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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

Table of Contents
SYLLABUS 3
PART-A: Demonstration of Personal Computer and its Accessories .............................................. 1
Laboratory Session-1 .......................................................................................................................... 1
Laboratory Session-2 .......................................................................................................................... 9
PART B :Problem Solving in C - Implementation with WINDOWS / LINUX platform using
appropriate C compiler. ............................................................................................... 17
1.

2.

3.

Quadratic Equation .................................................................................................................... 17


1.1

Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 17

1.2

Flowchart .............................................................................................................................. 19

1.3

Program ................................................................................................................................. 20

1.4

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 21

Palindrome................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1

Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 22

2.2

Program ................................................................................................................................. 23

2.3

Test cases .............................................................................................................................. 23

Square Root and Leap Year....................................................................................................... 25


3.1

3.1.1

Flowchart ...................................................................................................................... 25

3.1.2

Program ......................................................................................................................... 26

3.1.3

Test cases ...................................................................................................................... 26

3.2

4.

5.

6.

Square root of a given Number ............................................................................................. 25

Leap Year .............................................................................................................................. 28

3.2.1

Program ......................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.2

Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 28

Polynomial Evaluation................................................................................................................ 30
4.1

Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 30

4.2

Program ................................................................................................................................. 31

4.3

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 31

Sine Series .................................................................................................................................... 33


5.1

Flowchart .............................................................................................................................. 33

5.2

Program ................................................................................................................................. 34

5.3

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 34

Bubble Sort .................................................................................................................................. 36


6.1

Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 36

6.2

Program ................................................................................................................................. 37

6.3

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 37

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7.

8.

9.

Matrix Multiplication ................................................................................................................. 39


7.1

Program ................................................................................................................................. 39

7.2

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 40

Binary Searching Technique ...................................................................................................... 41


8.1

Program ................................................................................................................................. 41

8.2

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 42

String Copy and Frequency of Vowels ...................................................................................... 44


9.1

String copy without using library function ........................................................................... 44

9.1.1

Program ......................................................................................................................... 44

9.1.2

Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 45

9.2

Vowels and Consonants Count ............................................................................................. 46

9.2.1

Program ......................................................................................................................... 46

9.2.2

Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 46

10. Right Rotate and isprime or not ................................................................................................ 48


10.1

Right Rotate by n Positions................................................................................................... 48

10.1.1

Program ......................................................................................................................... 48

10.1.2

TestCases ...................................................................................................................... 49

10.2

To Check Prime or Not ......................................................................................................... 50

10.2.1

Program ......................................................................................................................... 50

10.2.2

Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 51

11. Factorial of Number using Recursive function ........................................................................ 52


11.1

Program ................................................................................................................................. 52

11.2

Test Cases: ............................................................................................................................ 52

12. Copy the Contents Of File .......................................................................................................... 54


12.1

Program ................................................................................................................................. 54

12.2

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 55

13. Student Records - using Array of Structures .......................................................................... 56


13.1

Program ................................................................................................................................. 56

13.2

TestCases .............................................................................................................................. 57

14. Use of Pointers ............................................................................................................................. 58


14.1

Program ................................................................................................................................. 58

14.2

Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 59

APPENDIX - A ...................................................................................................................................... 60
General Viva & Exercise Problems .................................................................................................................................... 60

APENDIX - B ........................................................................................................................................ 69

Screenshots Of C Program Execution In Windows Operating System: ....................................... 69


Screenshots of C Program Execution in Linux Operating System: .............................................................. 73

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

SYLLABUS
SEMESTER I/ II
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY
Sub Code

: 14CPL 16 / 14CPL26

IA Marks

: 25

Hrs/ Week

: 03

Exam Hours : 03

Total Hrs.

: 42

Exam Marks : 50

PART A
Demonstration of Personal Computer andits Accessories Demonstration and Explanation on
Disassembly and Assembly of a Personal Computer by the Faculty-in-Charge. Students have
to prepare a write-up on the same and include it in the Lab record and evaluated.
Laboratory Session-1: Write-up on Functional block diagram of Computer, CPU, Buses,
Mother Board, Chip sets, Operating System & types of OS, Basics of Networking &
Topology and NIC.
Laboratory Session-2: Write-up on RAM, SDRAM, FLASH memory, Hard disks, Optical
media, CD-ROM/R/RW, DVDs, Flash drives, Keyboard, Mouse, Printers and Plotters. Note:
These TWO Laboratory sessions are used to fill the gap between theory classes and practical
sessions.
PART B
Problem Solving in C - Implement the following problems with WINDOWS / LINUX
platform using appropriate C compiler.
1.

Design and develop a flowchart or an algorithm that takes three coefficients (a, b, and
c) of a Quadratic equation (ax2+bx+c=0) as input and compute all possible roots.
Implement a C program for the developed flowchart/algorithm and execute the same
to output the possible roots for a given set of coefficients with appropriate messages.

2.

Design and develop an algorithm to find the reverse of an integer number NUM and
check whether it is PALINDROME or NOT. Implement a C program for the
developed algorithm that takes an integer number as input and output the reverse of
the same with suitable messages. Ex: Num: 2014, Reverse: 4102, Not a
Palindrome.

3.

i)Design and develop a flowchart to find the square root of a given number N.
Implement a C program for the same and execute for all possible inputs with
appropriate messages. Note: Dont use library function sqrt(n).

4.

ii)Design and develop a C program to read a year as an input and find whether it is
leap year or not. Also consider end of the centuries.
Design and develop an algorithm for evaluating the polynomial f(x) = a4x4 + a3x3 +
a2x2 + a1x1 + a0x0, for a given value of x and its coefficients using Horners method.
Implement a C program for the developed algorithm and execute for different sets of
values of coefficients and x.

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5.

Draw the flowchart and Write C Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series
approximation given by

Compare the result with

the built- in Library function and print both the results with appropriate message.
6.

Develop an algorithm, implement and execute a C program that reads N integer


numbers and arrange them in ascending order using Bubble Sort.

7.

Develop, implement and execute a C program that reads two matrices A (m x n ) and
B (p x q ) and Compute the product A and B. Read matrix A in row major order and
matrix B in column major order. Print both the input matrices and resultant matrix
with suitable headings and in matrix format. Program must check the compatibility of
orders of the matrices for multiplication. Report appropriate message in case of
incompatibility.

8.

Develop, implement and execute a C program to search a Name in a list ofnames


using Binary Searching Technique.

Write and execute a C program that


i.
Implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to
another string str2 without using library function.
ii. Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count of
consonants.
10. i)Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n as
input and returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions. Assume the
integers are unsigned. Write a C program that invokes this function with different
values for x and n and tabulate the results with suitable headings.
ii)Design and develop a C function isprime(num) that accepts an integer argument
and returns 1 if the argument is prime, a 0 otherwise. Write a C program that invokes
this function to generate prime numbers between the given ranges
11. Draw the flowchart and write a recursive C function to find the factorial of a number,
n!, defined by fact(n)=1, if n=0. Otherwise fact(n)=n*fact(n-1). Using this function,
9.

write a C program to compute the binomial coefficient


different values of n and r with suitable messages.
12.

13.

r . Tabulate the results for

Given two university information files studentname.txt and usn.txt that contents
students Names and USN respectively. Write a C program to create a new file called
output.txt and copy the content of files studentname.txt and usn.txt into output
file in the sequence shows below. Display the contents of output file output.txt on
the screen.
Write a C program to maintain a record of n student details using an array of
Student Name

USN

Name 1

USN 1

Name 2

USN 2

Heading

.
.

structures with four fields (Roll number, Name, Marks, and Grade). Each field is of
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an appropriate data type. Print the marks of the student given student name as input.

14.

Write a C program using pointers to compute sum, mean and standard deviation of all
elements sorted in an array of n real numbers.

Reference Book:
1. Reema Thareja, Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C, Oxford Press, 2012.

Practical Examination Procedure:


Part A: Experiment is a demo experiment only and shall not be included in practical exam.
Part B:
1.

All experiments are to be included for practical examination.

2.

Students are allowed to pick one experiment from the lot.

3.

Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the answer script for breakup of marks.

4.

Change of experiment is allowed only once and 15% Marks should be deducted
from the procedure part.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

raichur

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

PART-A: Demonstration of Personal Computer and its


Accessories
Laboratory Session-1
Write-up on Functional block diagram of Computer, CPU, Buses, Mother Board, Chip
sets, Operating System & types of OS, Basics of Networking & Topology and NIC.
Description about Functional block diagram of Computer:
A computer is an electronic device, which mainly performs the four functions as
reading, processing, displaying and storing on data. These functions of a computer system
can be carried out by using the three main units namely input unit, system unit and output
unit.
The block diagram of a computer system is as follows:

Fig 1: Block Diagram of a Computer


Notations:
Data and Results flow
Control instructions to other units from control unit
Instructions from memory unit to control unit
1) Input unit: The input unit helps to enter (feed) data and information into a computer. The
devices like keyboard, mouse and scanner are commonly used input devices.
A keyboard is used to enter alphanumeric characters and symbols.
The mouse is used to pick or select a command from the monitor screen.
A scanner is used to scan an image or read a barcode and so on.
2) System or Central Processing Unit: The processing unit interprets the program
instructions in memory, controls the flow of data and performs arithmetic and logical
operations. The program instructions are processed one at a time along with the necessary
data. The results are sent to memory and the next instruction is processed. This method is
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repeated until the program is executed. The CPU consists of sub units to perform different
operations namely ALU, CU and MU.
a) Arithmetic and Logic Unit: The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the unit of the
computer that performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data. This section of
the machine can be relatively small consisting of circuits and registers which perform
arithmetic (+, -, *, /) and logic (>, <, <=,>=, etc) operations. Arithmetic-logic units
which can add and subtract and perform logical operations form the backbone for the
arithmetic and control operations in computers. To perform scientific calculations the
floating-point number system is used.
b) Control unit: The control unit controls the overall activities of the components of the
computer. It is mainly used to coordinate the activities among the units of the
computer. It will send commands signals and controls the sequence of instructions to
be executed. The control unit may be defined as the parts that effect the retrieval of
instructions in proper sequence and application of the proper signals to the arithmetic
unit and the other parts.
Functions of Control unit

