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ACLS Assessment
Quality ACLS can only be built upon a foundation of solid BLS skills. There are 2 levels of ACLS care: the BLS survey and
the ACLS survey.
The BLS Survey is used if the patient appears to be unconscious. The ACLS Survey is used if the patient is conscious.
BLS Survey:
A. Check the scene for safety hazards. A safety threat to providers is an indication to stop or withhold resuscitative
efforts**
B. Check responsiveness and breathing
C. Activate the emergency response system and get an AED
D. Circulation
a. Check the carotid pulse for at least 5, but no more than 10 seconds**
b. If no pulse, start CPR
i. Hard, fast compressions. AT LEAST 100 compressions per minute**
ii. High quality compressions will produce a small amount of blood flow to and through the
heart**
iii. Minimize interruptions in compressions to less than 10 seconds**
iv. Switch compression providers every 2 minutes or 5 cycles**
c. If a pulse is present, start rescue breathing
i. 1 breath every 5-6 seconds**
ii. Do not routinely use crichoid pressure**
E. Defibrillation**
a. If no pulse, check for a shockable rhythm as soon as the AED arrives
ACLS Survey:
A. Airway
a. Make sure the airway is adequate and
protected
b. Use adjuncts if needed
c. Insert advanced airways
B. Breathing
a. Provide Oxygen
b. Confirm placement of Endotracheal
Tube
c. Monitor waveform capnography
d. Avoid excessive ventilation
C. Circulation
a.
b.
c.
d.
The Heart
Here is a quick review of the anatomy of the heart before we get into our ECG rhythms.
First, blood enters the atria of the heart and an electrical impulse is sent out from the SA node. This electrical impulse
travels through the atria causing them to contract. When the atria contract, it registers on the EKG as a P wave.
Next, the electrical impulse travels to the AV node which sends out an electrical impulse that travels through the Bundle
of His, bundle branches, and into the Purkinje fibers of the ventricles. This causes ventricular contraction which registers
on the EKG as the QRS complex.
Finally, the ventricles rest and repolarize, which is shown on the EKG as a T wave. (In case you were wondering, the atria
repolarize also, but the electrical impulse is so miniscule, you cant see it on the EKG)
Narrow QRS complexes originate in the atria (near the AV node) and wide QRS complexes originate in in the ventricles
(below the Bundle of His).
ECG Breakdown
Coarse VF
Fine VF
Description: Ventricular Fibrillation (also known as V-Fib or VF) is the most common rhythm to occur immediately after
cardiac arrest. The ventricles quiver and are unable to pump blood to the rest of the body. Survival chances diminish
rapidly while in ventricular fibrillation and immediate defibrillation is essential.
There are two types of V-Fib: Coarse and Fine. Coarse VF is more easily corrected with defibrillation than fine VF. Fine
VF is more likely seen in a patient with a prolonged cardiac arrest.
Both types of ventricular fibrillation are treated with defibrillation.
Description: Ventricular Tachycardia (also known as V-Tach or VT) occurs when the ventricular focus takes over control
of the heart and fires at a tachycardic rate. The QRS complex is wide because it originates in the ventricles. This rhythm
is treated identically as V-Fib when there are no pulses.
Defibrillate
Perform CPR for 2 minutes
Quickly check a rhythm and a pulse
If another shock is needed, clear the patient and defibrillate again
Repeat this sequence until the rhythm is not shockable
Asystole
Description: Asystole is when there is no detectable activity on the ECG. It may follow many rhythms, including VF, PEA,
or 3rd Degree Heart Block. Always ensure that all leads are attached to the patient.
Description: Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA) occurs when the heart is beating and has a rhythm, but the patient does
not have a pulse. For example: Sinus rhythm without a pulse = PEA**
For all patients without a pulse, CPR is the priority.
