
correlation and
experimental results
The Fig. shows CHF,
comparison between
Kutateladzes pool boiling
correlation versus
experimental results for
smooth tube surfaces.

pr

700

15%

600
Q_cri_pb. (W)

Effect of enhanced surface


on CHF

500
-15%

400
300
200
100
0
0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700


Q_cri_exp. (W)

Deviation is less than 15


percent.

14

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