Accessing data & instructions from memory unit


Interpreting instructions
Controlling input and output units
Overall supervision of a Computer system

c) Memory Unit: Computer memory is an internal storage area used to store data and
programs. It can be divided into two groups: primary memory and secondary memory. The
main memory holds instructions and data when a program is executing, the auxiliary or the
secondary memory holds data and programs for long-term storage.
d) Bus: A bus is a collection of wires that carries data/Instructions. It connectsphysical
components such as cables, printed circuits, CPU, Memory, Peripherals etc., for sharing of
Information and communication with one another. The purpose of buses is to reduce the
number of "pathways" needed for communication between the components, by carrying out
all communications over a single data channel.
Types of Buses:
1. System Buses: The system buses are used to transfer the data and instructions
between Main memory (Random Access Memory) and CPU. These are classified into
following three types.
Data Bus

Address Bus

It is used to transfer the It is used to transfer the


data between Processor, addresses of data and
Memory and I/O devices instructions stored in
memory.

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Control Bus
It is used to transfer the
control signals between
CPU, Memory and I/O
devices.

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Bidirectional in nature

Unidirectional in nature

Unidirectional in nature

Fig 2: Types of Buses


2. I/O Buses: The buses which are used to connect all I/O devices with CPU and
Memory are called I/O buses. These are classified into following three types.
PCI Bus
PCI stands for
Peripheral Component
Interconnect
The motherboard will
be having 3 or 4 PCI
connectors, so that we
can insert various chips.
Fastest and presently
more powerful bus

ISA Bus
ISA stands for
IndustryStandard
Architecture
This is simple and
slowest bus used in
IBM PCs
Oldest, simplest
slowest bus

USB Bus
USB stands for
Universal Serial Bus

It helps to connect
various I/O devices like
keyboard, mouse, pen
drives, printer, etc.
and Newest and widely
used bus

Main Board or Mother Board: Mother Board is a set of Integrated Chips (ICs) which are
designed to work together. It controls the flow of data/instructions within our computer. It is
the main board on which other hardware components are connected to enable the computer
system to work as an integrated unit. It consists of sockets, slots, power connectors and bus.
Chip sets: Chip set is the set of integrated chips that are designed to work
together. These set of chips controls the flow of information on computer.
The chips may be controllers for memory, cache, hard drive, key board
and peripherals.
Fig 3: Chip sets

Operating System and its types: An Operating System (OS) is a system software that
controls and supervises the hardware components of a computer system and it provides the
services to computer users. Also called as Resource Manager that manages the resources
such as CPU, Memory, I/O devices, Job/Task/Process etc., a computer cannot run without
it.The major functions of OS includes: CPU Management, Memory Management, File

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Management, Device Management, Process/Task/Job Management and Security
Management.

The primary goal of an OS is to make the computer system convenient and efficient to
use. An OS ensures that the system resources (such as CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc) are
utilized efficiently. For example, there may be many programs residing in the main memory.
Therefore, the system needs to determine which programs are active and which need to wait
for some I/O operation.
Some of the examples of Operating Systems:

Windows XP is an O.S.
isused
for
Personal
Computers (PCs)
Unix and XENIX are the
OSs used for multi-user
computers.
Windows 7, Windows 8,
Macintosh OS, Fedora, and
Android, etc.
Fig 4: Operating System

Types of Operating Systems:The operating systems are classified into 7 types based on their
capability and usage.

Fig 5: Types of OS
Batch Processing Tasking OS: The data is collected into a group called batch and
provides only one batch (one after another) of jobs as input to the computer system at a time.
The jobs in a batch are processed on first come first serve basis. In this type, the process
takes place at specified time intervals i.e. weekly or monthly without user interaction.
E.g.Punch cards were using to store the data in batch processing and in payroll preparation in
a business batch processing was helpful.
Single user and single tasking OS: The OS that allows only one program to execute
at a time is called single user single tasking operating system. Using this operating system
user can do only one task at a time. E.g. DOS (Disk Operating System).

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Single user and multi tasking OS: The OS that allows a single use to perform more
than one task at a time is called single user multi tasking operating system. While working
with the Ms-Word user can perform other work like print a document, listen music.E.g.
Windows-XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, etc.
Multi user and multitasking OS: The O.S. that allows two or more users to use a
main computer system to do more than one task is called multiuser and multitasking
operating system.E.g. Unix is a multiuser and multitasking operating system.
Multiprocessing OS: The OS that allows multiple programs to be executed by
multiple CPUs (Processors) is called multiprocessing operating system. Super and main
frame computers have more than one CPU and multiprocessing operating system.
Real Time Operating System (RTOS): The OS that is used for real time
applications and to carry out certain calculations within the specified time constraint. This OS
is used in applications such as mobile phones, supporting systems in hospitals, nuclear power
plants, oil refining, chemical processing, environmental applications and air-traffic control
systems, disaster management etc.,
Virtual machine OS: Allows several users of a computer system to operate as if each
has the only terminal attached to the computer.
Basics of Networking & Topology and Network Interface Card(NIC):
Introduction to Computer Network:
A computer network is a collection of computers and devices interconnected to
facilitate sharing of resources among interconnected devices. Advantages of Computer
Networks includeFile Sharing, Resource Sharing, Increased Storage Capacity, Load Sharing
and Facilitate communications.
Computers in a network can be connected by using telephone lines, cables, satellite
links, etc., Wireless network will use radio signals to exchange the information.

Fig 6: Computer Network

Basic components of a computer network: The basic components of a network are as


follows.
1. Protocols: Set of rules used during the data transmission.
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2. Transmission Medium: The media used to connect computer to each other like
telephone lines, twisted pair wire, co-axial cable, fiber optics, satellite signals and
radio signals, etc.
3. Processors: Modem, Multiplexers, bridges, routers, gateways, hub etc. are the
processors used in the network for the flow of data.
4. Channels: Analog/Digital, Synchronous/Asynchronous, Switched/Non switched,
Simplex / duplex, etc.
5. Topology: Physical network layout used for networking. For example, bus topology,
star topology, ring topology, and mesh topology
6. Software: User interface software like Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, FTP
(File Transfer Protocol), Telnet (Telecommunication Network), PPP (Point to Point
Protocol), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) etc.
Types of Networks: The computer networks are mainly classified into 3 types.
LAN

MAN

WAN

Local Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network

Wide Area Network

A network which covers


large area like a city

A network which covers a


large area like a state,
country or across a
continent.

A group of computers that are


connected in a small area such
as building, home, office etc
i.e. within a small campus
Distance covered by this
network is less than 1 KM

Computers are connected


through the twisted pair cables
and co axial cables.

Distance covered by this


network is 5 to 50 KM.
Used by private organization
like cable television in our
city.
A network device called
router is used to connect the
LANs together

Transmitting data is cheaper

Transmitting data is costlier

Transmission data is generally


error free

Transmission data is
generally error prone

Used within a single building


like home or office

Distance covered by this


network is 100 to 1000 KM
Used all over the world. i.e.
good example is internet
It uses fibre optics, cables
and even satellite signals as
a transmission media.
Transmitting data is more
costlier
Transmission data is
generally error free

Network Topologies: Topology refers to the schematic description of the arrangement of a


network. It is the actual geometric layout of computers and other devices connected to the
network.
Types of Network Topologies: These are mainly classified into 4 types.
1. Bus Topology:

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In this network structure, a single cable runs in a building or campus. All the nodes
(terminals / computers)are connected to this single cable. It is suitable for Local Area
Network.
Fig 7: Bus Topology

Advantages:
Failure of one node will not affect the whole network.
Well suited for quick setup
Easy to install and expand
High rate of data transmission as compare to star and ring topology

Disadvantages:

A cable break can disable the entire network


Trouble shouting is very difficult
Only a single message can travel at a time

2. Ring Topology:
In this network structure, all the computers are connected to each other in the form of
a ring. i.e. first node is connected to second, second to third and so on. Finally last node is
connected to first one.
Advantages:

All the nodes have equal chance to transfer the data


These are easily extensible
It can span longer distance than other type of networks

Disadvantages:

Difficult to install
Expensive
Difficult to troubleshoot
Adding or removing computer can disturb the entire network

3. Star Topology:
In this network structure, all the computers are connected with a centralized system
called server. The central computer is also called a hub. To transmit information from one
node to another node, it should be transmitted through a central hub. The central hub
manages and controls all the functions of network.
Advantages:

Easy to install and expand.


Addition or deletion of a node is easier.
Failure of one node will not affect the entire network.
Well suited for quick setup
Easier to debug network problems through a hub

Disadvantages:
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Failure of a central system i.e. hub will affect the whole network
Cost of hub is expensive.

4. Mesh Topology
In this network structure, all the computers and network devices
are interconnected with one another like a mesh. Every node has a
connection to every other node in the network. This topology is not
commonly used for most computer networks because of its installation
difficulty and expensive.

Advantages:

Failure of a single node will not affect the entire network


Data transfer rate is very fast because all the nodes are connected to each other.