Bradycardic Rhythms:
Sinus Bradycardia
1st Degree AV Block
2nd Degree Block (Type I)
Toxins
Tamponade, cardiac
Tension pneumothorax
Thrombosis, coronary
Thrombosis, pulmonary
Sinus Bradycardia
Description: Sinus bradycardia occurs when the SA node fires at a rate that is too slow for the persons age. For adults,
this is less than 60 beats per minute. Many athletes have a resting heart rate of less than 60, so it is important to only
treat patients that are symptomatic (fatigue, dizziness, hypotension, altered mental status, etc.)
Description: In a first-degree AV block, everything is normal except for a prolonged PR interval. The interval is longer
than .20 seconds (or 5 small boxes on the ECG strip). This conduction delay in the AV node rarely causes any problems.
Description: Second Degree, Type I block occurs at the AV node. The PR interval gets progressively longer until it drops
the QRS complex. You can see 2 dropped QRS complexes on the strip above.
Description: Second Degree, Type II block occurs below the AV node. The P waves are regular, but QRS complexes are
dropped. The electrical impulses fail to pass through the AV node which results in atrial contractions that are not
followed by ventricular contractions. This rhythm is more serious than the 2nd Degree Type I, and pacing is usually
recommended.
Description: 3rd Degree, or Complete Heart Block is characterized by no communication between the SA and AV nodes. P
waves and QRS complexes will be completely independent of each other. The ventricles will generate their own
electrical signal through an accessory pacemaker in the lower chambers. The location of this Escape Pacemaker will
determine if the QRS complexes are wide or narrow (Junctional = Narrow QRS, Ventricular = Wide QRS).
Tachycardic Rhythms:
Sinus Tachycardia
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Sinus Tachycardia
Description: Sinus tachycardia occurs when the SA node fires at a rate that is too fast for the persons age. For adults,
this is generally between 101 and 150 beats per minute. In sinus tach, all of the normal components of an ECG are
present (P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves). Sinus tachycardia usually starts and stops gradually and is the result of
pain or another cause that can be identified (fever, exercise, etc.)
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Description: Supraventricular tachycardia, or SVT is a category of rhythms that have indistinguishable P waves due to a
rate greater than 150 bpm. The P waves typically run into the preceding T waves. These rhythms have narrow QRS
complexes because the impulses are generated above the ventricles (Supra = above). Specific SVT rhythms include: Atrial
Tachycardia, Junctional Tachycardia, and occasionally Atrial Flutter, Atrial Fibrillation, and Sinus Tachycardia.
Stable Treatment:
1. Vagal Maneuvers**
2. Adenosine 6mg rapid IVP**
3. Adenosine 12 mg rapid IVP (2nd dose)**
Unstable Treatment:
1. Sedate patient if possible
2. Prepare for immediate Cardioversion.**
a. Consider 6mg Adenosine if time
For Irregular SVT consider Beta Blockers and Calcium Channel blockers
Description: In monomorphic V-Tach the QRS complexes are the same size and shape.
Stable Treatment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unstable Treatment:
1. Sedate patient if possible
2. Prepare for immediate Cardioversion. **
If No Pulse:
1. Defibrillate and begin CPR
Description: In polymorphic V-Tach the QRS complexes are different sizes and shapes.
Treatment:
1. Polymorphic VT is treated the same as VF Defibrillate and begin CPR
Torsades de Pointes
Description: In Torsades de Pointes the QRS complexes are different sizes and shapes in a twisting pattern. This
rhythm can be caused by low potassium or quinidine toxicity. Magnesium is the preferred treatment.
How to Defibrillate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
AED Reminders:
If the AED does not promptly analyze the rhythm, begin chest compressions.**
Oxygen should not be blowing over a patients chest during a shock (for safety)**
The advantage of hands-free defibrillation pads is that they allow for more rapid defibrillation**
High quality compressions immediately after defibrillation increase the chance of conversion from VF**
Consider sedation
Turn on defibrillator
Place electrodes on patient according to manufacturers instructions
Press SYNC button
Look for markers on R waves indicating Sync mode
Select appropriate energy setting
Press Charge Announce Charging
Clear the patient make sure everyone is clear and there is no oxygen on the patient
Press the shock button
a. This could take a second while the machine determines the correct shock timing
10. Analyze the rhythm again, if no conversion, increase the joules and repeat.
Consider sedation
Place electrodes on patient according to manufacturers instructions
Turn on Pacer
Set the pacing rate
Slowly increase mA (Milliamps) until capture is achieved with corresponding pulses.
a. Capture is characterized by a wide QRS complex with a tall, broad T wave. Pulses will
correspond to the monitor.
