!

Dawes Plan (1924)- This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they

could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the
1929 stock market crash.

!Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934- plan suggested by Secretary of State Cordell Hull

which authorized FDR's administration to negotiate treaties that reduced US trade tariffs up to
50% in return for a reciprocal reduction on tariffs from the other nation. Resulted in new treaties
with 21 countries and 40% increase in U.S. exports, but lag in imports.

!Good Neighbor Policy- withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin

America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum
(rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

!Atlantic Charter- U.S - British agreement of August 1941 to promote democracy and establish
a new international organization for peace
!Neutrality Acts- A series of laws enacted by Congress in the mid-1930's that attempted to
prevent any American involvement in future overseas wars
!Lend-Lease Law- Controversial 1941 law that made America the "arsenal of democracy" by
providing supposedly temporary military material assistance to Britain
!Munich Conference- European diplomatic conference in 1938 where Britain and France
conceded to Hitler's demands for Czechoslovakia
!Quarantine Speech- Roosevelts 1937 speech that proposed strong U.S. measures against
overseas aggressors
!Stimson Doctrine -In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would
not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after
Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

!Office of War Information- established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep
americans united behind the war effort
!Japanese internment- Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese

families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and
fear of spies

!Double V Campaign- Campaign popularized by American Black Leaders during WW2

emphasizing the need for double victory: over Germany and Japan and also over racial
prejudice in the US. Many blacks were fought in WW2 were disappointed that the America they
returned to still hate racial tension

!Bracero Program- Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm
workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to
1947.

!!
!Zoot-suit riots-The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, California
during World War II, between sailors Mexicans in the city.
!

Island Hopping- the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific
Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy
closer to an invasion of Japan.

!D-Day -June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in
history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The
turning point of World War II.

!Battle of the Bulge- Made up of German forces driving through fifty-miles toward Antwerp
before they were finally stopped at Bastogne. It was the last major battle of the western front.
!Bataan Death March- after the Japanese landed in the Philippines in May 1942, nearly 75,000
American and Filipino prisoners were forced to endure a 60 mile march, during this, 10,000
prisoners died or were killed

!Iwo Jima & Okinawa- The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the U.S.
in 1945
!Teheran Conference- Stalin, FDR, and Churchill in nov/dec 1943
-agreement on broad plans esp those for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from the east
simultaneously with that prospective allied assault from the west

!Potsdam Declaration- Ultimatum from the Potsdam Conference that was issued by the United

States, Great Britain and China to Japan offering that country the choice between unconditional
surrender and total annihilation.

!Yalta Conference- FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on
Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR
concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

!War Refugee Board- Board established by FDR to rescue Europeans from the Nazis, with
limited success.
!Marshall Plan- 1947, $5.3 billion to Europe to help rebuild post-war; mainly raw materials, food

and fuel; underlying purpose of preventing communism; Soviets attempt to imitate with their own
Molotov Plan- failure

!Berlin Airlift- 1948-49, Soviets controlled land access to Berlin and they cut off US access to
west Berlin; US had to airlift supplies for 321 days to save west berliners
!Truman Doctrine- 1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by
Communism.
!Warsaw Pact- treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries
behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Romania

!Taft-Hartley Act- Condemned by Labor leaders as a "slave labor law". It outlawed the "closed"
shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among
themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath.

!Federal Highway Act- Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over
a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.
!

Dynamic Conservatism- Eisenhowers philosophy of being liberal in all things human and
being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.

!Fair Deal- Domestic reform proposals of the second Truman administration (1949-53); included
civil rights legislation and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal
programs were enacted.

!Korean War (1950-1953)- First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when
the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by
UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. (938)

!National Security Council- 10 men and women who advise the President, in consultation with
the Department of Defense, connect the dots between foreign relations and Defense
!John Foster Dulles- secretary of state during Eisenhowers presidency. advocated "new look"
to U.S foreign policy. Talked of liberating captive nations encouraging nationalist gov. of Taiwan
to assert itself against china.

!Eisenhower Doctrine- Much like the Truman Doctrine, this doctrine was meant to provide

financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. However, this particular doctrine
was pointed at the Middle East

!Domino Theory- Made by President Eisenhower: if S Vietnam fell under Communist Control,

one nation after another in SE Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire
danger.

!Geneva Accords (1954)- Though the US did not sign, this agreement attempted to resolve the
French withdrawal from Indochina. France, UK, USSR, & China agreed to the division of
Vietnam into North & South along the 17th parallel. Elections, which never took place, were
scheduled for 1956 to re-unite the country.

!military industrial complex- Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American

against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of
the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive
Congressional spending.

!brinkmanship- the act of pushing a situation to the verge of war in order to threaten and
encourage one's opponent to back down.
Atomic Diplomacy- threat of nuclear warfare to achieve diplomatic goals

!NASA- National Aeronautic and Space Administration - 1958; to get US back in running with the
Soviets in space race
!Sputnik- First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S.
fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the
space race.

!HUAC- The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating

committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
!