Disadvantages:

Installation and re configuration is very difficult


Costlier

Hybrid Topology: Each of the topologies has their


own advantages and disadvantages. So in the real
world, a pure start or pure ring or bus is rarely used.
Rather a combination of two or more topologies is
used.
Hence, hybrid network topology uses a combination of any two or more topologies in
such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g.,
bus, star, ring, etc.). Two very commonly used hybrid network topologies include the star
ring network and star bus network.
Network Interface Cards (NICs): This is the important hardware component, which
connects the machine to the computer network. This will be fixed into one of the free slot on
the mother board. It has one port for the connection of a network cable.
These cards typically use an Ethernet connection
and are available in 10, 100, and 1000 Base-T
configurations. A 100 Base-T card can transfer data at
100 Mbps. The cards come in ISA and PCI versions and
are made by companies like 3Com and LinkSys.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Laboratory Session-2
Write-up on RAM, SDRAM, FLASH memory, Hard disks, Optical media, CD-ROM/R/RW,
DVDs, Flash drives, Keyboard, Mouse, Printers and Plotters.
Introduction to flowchart, algorithm and pseudo code.
Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is basically main memory of the computer.
RAM is a semiconductor memory made up of small memory chips that form
amemory module. These modules are installed in the RAM slots on the
motherboardof computer. Every time you open aprogram, it gets loaded from
thehard drive into the RAM. This is because reading data from the RAM is
much faster than reading data from the hard drive.
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM): It is an improvement to
standardDRAMbecause it retrieves data alternately between two sets of memory. This
eliminates the delay caused when one bank of memory addresses is shut down while another
is prepared for reading. It is called "Synchronous" DRAM because the memory is
synchronized with the clock speed that the computer'sCPUbus speed is optimized for. The
faster thebusspeed, the faster the SDRAM can be. SDRAM speed is measured inMegahertz.
FLASH memory: Flash memory is a type of Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory (EEPROM). The name comes from how the memory is designed -- a section of
memory cells can be erased in a single action or in a "flash.". Flash memory cards used for
digital cameras, cellular phones, networking hardware, and PC cards.
Hard disks: Hard disk is prime unit of storage of the computer. Huge amount of data can be
stored and accessed in few milliseconds. The hard disk consists of more number of disks
arranged in the cylindrical order, one above another on a spindle.
The read/write heads are attached to
single access mechanism so that they cannot
move independently. All read/write heads are
moved together to position that heads on the
required track. The hard disks available today
ranges from 200 GB to 2TB and so on. The
present day hard disk ranges from 3600 rpm to
more than 10000 rpm and so on.
Advantages: High storage capacity, high data accessing rate and permanent storage medium.
Disadvantages: It is not portable.
Optical media: An optical storage media is kind of storage, which is coated with thin metal
on which bits are stored. The data can be stored in to optical storage media or read form the
optical storage media.
The devices which perform read or write operation on optical storage media are called
optical storage media.
The laser technology is used to read the data or write the data on optical storage
devices.
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Examples: CD-ROM, DVD etc
Compact Disc Read-Only-Memory (CD-ROM): It is a type of optical disc that uses laser
technology to read and write data on the disc. The information stored on CDROM becomes
permanent and cannot be altered. This means that the stored information can only be read for
processing.
A CD-ROM uses the round shaped optical disk to store data, applications,
games and audio files.It can store up to 700 MB of data. It has become integral
part of every organization due to its features like reliability, reasonable, storage
capacity and easy to use of carry.
CD-Drive will be with motor to rotate the disks to perform read and write operations.
A CD-drive will consists of the components like Disc drive, disk drive motor, laser pick up
assembly tracking drive and tracking motor and so on.
Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R): The CD-R allows you to create your own CD.CD-R
drives have the ability to create CDs but they can write data on the disk only once.CD-R
technology also called as Write Once-Read much (WORM) technology.Laser technology is
used to write the data on the compact disk.CD-R drives come in IDE, SCSI and USB models.
Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW): CD-RW is an erasable optical disk which is used to
write data multiple times on a disk, CD-RW disks are good for data backup, data archiving or
data distribution on CDs. The disk normally holds 700MB of data.Technology to write data
multiple times on a CD was known as the Phase change Dual (PD) technology.The reflective
properties of a CD-RW are different than regular CD-ROM disks.
Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disc (DVD-ROM):A DVD is a small optical disk
having high density medium and capable of storing a full-length movie on a single disk.The
high density is achieved by using both sides of the disk, special data-compression technology,
and extremely small tracks to store the data.
Advantages:Storage capacity is more compared to CDs.
Flash Drives (Pen drives): USB flash drives are removable, rewritable, and physically much
smaller drives weighing even less than 30 g. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit
board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected
inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain.
Advantages

Data stored on flash drives is impervious to scratches and dust


Mechanically very robust
Easily portable
Have higher data capacity than any other removable media.
Compared to hard drives, flash drives use little power
Flash drives are small and light-weight devices
Flash drives can be used without installing device drivers.

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Disadvantages

Can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.
Most flash drives do not have a write-protect mechanism
Flash drives are very small devices that can easily be misplaced, left behind, or
otherwise lost.
The cost per unit of storage in a flash drive is higher than that of hard disks

Keyboard: A keyboard is the primary input device used in all


computers. Keyboard hasa groupof switches resembling the
keyson an ordinary typewriter machine. Normally keyboard has
around 101 keys. The keyboard includes key that allows us to
type letters, numbers and various special symbols such as *, /, [
, % etc.
Mouse: The mouse is the key input device to be used in a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
The users can use mouse to handle the cursor pointer easily on the
screen to perform various functions like opening a program or file.
With mouse, the users no longer need to memorize commands,
which was earlier a necessity when working with text-based
command line environment such as MS-DOS.
Advantages:
Easy to use; Cheap; Can be used to quickly place the cursor anywhere on the screen
Helps to quickly and easily draw figures
Point and click capabilities makes it unnecessary to remember certain commands
Disadvantages:
Needs extra desk space to be placed and moved easily
The ball in the mechanical mouse needs to be cleaned very often for smooth
movements
Printers:The printer is an output device, which is used to get hard copy of the text displayed
on the screen. The printer is an external optional device that is connected to the computer
system using cables. The printer driver software is required to make the printer working. The
performance of a printer is measured in terms of Dots Per Inch (DPI) and Pages Per Minute
(PPM) produced by the printer.
Types of Printers:
1) Impact Printers:Impact printers are those printers in which a physical contact is
established between the print head, ribbon (cartridge) and paper. E.g. Dot Matrix Printers

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2) Non-Impact Printers:No physical contact is established between the print head, ribbon
(cartridge) and paper.E.g. Inkjet Printers and Laser Printers

Dot matrix, Inkjet and Laser printers


Sl.
No.
1

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Dot Matrix Printer

Inkjet Printer

Laser Printer

Impact Printer

Non-impact Printer
Non-impact printer
Its print head does not have
It uses metal pins in its
metal pins, instead it has The laser printer uses a
head to create text and
several tiny nozzles that spray beam of laser for
graphics in the form of
ink onto the paper. Each printing.
dots.
nozzle is thinner than hair.
The process of printing
The ink cartridges are attached The printer uses a
involves striking a pin
to the printer head that moves cylindrical drum, a toner
against a ribbon to
horizontally from left to right. and the laser beam.
produce its output.
Printing speed is slower Printing speed is slower than Printing speed is higher
than laser printer,
laser dot matrix.
than both.
Character by character
Line by line printing
It is a page printer
printing
Low quality printing
High quality printing
High quality printing
Less expensive
High expensive
High expensive
Generates much noise Generates less noise while
No noise
while printing
printing
Speed is measured in DPI Speed is measured in CPI Speed is measured in
(Dots Per Inch)
(Characters Per Inch)
PPM (Pages Per Minute)
Monochrome (Black &
Monochrome and color
Color printer
White) Printers
printer

Plotters: A plotter is similar to printer that produces hard-copy output


with high-quality colour graphics. Plotters are generally more
expensive than printers, ranging from about $1000 to $75000.

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Problem Solving Techniques:


Theprocessofworkingthrough details of aproblemtoreachasolution.There are three approaches
to problem solving:

Algorithm
Flowchart
Pseudo Code

Algorithm: The algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to be followed in solving a problem. It


provides a scheme to solve a particular problem in finite number of unambiguous steps. It
helps in implementing the solution of a problem using any of the programming languages.
In order to qualify as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must possess the following
characteristics:

Definiteness: Instructions must be precise andunambiguous i.e. each and every


instruction should be clear and should have only one meaning.
Finiteness: Noteven a single instruction must be repeated infinitely. i.e., Each
instruction should be performed in finite time.
Termination: After the algorithm gets executed, the user should get the desired result

Key features of an algorithm:


Any algorithm has a finite number of steps and some steps may involve decision
making, repetition. Broadly speaking, an algorithm exhibits three key features that can be
given as:
Sequence: Sequence means that each step of the algorithm is executed in the specified
order.
Decision: Decision statements are used when the outcome of the process depends on
some condition.
Repetition: Repetition which involves executing one or more steps for a number of
times can be implemented using constructs like the while, do-while and for loops.
These loops executed one or more steps until some condition is true.
Example: To compute the Area of Rectangle
ALGM: AREA_of_RECTANGLE [This algorithm takes length and breadth, the
sides of the rectangle as input and computes the area of rectangle using the formula
area=length * breadth. Finally it prints the area of rectangle]
STEPS:
Step 1:[Initialize]
Start
Step 2: [Input the sides of Rectangle]
Read length, breadth
Step 3:[Compute the area of rectangle]
Arealength*breadth
Step 4:[Display the Area]
Print Area
Step 5: [Finished]
Stop

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Flowcharts: A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of an algorithm. They are
basically used to design and develop complex programs to help the users to visualize the
logic of the program so that they can gain a better understanding of the program and find
flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it.Basically, aflowchart depicts the
flow of a program. The following table shows the symbols used in flowchart along with its
descriptions.
Symbol

Name
oval
Rectangle

Parallelogram

Diamond

Arrows

Small circle

Description
Represents the terminal point
Represents the process steps defined in
algorithm
Indicate the reading Operation used for
input/output or data or information from/to
any device
Indicates the decisions (questions) and
consequently the branch points or the paths to
be followed based on the result of the question
Shows the flowchart direction and connects
the various flow chart symbols
Shows the continuation from one point in the
process flow to another
Represents Looping structures

Hexagon
Predefined
Process

Indicates Subroutines

Advantages of Flowcharts:

A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of steps that

must be performed to solve a problem. They are usually drawn in the early stages of
formulating computer solutions to facilitate communication between programmers and
business people.