Below is a picture of what you should be looking for with successful transcutaneous pacing:
Airway Basics
Adjuncts
Stroke
Signs and symptoms of a stroke:
Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, extremities, or on one side of the body
Loss of speech or difficulty speaking
Loss of vision, especially in one eye
Sudden severe headache
Difficulty standing or walking with any of the symptoms above
Treatment:
Support ABCs
Evaluate using the Cincinnati Pre-Hospital Stroke Scale**
o Facial Droop
o Arm Drift
o Slurred speech You cant teach an old dog new tricks
Check blood sugar
Establish stroke onset time
Transport to the nearest Stroke Receiving Center
Upon arrival to the emergency department, the head CT scan is the priority.**
Stroke patients must be transported to the appropriate stroke receiving center with CT capabilities. If a hospitals CT is
down, divert to the next closest hospital with CT capabilities.**
Chest pain that radiates to the jaw or down the left arm
o These classic signs are typically more subtle in women
and diabetic patients
When in doubt, always perform a 12-lead ECG**
Treatment of ACS:
Support ABCs
If patient is unconscious and not breathing normally, begin CPR and prepare to defibrillate
If stable:
o 12-Lead ECG**
o Oxygen
o Aspirin 160-325mg (if not already given by EMS)**
o Nitroglycerin 3 doses SL (if systolic BP is >90mmHg and there has been no Viagra, etc. in the past 72
hours, no indication of right-sided-infarct, no marked tachy or brady arrhythmia)
o Morphine 2mg increments if nitroglycerin does not relieve chest pain
o Labs
o Chest x-ray
The rapid response team (RRT) or medical emergency teams (MET) primary purpose is identifying and treating
early clinical deterioration.** Call the MET team as soon as possible!
Choking
The best way to relieve severe choking in a responsive infant is with cycles of 5 back slaps followed by 5 chest
thrusts.**
For conscious adult victims, encourage the person to cough until they can no longer breathe. At this point, ask
for consent to help and perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich Maneuver) until the object is expelled or the
person goes unconscious.
If a victim of foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unconscious, send someone to get help and then start
CPR, beginning with compressions.**
Code Termination
If Asystole has been persistent for 25 minutes or more despite medication and high quality CPR, consider terminating
resuscitation after consulting medical control.** In cases with obvious signs of death (rigor mortis** etc.) it is
appropriate to withhold resuscitative efforts.
Megacode Cases
At the end of the course you will lead a resuscitation team to provide care for a patient with cardiac complications.
There will be multiple rhythm changes during the scenario, so please study the algorithms in this study guide and in your
student manual to help you prepare. The 6 roles of your team members will be: Team Leader, Airway, Medications, BLS,
Monitor/Defibrillator, and Recorder. The Megacode cases will be conducted in a low stress environment to help you
implement the skills that you will learn in the course.
What to Expect
1. Please come 10-15 minutes early to class to check in so that we can start on time.
2. Wear comfortable clothing, if you have long hair we recommend you bring a hair tie for the CPR portion of class.
3. Feel free to bring food and drinks to class. We have a refrigerator and microwave for you to use if you need
them. (We also have snacks and drinks for you in case you get hungry.)
4. We like to keep our classes small so that you have the best learning environment possible.
5. We promise to do whatever we can to make your experience fun, stress free, and educational.
Thank you again for taking our course and for your dedication to helping save lives. We look forward to seeing you in
class and hope this study guide helps you prepare. If you have any suggestions on how we can make this guide or your
course better, please let us know!