Flowcharts help programmers to understand the logic of complicated and lengthy

problems.

They help to analyze the problem in a more effective manner

Flowchart can be used to debug programs that have error(s).

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E.g.: To compute the Area of Rectangle
Start

Read length,
breadth

Area =length*breadth

Print Area

Stop
Limitations of using Flowcharts:

Drawing flowcharts is a laborious and a time consuming activity.

Flowchart of a complex program becomes, complex and clumsy. At times, a little bit
of alteration in the solution may require complete re-drawing of the flowchart

Essentials of what is done may get lost in the technical details of how it is done.

There are no well defined standards that limits the details that must be incorporated in
a flowchart

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Pseudo code: It is a form of structured English that describes algorithms. It facilitates the
designers to focus on the logic of the algorithm without getting bogged down by the details of
language syntax.
Pseudocode is a compact and informal high-level description of an algorithm that
uses the structural conventions of a programming language. It is meant for human reading
rather than machine reading, so it omits the details that are not essential for humans. Such
details include keywords, variable declarations, system-specific code and subroutines.
There are no standards defined for writing a pseudocode because it is not an
executable program. Flowcharts can be considered as a graphical alternative to pseudocode,
but are more spacious on paper.
E.g.: To compute the area of Rectangle
Begin
Input length, breadth
Area=length*breadth
Print Area
End

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PART B: Problem Solving in C- Implement thefollowing problems with WINDOWS


/ LINUX platform using appropriate C compiler.

1. Quadratic Equation
1. Design and develop a flowchart or an algorithm that takes three coefficients (a, b, and
c)of a Quadratic equation (ax2+bx+c=0) as input and compute all possible roots.
Implement C program for the developed flowchart/algorithm and execute the same to
output the possible roots for a given set of coefficients with appropriate messages.
Purpose: This program demonstrates IF, IF-ELSE conditional constructs.
Procedure: To read the coefficientsa, b, c and check if any of the coefficients value is 0. If
any coefficient value is 0, print appropriate messages and re-run the program. Otherwise,
calculate discriminant. Based on the discriminant value, classify and calculate all possible
roots and print them with suitable messages.
Input:Three coefficientsofquadratic equationax2+bx+c=0:a, b, c
ExpectedOutput: This program computes all possible roots for a given set of coefficients
with appropriate messages. The possible roots are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Linear equation and its roots


Real & equal roots
Real & distinct roots
Imaginary roots

1.1 Algorithm
ALGM:Quadratic Equation[This algorithm takes three coefficients as input and computes
the roots]
Steps:
1. [Initialize] Start
2. [Input coefficients of quadratic equation]
read a,b,c
3. [Check for valid coefficients]
Ifa =0andb= 0then
print Roots cannot be determined
[Check for linear equation]
else a=0then
root1 (-c/b)
print Linear equation,root1
goto step 5
4. [Compute discriminant value]
disc b*b-4*a*c
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5. [Based on discriminant value, classify and calculate all possible roots and print them]
5.1

5.2

5.3

[If discriminant value is 0, roots are real & equal.]


if disc=0 then
root1 root2 (-b/2*a)
print Real & equal roots, root1, root2
[ If discriminant value is >0, roots are real & distinct.]
else ifdisc>0then
root1 (-b+disc)/(2*a)
root2 (-b-disc)/(2*a)
print Real & distinct roots, root1, root2
[ If discriminant value is <0, roots are imaginary.]
else
real -b/(2*a)
imag (fabs(disc))/(2*a)
root1 (real) + i (imag)
root2 (real) - i (imag)
print Imaginary roots, root1, root2
endif
endif

6. [Finished] End

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1.2 Flowchart

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1.3 Program
/* Program to calculate all possible roots of a quadratic equation */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float a, b, c, disc;
float root1,root2,real,imag;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a,b,c values\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if( (a == 0) && (b == 0) )
{
printf("Invalid coefficients\n");
printf(" Try Again with valid inputs !!!!\n");
}
elseif(a == 0)
{
printf("linear equation\n");
root1 = -c / b;
printf("Root=%.3f", root1);
}
else
{
disc = b*b - 4*a*c;
if(disc == 0)
{
printf("The roots are real and equal\n");
root1 = root2 = -b/(2*a);
printf("Root1 = %.3f \nRoot2 = %.3f", root1,root2);
}
elseif(disc>0)
{
printf("The roots are Real and Distinct\n");
root1 = (-b+sqrt(disc)) / (2*a);
root2 = (-b-sqrt(disc)) / (2*a);
printf("Root1 = %.3f \nRoot2 = %.3f",root1,root2);
}
else
{
printf("The roots are Real and Imaginary\n");
real = -b / (2*a);
imag = sqrt(fabs(disc)) / (2*a);//fabs() returns only numberignoring sign
printf("Root1 = %.3f + i %.3f \n",real,imag);
printf("Root2 = %.3f - i %.3f",real,imag);
}
}
return 0;
}

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1.4 Test Cases


Test
No

Input
Parameters

Expected output

Rema
rks

Obtained output

a =0,b=0,c=0

Invalid coefficients
Try Again with valid inputs !!!!

Invalid coefficients
Try Again with valid inputs !!!!

PASS

a =0,b=2,c= 8

Linear equation
Root = -4

Linear equation
Root =-4.000

PASS

a = 1,b= 6,c= 9

Roots are real and equal


Root1 = -3 and Root2= -3

Roots are real and equal


Root1 = -3.000 and Root2= -3.000

PASS

a = 1,b= -5,c= 3

Roots are real and distinct


Root1 = 4.30 and Root2= 0.69

Roots are real and distinct


Root1 = 4.303 and Root2= 0.697

PASS

a = 1,b= 4,c= 7

Roots are real and imaginary


Root1 = -2 + i 1.73
Root2 = -2 i 1.73

Roots are real and imaginary


Root1 = -2.000 + i 1.732
Root2 = -2.000 i 1.732

PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations


7

a =0,b= 4,c= 5

a = 2,b= -7,c=0

a = 2,b= -7,c=8

Viva Questions:
1. What is quadratic Equation?
2. What is math.h ?
3. What are decision making capabilities of C language?
4. Write the syntax of if statement?
5. Difference between if and switch statements?
6. Write an unconditional controlstatement in C.
7. Write a flowchart for if conditional construct?
Exercise Problems:
1. Write a program to swap two integers with and without using temporary variables
2. Write a program to check whether a person is eligible to vote
3. Write a program to check whether a number is even or odd
4. Write a program to check whether a number is positive negative or zero using nested if
statement
5. Write a program to find largest of two numbers
6. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using nested if else statement
7. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using else if ladder
8. Write a program to display the grade based on marks obtained by the students using else
if ladder
9. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations based on the users choice using else if
ladder
Other alternates:
Try the same quadratic equation program using switch statement.
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2. Palindrome
2. Design and develop an algorithm to find the reverse of an integer number NUM
andcheck whether it is PALINDROME or NOT. Implement a C program for the
developedalgorithm that takes an integer number as input and output the reverse of the
samewith suitable messages. Ex: Num: 2014, Reverse: 4102, Not a Palindrome.
Purpose: This program demonstrates the WHILE loop.
Procedure:Input the original number num, reverse itto rev. Check whether original
numbernum is same as its reverse number rev. If it is same, the number is palindrome.
Otherwise, the given number is not palindrome.
Input:An integer number num.
Expected Output: Reversed number revandchecks whether it is palindrome or not.
2.1 Algorithm
ALGM: Palindrome[This algorithm takesan integer number as input and output the reverse
of the same. Also checks the number is palindrome or not]
Steps:
1. [Initialize] Start
2. [Input the original number]
read num
3. [Set number num to a variable n]
n num
4. [Iterate until num is not equal to 0.
If num value becomes 0, control comes out of the loop. So nums original value is
lost. So, num value is stored in other variable n in step 3.
In step 4, reverse of the number is calculated.]
while ( num != 0) do
remainder num mod 10
num num/10
rev rev * 10 +remainder
5. [Print reverse number]
print rev
6. [Check if original number & reverse number are same. If it is, number is palindrome.
Otherwise, not palindrome]
if (rev = n)then
print palindrome
else
print not a palindrome
endif
7. [Finished]
End

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2.2 Program
/* Program to calculate whether a given number is palindrome or not */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int n,rev=0,num, remainder ;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
n=num;
while(num!=0)
//Reversing the number
{
remainder = num%10;
num = num/10;
rev = rev*10+ remainder;
}
printf("The reverse number is %d",rev);
if(rev == n)
printf("\n%d is a palindrome",n);
else
printf("\n%d is not a palindrome",n);
return 0;
}

2.3 Test cases


Test
No

Input
Parameters

N = 1441

N = 9987

N = -12221

4
5

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

Reverse number is 1441


Palindrome
Reverse number is 7899
Not a palindrome
Reverse number is -12221
Palindrome

Reverse number is: 1441


1441 is a palindrome
Reverse Number: 7899
9987 is not a palindrome
Reverse number : -12221
-12221 is a palindrome

N = -6758

Reverse number is -8576


Not a palindrome

Reverse Number: -8576


-6758 is not a palindrome

PASS

N=0

Reverse number is 0
Palindrome

Reverse number : 0
0 is a palindrome

PASS

N=1010

Reverse number is 0101


Not a Palindrome

Reverse number :101


1010 is not a palindrome

Pass

N=0101

Reverse number is 101


Palindrome

Reverse number :101


101 is a palindrome

Pass

PASS
PASS
PASS

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Test for the following cases & record your observations


6
7
8

N = 1234
N = 1100
N = 0203

Viva Questions:
1. What are Looping control statements?
2. Explain while loop.
3. What is the output of this C code?
Faculty should give code here
4. What is the difference between while and for loops?
5. What are the Entry controlled and Exit controlled loops in C ?
6. Write the flowchart for while loop.
7. Write the flowchart for do..while loop
Exercise Problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Write a program to find factorial of a number using while loop


Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using while loop
Write a program to find sum of n natural numbers using while loop
Write a program to find factorial of a number using do-while loop
Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using do-while loop

Other alternate:
Try the same palindrome program using for/do-whilestatement.

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3. Square Root and Leap Year


3.1 Square Root of a given Number
3a.
Design and develop a flowchart to find the square root of a given number
N.Implement a C program for the same and execute for all possible inputs withappropriate
messages. Note: Dont use library function sqrt(n).

3.1.1 Flowchart

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3.1.2 Program
/* Program to calculate square root of the given number without using built in function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()// Please add the logic
{
int s;
double x,d,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number\n");
scanf("%lf",&n);
if(n>=0)
{
for(s=1;s*s<=n;s++);
//calculating decimal part of the square root
s--;
for(d = 0.001;d < 1.0;d += 0.001)
// calculating the fractional part
{
x = (double)s + d;
if((x*x > (double)n))
{
x = x - 0.001;
break;
}
}
printf("The square root of the given number is %.3lf\n", x);
printf("The square root as per built in function sqrt()is %.2lf", sqrt(n));
}
else
{
printf( "No square root to a negative number");
}
return 0;
}

3.1.3 Test cases


Test
No

Input
Parameters

Expected output

N=49

Square root is 7

N=30

Square root is 5.477

N=50.5

Square root is 7.106

N= -4

No square root to a
negative number

No square root to a negative number

PASS

N=0

Square root is 0

Square root = 0

PASS

Obtained output
Square root is 7.000
Using built in function Sqrt() is 7.00
Square root is 5.477
Using built in function Sqrt() is 5.48
Square root is 7.106
Using built in function Sqrt() is 7.11

Rema
rks
PASS
PASS
PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations


6

N =2

N = 16.25

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Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is typecasting? Explain with an examples.


Difference between float and double data types.
Explain for loop?
What is a use of break statement?
Difference between continue and break statement?

Exercise Problems:
1. Write a program to find the sum of n natural numbers using for loop
2. Write a program to illustrate the usage of unconditional branching
statements(break,continue and goto)
3. Write a program to find sum of squares of n natural numbers using for loop
4. Write a program to generate Fibonacci series for a given number using for loop
5. Write a program to find factorial of a given number using for loop
6. Write a program to calculate xn using for loop
7. Write a program to evalvate ex series using for loop
8. Write a program to find the sum of digits of a number using for loop
9. Write a program to find the sum of series 1+1/2+1/3++1/n using for loop
10. Write a program to print the following patterns using nested for loop
a)
1
b)
* * *
c) 1 2 3
1 2
* * *
1 2
1 2 3
* * *
1
Other alternate :
This program can be done by using while loop also. Cant be done using other methods?

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3.2 Leap Year


3b. Design and develop a C program to read a year as an input and find whether it is
leapyear or not. Also consider end of the centuries.
3.2.1 Program
/* Program to find whether given year is leap year or not */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int year;
clrscr();
printf("Enter valid year\n");
scanf("%d",&year);
if((year%4==0) && (year%100!=0) || (year%400 ==0))
{
printf("%d is leap year", year);
}
else
{
printf("%d is not a leap year",year);
}
return 0;
}

//check for leap year

3.2.2 Test Cases


Test
No

Input
Parameters

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

Year=2012

Leap year

2012 is a leap year

PASS

Year=1900

Not a leap year

1900 is not a leap year

PASS

Year=2000

Leap year

2000 is a leap year

PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations.


Year = 1786

Year = 2045

Year = 2016

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Why n++ executes faster than n+1?


Explain about % and ! operator.
Which of the operators has associativity from Right to Left?
List the operators having same precedence?

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5. Which of the following operator has the highest precedence in the following?
a) ()
b) sizeof
c) * d) +
Exercise Problems:
1. Write a program to demonstrate the use of logical operators?
2. Write a program to demonstrate the use of relational operators?
3. Write a program to calculate number days between the two dates?
Alternate ways :
This program can be executed without using && and || operators.

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4. Polynomial Equation
4.Design and develop an algorithm for evaluating the polynomial f(x) = a4x4 + a3x3 +
a2x2+ a1x + a0, for a given value of x and its coefficients using Horners
method.Implement a C program for the developed algorithm and execute for different
sets of values ofcoefficients and x.

Input:An array of different set of values of coefficientsa4, a3,a2, a1and constant a0-a[]
Indeterminate or variable -x
Number of coefficients- n
ExpectedOutput:Sum of all terms of the polynomial - sum
Purpose: This program describes FOR loop.
Procedure: To read x, n, a[ ] . Calculate the terms of polynomial and add each term to
sum by iterating from n to 0. Thenprint sum value.

4.1 Algorithm
ALGM: EVAL_POLYNOMIALf(x) = a4x4+ a3x3+ a2x2+ a1x+ a0using Horners
method
Steps:
1. [Initialize] Start
2. [Input the number of coefficients n]
read n
3. Set sum to 0
4. [Read all coefficients a1, a2, a3, a4and constanta0]
Foreach value i in array a(i)do
read n+1 coefficients
endfor
5. [Input variable x]
read x
6. [Iterate from n to 0. Calculate each term a4x4, a3x ,a2x2,a1x, a0 . ]
Foreach value iin array a(i) do
sum sum * x + a[i]
endfor
7. Print sum
8. [Finished]
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EndEnd

4.2 Program
/* Evaluating the polynomial f(x) = a4x4+ a3x3+ a2x2+ a1x+ a0 using Horners method
(n, i, sum, a[], x) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i,sum=0,a[10],x;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number of co-efficients n>=0\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the n+1 co-efficients\n");
for(i=n;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("Enter a[%d] th coefficient : ",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("enter value of x\n");
scanf("%d",&x);
for(i=n;i>0;i--)
{
sum=sum+x*a[i];
}
sum=sum+a[0];
printf("the value of sum is %d",sum);
return 0;
}

4.3 Test Cases


Test
No

Input Parameters

Expected
output

Enter the no of coefficients of N= 4


enter the coefficient n+1 of array a
a[4]=1
a[3]=2
1
Sum = 15
a[2]=3
a[1]=4
a[0]=5
Enter the value of x = 1
2
N= 0
enter the coefficient n+1 of array a
Sum = 25
a[0]=25
Enter the value of x = 2
Test for the following cases & record your observations
5
6

Obtained
output

Remarks

Sum = 15

PASS

Sum = 25

PASS

N=2 and X=3


a[2]= -3, a[1]= 4,a[0] = -5
N=5 and X=2
Give negative coefficients

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

raichur

32

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

Viva Questions:
1. What is an array? Give an example
2. What is an multidimensional array?
3. How to declare and initialize one dimensional array?
4. What are the advantages of an array?
5. Differentiate between i++ and i-- ?
Exercise Problems
1. Write a program to Calculate the sum of polynomial without using Horners method
2. Write a program to add all the element of single dimensional array.
3. Write a program to find largest and smallest number in an array.
4. Write a c program to find out second largest element of an unsorted array.
5. Write a c program for delete an element at desired position in an array.
6. Write a c program for insert an element at desired position in an array.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

5. Sine Series
5. Write C Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series approximation given by
Sin(x) = x - (x3/3!) + (x5/5!) - (x7/7!) + .Compare the result with the built- in Library
function and print both the results.

5.1 Flowchart

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5.2 Program
/* Program to calculate sine value of given angle */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define PI 3.142
int main()
{
int i, degree;
float x, sum=0,term,nume,deno;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of degree");
scanf("%d",&degree);
x = degree * (PI/180);
//converting degree into radian
nume = x;
deno = 1;
i=2;
do
{
//calculating the sine value.
term = nume/deno;
nume = -nume*x*x;
deno = deno*i*(i+1);
sum=sum+term;
i=i+2;
} while (fabs(term) >= 0.00001);
// Accurate to 4 digits
printf("The sine of %d is %.3f\n", degree, sum);
printf("The sine function of %d is %.3f", degree, sin(x));
return 0;
}

5.3

Test Cases

Test
No

Input
Parameters

Expected output

Degree = 0

The sine of 0 is = 0

Degree = 30

The sine of 30=0.500

Degree = 60

The sine of 600 = 0.866

Degree = -10

The sine of -100 = -0.17

Obtained output
The sine of 0 is= 0.000
Using inbuilt function sin(0)= 0.000
The sine of 30 is= 0.500
Using inbuilt function sin(30)= 0.500
The sine of 60 is= 0.866
Using inbuilt function sin(60)= 0.866
The sine of -10 is= - 0.174
Using inbuilt function sin(-10)= -0.174

Remarks
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations.


5

Degree = 90

Degree = 45

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Viva Questions:
1. What is pre-processor directive?
2. What is difference between const and #define.
3. What is use of fabs().
4. What is variable initialization and why is it important?
5. What is the difference between the = symbol and == symbol?
6. Can the curly brackets { } be used to enclose a single line of code?
Exercise Problems:
1. Write C Program to compute cos(x) using Taylor series approximation.
2. Write C Program to compute exusing Taylor series approximation.
3. Write a C program to compute Log x
Other alternates:
This program can be executed by reading number of terms

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

6. Bubble Sort
6. Develop an algorithm, implement and execute a C program that reads N integer
numbers and arrange them in ascending order using Bubble Sort.
Purpose:This program demonstrates NESTED FOR loop.
Procedure: To read an array of elements a[ ] . While iterating, compare each pair of adjacent
items in every pass. If the former value is greater than the latter one, their positions are
swapped. Over a number of passes, at most equal to the number of elements in the list, all of
the values drift into their correct positions. Then print sorted array elements.
Input: Number of Elements n
An array of unsorted elements a[ ]
Output: An array of sorted elements a[ ]
6.1 Algorithm
ALGM: Bubble Sort[ This algorithm takes a list of unordered numbers and arrange them in
ascending order using Bubble Sort method]
Steps:
1. [Initialize] Start
2. [Input number of elements]
read n
3. [Input unsorted elements in array]
read elements in array a[ ]
4. print elements of array a[ ]
5. [Iterate array a[ ] in two loops. Outer loop gives number of passes. Inner loop does
swap task.
In each pass, compare each pair of adjacent items. If former element is greater than
latter one, swap them.]
[Iterate array a[ ] with
for each value i in array a[i] to n do
for each value j in array a[j] to n-1 do
[Compare each pair of adjacent elements]
if (a[j] > a[j+1])then
[Swap these elements using temp variable]
temp a[j]
a[j] a[j+1]
a[j+1] temp
endif
endfor
endfor
6. Print array with sorted elements
7. [Finished]
End

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6.2 Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i,j,a[10],temp;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of elements : \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the array elements \n");
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("The original elements are \n");
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
for(j= 1 ; j <= n-1 ; j++)
{
for(i = 0 ; i <= n-j-1; i++)
if(a[i] > a[i+1])
{
temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[i+1];
a[i+1] = temp;
}
}
printf("\n The Sorted elements are \n");
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
return 0;
}

// Number of Passes
// Comparisons

6.3 Test Cases


Test
No

Input Parameters

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

N=5
A[5]={23,4,6,12,40}

Sorted ele are:


A[5]={4,6,12,23,40}

A ={23,4,6,12,40}
Sorted A ={4,6,12,23,40}

PASS

N=4
A[4]={67,5,0,34}

Sorted ele are:


A[4]={0,5,34,67}

Org={67,5,0,34}
Sorted={0,5,34,67}

PASS

N=4
A[4]={-3,-9,12,6}
N=5
A[5]={12,23,6,54,6}

Sorted ele are:


A[4]={-9,-3,6,12}
Sorted ele are:
A[5]={6,6,12,23,54}

Org={-3,-9,12,6}
Sorted={-9,-3,6,12}
Org={12,23,6,54,6}
Sorted={6,6,12,23,54}

3
4

PASS
PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations


5

N=8

N=15

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Why the name bubble sort?


Mention the different types of sorting techniques?
Explain the logic of bubble sort with an example.
What is nested for loop?

Exercise Problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Write a program in c to swap two numbers without using temporary variable.


Write a program to sort elements using selection sort.
Write a program to reverse the element of an array number without using another array.
Write a program to sort an element in descending order bubble sort.
Write a program to find the first and second largest element in array.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

raichur

39

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

7. Matrix Multiplication
7. Develop, implement and execute a C program that reads two matrices A (m x n )and B (p x q
) and Compute the product A and B. Read matrix A in row major orderand matrix B in column
major order. Print both the input matrices and resultant matrixwith suitable headings and in
matrix format. Program must check the compatibility oforders of the matrices for
multiplication. Report appropriate message in case ofincompatibility.

7.1 Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5],m,n,p,q,i,j,k;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the size of first matrix\n");
scanf("%d %d",&m,&n);
printf("Enter the size of second matrix\n");
scanf("%d %d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter the elements of the second matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("The product of two matrix is\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

}
printf("\n");
}
}
else
printf("Multiplication is not possible\n");
return 0;
}

7.2 Test Cases


Test No

Input Parameters
Matrix A Size= 2, 2
Matrix B Size= 2, 2
Elements=
1 2
5 6
3 4 * 7 8
Matrix A Size= 2, 3
Matrix B Size= 2, 2
Matrix A Size= 2, 3
Matrix B Size= 3, 2
Elements=
1 2 42 4
2 1 3 * 32
1 1
Matrix A Size= 2, 2
Matrix B Size= 2, 2
Elements=
4 -5
10 -7
8 9 * 3 2

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

The product of two


matrix
19 22
43 50

The product of
two matrix
19 22
43 50

PASS

Invalid input

Multiplication
not possible

PASS

The product of two


matrix
12 12
1013

The product of
two matrix
12 12
1013

PASS

The product of two


matrix
-25 38
107 -38

The product of
two matrix
-25 38
107 -38

PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations.


5

Matrix A Size= 2, 3
Matrix B Size=3, 2

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What are multi dimensional arrays?


How to initialize two dimensional arrays?
How to pass a two dimensional array as function parameter?
How the memory is allocated for two dimensional array

Exercise Problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Write the program to add and subtract two matrix.


Program to find the transpose of a matrices.
Program to find determinants of a matrices.
Program to find the diagonal elements of a matrix.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

raichur

41

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

8. Binary Searching Technique


8. Develop, implement and execute a c program to search a name in list of names using
Binary Searching Technique

8.1 Program
/* progrm to search an name using binary search */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char name[10][20], key[20];
int n, i, low, high, mid, found=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of names to read, n=");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the names in ascending order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%s", name[i]);
printf("Enter the name to be search:");
scanf("%s", key);
low=0;
high=n-1;
while(low<=high && !found)
{
mid=(low + high)/2;
if(strcmp(name[mid],key)==0)
found=1;
elseif(strcmp(name[mid],key)<0)
low=mid+1;
else
high=mid-1;
}
if(found == 1)
printf("Name found in position : %d",mid+1);
else
printf("Name not found");
return 0;
}

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

8.2 Test Cases


Test
No
1

Input Parameters

Expected output

name found in
N=5
name[0] = amar
position : 2
name[1] = chethan
name[2] = girish
name[3] = manoj
name[4] = yadu
key = chethan
2
name found in
N=5
position : 5
name[0] = amar
name[1] = chethan
name[2] = girish
name[3] = manoj
name[4] = yadu
key = yadu
3
name not found
N=6
name[0] = bhaskar
name[1] = darshan
name[2] = nagaraj
name[3] = sathish
name[4] = teju
name[5] = vishwas
key = prakash
4
Names are not in
N=4
name[0] = sathish
ascending order
name[1] = kiran
name[2] = adarash
name[3] = bhaskar
key = sathish
Test the following cases and record
5
N=4
name[0] = sathish
name[1] = kiran
name[2] = adarash
name[3] = bhaskar
key = kiran
6
N=3
name[0] = amar
name[1] = chethan
name[2] = girish
key = amarrr

Obtained output

Remarks

name found in
position : 2

PASS

name found in
position : 5

PASS

name not found

PASS

Name not found

Fail
Note: Always
enter the
names in
ascending
order

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Explain how the binary search program works?


Which arethe different types of searching techniques?
What is difference between linear search and binary search?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of binary search techniques?

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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43

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

Exercise Problems:
1. Write a program in C to a search an element using linear search.
2. Write a program in C to sort and search an element using binary search.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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9. String Copy and Frequency of Vowels


9.Write and execute a C program that
Implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to
another string str2 without using library function.

i.
ii.

Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count of
consonants.

9.1 String Copy without using library function


Implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to another
string str2 without using library function. This program supposed to be implemented using
functions
9.1.1 Program
/* program to copy string without using library function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
// function to copy a string
void strcopy(chars1[50], char s2[50])
{
int i=0;
while(s[1i]!='\0')
{
s2[i]=s1[i];
i++;
}
s2[i]='\0';
}
int main()
{
char str1[50],str2[50];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the source string\n");
gets(str1);
strcopy(str1,str2);
printf("Destination string is\n");
puts(str2);
return 0;
}

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

9.1.2 Test Cases


Test
No

Input
Parameters

Expected output

Str1=RNSIT

Str2=RNSIT

Str1=CSE & ISE


Dept

Str2=CSE & ISE Dept

Obtained output
Destination string
Str2=hello
Destination string
Str2=CSE & ISE Dept

Remarks
PASS
PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations.


Str1 =
3
ello#%good
4
Str1 = 12345

Viva Questions
1. Define a Function?
2. What is the difference between User-defined and Standard library/Pre-defined
functions?
3. Is main() a user-defined function or pre-defined function?
4. What is the Calling function and Called function?
5. What are the Actual parameters /arguments and Formal parameters/arguments?
6. Explain the concept of pass by value / call by value?
7. Explain the void type in C ?
8. What is NULL Character ?
9. What is the difference between character and a string?
10. What are string constants?
11. What are character constants?

Exercise Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.

Program to reverse a string without using built-in function.


Program to copy a string with using library function.
Program to check the given string is palindrome or not.
Program to string concatenation without using strcat()

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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46

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

9.2 Vowels and Consonants Count


ii. Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count
ofconsonants.
9.2.1 Program
/* program to prints frequency of vowels and total count of consonants */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s[100],ch;
int i,vc=0,cc=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the sentence\n");
gets(s);
for(i=0;i<strlen(s);i++)
{
if(isalpha(s[i]))
{
ch=tolower(s[i]);
if(ch=='a'||ch=='e'||ch=='i'||ch=='o'||ch=='u')
vc++;
else
cc++;
}
}
printf("No of vowels=%d\n",vc);
printf("No of consonants=%d",cc);
}
9.2.2 Test Cases
Test No

Input Parameters

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

Str = hello apple umbrella

Vowels=7
Consonants=11

Vowels=7
Consonants=11

PASS

Str=FIRE FOX

Vowels=3
Consonants=4

Vowels=3
Consonants=4

PASS

Str= bitty butter 123

Vowels=3
Consonants=8

Vowels=3
Consonants=8

PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations.


4
5

Str = qwerty@#$
Str = DER$

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Mention some built-in functions of string.h header file


What is isalpha function?
What is tolower function?
What is strlen function?
What is strcpy function?
What is strcat function?
How the of strcmp( ) function works?

Exercise Problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Write a c program to delete the all consonants from given string.


Write a c program to sort the characters of a string.
Program to convert uppercase to lowercase and vice versa
Program to print the ASCII value of a given character
Program to find the string length without using built-in function.
Write a program to find a substring in a given string.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

raichur

48

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

10. Right Rotate and isprime or not


10.
i)Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n
as input and returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions. Assume the
integers are unsigned. Write a C program that invokes this function with different values
for x and n and tabulate the results with suitable headings.
ii) Design and develop a C function isprime(num) that accepts an integer argument and
returns 1 if the argument isprime, a 0 otherwise. Write a C program that invokes this
function to generate prime numbers between the given ranges

10.1 Right Rotate by n Positions


Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n as input and
returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions.
10.1.1 Program
/* program to rotate right */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
//function to right rotate
unsignedint RightShift(unsignedint x,unsignedint n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(x%2==0)
x=x>>1;
else
{
x=x>>1;
x=x+32768;
}
}
return(x);
}
void main()
{
unsignedint x,y,n,i,value;
char input;
clrscr();
do
{
printf("\nEnter the number and the no of bits to be rotated\n");
scanf("%u %u",&x,&n);
y=x;
value=RightShift(x,n);
printf("\nCALULATED VALUE rightrot of %u,%u=%u",y,n,value);
printf("\nTocontinue press 'y' else press 'n'\n");
input=getche();
}while(input!='n');
}
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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

10.1.2 TestCases
Test
No

Input Parameters

X=4 & N=1


(hint: binary for 4:
0000 0000 0000 0100)

Expected output

Result=2
(hint : after rotation :
0000 0000 0000 0010)

Obtained
output

Remarks

Result=2

PASS

X=5 & N=2


Result=16385
(hint: binary for :
(hint : after rotation : Result=16385
2
0000 0000 0000 0101) 0100 0000 0000 0001)
Test for the following cases and Record the observation
3
X=8 & N=4
4
X=15 & N=3

PASS

Viva Question
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Explain bitwise operators in C?


What is difference between integer and unsigned integer?
Explain the function without return type and return value with example?
What is difference between getch() and getche()?
What are library functions?

Exercise Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Write a c program to convert decimal number to binary number.


Write a c program to convert decimal number to octal number.
Write a program to find the 1s complement of a number?
Write a program to find the 2s complement of a number?
Write a program for an unsigned integer to left rotate by n position.
Write a program to shift right an integer by n positions.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

raichur

50

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

10.2 To Check Prime or Not


10 ii). Design and develop a function isprime (x) that accepts an integer argument
and returns 1 if the argument is prime and 0 otherwise. The function must use plain
division checking approach to determine if a given number isprime. Invoke this function
from the main with different values obtained from the user and print appropriate messages
10.2.1 Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int isprime(int num)
{
int i;
if(num==0 || num==1)
{
return 0;
}
for(i=2;i<= sqrt(num);i++)
{
if(num%i==0)
return(0);
}
return(1);
}
int main()
{
int x,y,i,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a range\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("The prime numbers are\n");
for(i=x;i<=y;i++)
{
if(isprime(i))
{
printf("%d\t",i);
flag=1;
}
}
if(flag==0)
{
printf("There are no prime numbers between this range\n")
}
return 0;
}

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

10.2.2 Test Cases


Test No

Input Parameters

Expected output

Obtained output

Range
Prime numbers are
Prime numbers are
X=0 & Y=10
2 3 5 7
2 3 5 7
Range
Prime numbers are
Prime numbers are
2
X=5 & Y=15
5 7 11 13
5 7 11 13
Range
There are no prime
There are no prime
3
X=8 & Y=10
numbers
numbers
Test for the following cases and Record the observations
Range
4
X=10 & Y=30
Range
5
X=15 & Y=25
1

Remarks
PASS
PASS
PASS

Viva Question
1.
2.
3.
4.

Why is the return type used?


What is function prototype?
What is the default value returned by a function?
Which is the even prime number?

Exercise Problem:
1. Write a program to generate a prime number between range 1 to 100.

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11. Factorial of number using Recursive function


11. Draw the flow chart and write a Recursive C function to find the factorial of
number n! defined by fact(n)=1, if n=0, otherwise fact(n)=n*fact(n-1),using this function
write a c program to compute the binomial co-efficient nCr. Tabulate the results for
different values of n and r using suitable messages.

11.1 Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fact(int n)
{
if(n==0)
{
return 1;
}
Return (n*fact(n-1));
}
void main()
{
int n,r,res;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of n and r\n");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&r);
res=fact(n)/(fact(n-r)*fact(r));
printf("The NCR is = %d",res);
}

11.2 Test Cases:


Test No

Input Parameters

N=4 & R=2

N=5 & R=5

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

C2 = 6

PASS

C5 = 1

PASS

C2 = 6
C5 = 1

Test for the following cases and Records


3

N=6 & R=0

N=7 & R=3

N=3&R=1

Hint: Enter N>=R.


Viva Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Define the term recursion.


Explain how recursive function works.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of recursive function.
Give the general syntax of a recursive function.

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Exercise Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Write a program to find of GCD of two numbers using recursion.


Write a program using recursive to generate the Fibonacci series.
Write a program to find the sum of all numbers from 1 to N using recursive
Recursive solutions for Linear and Binary Search
Recursive solution for Binomial Coefficient

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12. Copy the Contents Of File


12. Given two university information files "studentname.txt" and "usn.txt" that contains
students names and USN respectively. Write a C program to a new file called "output.txt" and
copy the content of files "studentname.txt" and "usn.txt" into output file in the sequence shows
below. Display the content of output file "output.txt" on to the screen.

Student Name
Name1
Name2
.
.

USN
USN1
USN2
.
.

Heading

12.1 Program
/* program to merge two files */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fptr1,*fptr2,*fptr3;
char ch1,ch2;
clrscr();
fptr1 = fopen("studentn.txt", "r");
if (fptr1 == NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open file \n");
exit(0);
}
fptr2 = fopen("usn.txt", "r");
if (fptr2 == NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open file \n");
exit(0);
}
fptr3 = fopen("output.txt" ,"w");
do
{
while ((ch1 = fgetc(fptr1)) != '\n')
{
if (ch1 == EOF)
break;
else
fputc(ch1, fptr3);
}
fputc('\t',fptr3);
while ((ch2 = fgetc(fptr2)) != '\n')
{
if (ch2 == EOF)
break;
else
fputc(ch2, fptr3);
}
fputc('\n', fptr3);
}while(ch1 !=EOF || ch2 !=EOF);
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fclose(fptr3);
fptr3 = fopen("output.txt", "r");
printf("Student Name \t USN\n");
printf("-----------------------\n");
while((ch1=fgetc(fptr3))!=EOF)
printf("%c",ch1);
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
fclose(fptr3);
}

12.2 Test Cases


Test No

Input Parameters

Expected output

Obtained output

Remarks

Dont create the


studentn.txt file

Cannot open file

Cannot open file and


exits

PASS

Create a file
student.txt
contains names
Manoj
Suresh
Kiran
Dont create
usn.txt

Cannot open file

Cannot open file and


exits

PASS

Create a file
student.txt
contains names
Manoj
Suresh
Kiran
Create file usn.txt
100
200
300

Creates output.txt
and contains
Manoj
100
Suresh
200
Kiran
300
In output device
Student name usn
--------------------------Manoj
100
Suresh
200
Kiran
300

In output.txt file
Manoj 100
Suresh 200
Kiran 300
&
In output device
Student name usn
--------------------------Manoj
100
Suresh
200
Kiran
300

PASS

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What is file?
File is type of ___________? Ans: Struct type
What is file mode ? Mention the different types of file mode ?
What is pointer and NULL pointer?
Write the syntax of fopen( ) and fclose ( )?
How the fgetc( ) and fputc( ) works ?
If there is any error while opening a file, fopen will return__________? Ans : NULL
EOF indicate________? Ans : End of file (EOF) is used to report end of file.
What is difference between fgetc( ) and fgets( )?

Exercise Problems:
1. Write a program in C to a copy one file to another file.
2. Write a program in C to count number of words, blank space, & number of lines in a
file.
3. Write a program in C to merge two files.
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13.

Student Recordusing Array of Structures

13. Write a C program to maintain a record of "n" student details using an array of
structures with four fields (Roll number, Name, marks, and Grade). Each field is of an
appropriate data type. Print the marks of the student given name as input.

13.1 Program
/* program to maintain a record of student using structrue */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
int rollno, marks;
char name[20], grade;
};
void main()
{
int i, n, count=0;
struct student s[10];
char sname[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of student details n=");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nenter the %d student details \n",i+1);
printf("enter the roll number:");
scanf("%d",&s[i].rollno);
printf("enter the student name without white spaces:");
scanf("%s", s[i].name);
printf("enter the marks : ");
scanf("%d", &s[i].marks);
printf("enter the grade : ");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&s[i].grade);
}
printf("\nStudent details are \n");
printf("\nRollno\tName\t\t\tMarks\tGrade\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t%s\t\t%d\t%c\n", s[i].rollno, s[i].name, s[i].marks, s[i].grade);
printf("\nEnter the student name to print the marks:");
scanf("%s", sname);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(strcmp(s[i].name, sname)==0)
{
printf("\nMarks of the student is : %d", s[i].marks);
count++;
}
}
if(count==0)
printf("Given student name is not found");
}
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13.2 TestCases
Test
No
1

Input Parameters

Expected
output

Obtained
output

Rem
arks

N=3, Enter the student details of 3 student


Roll no

Name

Marks

Grade

S[0]. 100

Divya

90

S[1]. 200

Pavithra

80

300

Tanisha

60

S[2]

Divya
Marks=
90

Divya
PASS
Marks= 90

Enter name = Divya to print the marks


2

N=2, Enter the student details of 3 student


Roll no

Name

Marks

Grade

S[0]. 100

Krish

75

S[1]. 200

Krish

80

Krish
Marks=
75
80

Krish
Marks=

Given
student
name not
found

Given
student
name not
found

PASS

75
80

Enter name = krish to print the marks


3

N=3, Enter the student details of 3 student


Roll no

Name

Marks

Grade

S[0]. 100

Divya

90

S[1]. 200

Pavithra 80

Tanisha

S[2]

300

60

PASS

Enter name = pallavi to print the marks


Test the following cases and records
4
N=0,
5

N=5

Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What is a structure?
Give the difference between an array and a structure?
Does the definition of a structure create memory space?
How are individual elements of a structure accessed?
What is an enumerated data?
What is union?
What are the difference between structure and union?
What is the use of fflush( ).
Difference between strcmp() and strcmpi().

Exercise Problems:
1. Write a program in C to create employee details using a structure.(the members of
structure are empno, ename, basic salary, HRA, DA, Gross_salary).

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14. Use of Pointers


14. Write a C program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard
deviation of all elements stored in an array of n real numbers.

Mean :is the average of the numbers. i.ethe sum of a collection of numbers divided by the
number of numbers in the collection

Standard deviation(SD) : measures the amount of variation ordispersionfrom the


average. For a finite set of numbers, the standard deviation is found by taking thesquare
rootof theaverageof the squared differences of the values from their average value.

14.1 Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float a[10], *ptr, mean, std, sum=0, sumstd=0;
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the array elements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%f",&a[i]);
}
ptr=a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=sum+ *ptr;
ptr++;
}
mean=sum/n;
ptr=a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sumstd=sumstd + pow((*ptr - mean),2);
ptr++;
}
std= sqrt(sumstd/n);
printf("Sum=%f\t",sum);
printf("Mean=%f\t",mean);
printf("Standard deviation=%f\t",std);
}

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14.2 Test Cases


Test
No

Input Parameters

N=8
Array elements
2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9

N=4
Array elements
1 2 3 4

Expected output

Obtained output

Sum=40
Mean=5
Standard
deviation=2
Sum=10
Mean=2.5
Standard
deviation=0.790569

Sum=40
Mean=5
Standard
deviation=2
Sum=10
Mean=2.5
Standard
deviation=0.790569

Remarks

PASS

PASS

Test for the following cases and Records


3

N=5
Array elements
2 3 4 8 10
N=6
Array elements
1 3 5 7 9 11

Viva Question :
Define pointer?
What does * and & operator indicate with respect to pointer.
What are the advantages of using pointer.
How is a pointer variable declared?
Give the difference between static allocation and dynamic allocation of memory
space.
6. Give the difference between call by value and call by reference
7. What is the effect of the ++ and --operators on pointer variable

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Exercise Problem:
1. Write a program to display the value and address of a variable.
2. Write a program to illustrate pointer initialization.
3. Write a program to show the amount of space required to store variables (i.e. int,
float, and char variable) and space reserved for pointers.
4. Write a c program to swap the contents of two variables by passing address to the
function.

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APPENDIX - A
General Viva & Exercise Problems
Viva and Exercise problems on Basic concepts of C program
Define preprocessor directives.
What is the syntax for preprocessor directive?
What are header files?
What does include stands for?
Give some examples of built-in functions stored in math.h ,conoi.h ,stdio.h,string.h.
What type of a function is main()?
What are variables?
Name the basic data type available in C.
What is the size of following data type?
a) int b) float c) char d)long int e) double
10. What are format specifiers?
11. Name the format specifiers for the following data type.
a) int b) float c) char d)long int e) double
12. Name formatted input output functions.
13. Give the syntax for printf() and scanf().
14. In which header file, printf() is defined?
15. What are the arguments taken by the function printf( )?
16. What are the two arguments taken by scanf()?
17. What is the output of the following code?
void main()
{
int a;
printf (%d,x);
}
18. Name unformatted input output functions.
19. How many characters is read by the function getchar() and gets ()?
20. How do you differentiate getche() and getchar()?
21. What is the significance of using getch() in the program?
22. What are compound statements?
23. What are built-in functions?
24. How many keywords are available in C?
25. Keywords are also known as _________.
26. What are Identifiers?
27. What are Constants?
28. Name the three types of coding constants?
29. What are qualifiers?
30. What is the range of unsigned integer?
31. Give the syntax for defined constant?
32. What is const? Where is it used?
33. Give an example for character constant.
34. What is ASCII value?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

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35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

How characters are stored in memory?


How many bits is equal to 1 byte?
Half byte is known as _______.
What is a compiler?
What is an assembler?

Exercise
1. Write a program to print Hello World.
2. Write a program to print your name, college, usn.
3. Write a program to print the pattern * * * * *
*****
*****
4. Write a program to read a number and display the number.
5. Write a program to add,subtract,multiply and divide two integers.
6. Write a program to read a character and display it using unformatted input output
functions.
7. Write a program to find the ASCII value of a character.

Viva and Exercise problems on Operators


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

What is an operator?
Name the different types of operators in C.
What is associativity?
Arithmetic operators are left to right associative.(True / false)
How multiple assignments are done? Is it left to right or right to left associative?
Name relational operators? It is also known as ______.
What are unary operators?
Give some examples for unary operators.
What is an address operator?
Give the syntax for ternary operator.
What type of operator is increment operator?
Which operator is used to know the size of all data type?
Name logical operator. Why is it used?
Which operator has highest precedence among logical operators?
What type of operators are >> and <<?
Is there any rotate operator in C?
= is an example of -------------------------- operator.
A=b. Explain this?
What is declaration?
Give an example of initialization of variable. How it works?
What are local variables?
What are global variables?
What is the significance of giving semicolon at the end of every statement?
What are backslash constants?
What does this indicates \a and \t?

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Differentiate implicit and explicit type conversion.


Explicit type conversion is known as___________.
Both the variables should be of same data
conversion(True/false)?
29. Explain explicit conversion with syntax.
30. What is the output of following code?
void main ()
{
int a=6, c;
float b=9.0;
c=a/b;
printf(%d,c);
}
31. What is the output of the following code?
void main ()
{
int a=10,b=5;
float c;
c = (float) a/b;
printf(%f,c);

26.
27.
28.

type

in

implicit

type

}
32. Differentiate post and pre increment operator.
33. Write the output for the following code?
void main ()
{
int a=8, b, c=10, d;
b = ++a;
printf(%d\n%d,a,b);
d=c++;
printf(%d\n%d,c,d);
}
Exercise
1. Write a program to demonstrate arithmetic operators.
2. Write a program to print the right most digit of a number.
3. Write a program to demonstrate relational operators.
4. Write a program to demonstrate logical operators.
5. Write a program to demonstrate bitwise operators.
6. Write a program to demonstrate post& pre increment of a variable(post & pre decrement)?
7. Write a program to find the size of all data type using sizeof( ) operator.
8. Write a program to find largest to two integers using conditional operator.
9. Write a program to demonstrate implicit and explicit type conversion .
10. Write a program to find the radius of a circle.
11. Write a program to swap two integers with and without using temporary variables.
12. Write a program to convert degrees into radians and vice versa.
13. Write a program to convert Celsius into Fahrenheit.
14. Write a program to demonstrate literal constant defined constant and memory constant.
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Viva and Exercise problems on Branching and Looping


1. Name conditional branching statements.
2. Write the syntax for if.
3. Name two way decision statement.
4. What is meant by dangling if?
5. Give examples for multiway decision statements.
6. Write the syntax for switch case and else if ladder.
7. Name the different instance where switch case and else if ladder is used.
8. What is the difference between multiple if and else if ladder?
9. What is default? What is the significance of using it in switch case?
10. Can we use continue in switch case?
11. Can the case value be float in switch case?
12. Explain unconditional branching statement.
13. What is the output of the above code?
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
{
if(i==3) continue;
if(i==3)break;
printf(%d,i);
printf(%d,i);
}
}
14. What is break?
15. Explain the syntax for goto? Why it is not recommended in C?
16. How many times conditional branching statements will work?
17. What are loops?
18. Differentiate event controlled and counter controlled loop.
19. Explain the syntax of while and do-while loop.
20. The minimum times do-while loop will work-------------.
21. While loop is also known as _________.
22. Why do-while loop is also known as exit-controlled loop? Justify.
23. How many times the loop will work?
24. Explain the syntax of for loop.
25. Explain nested for loop.
26. Write the code to print the following code.
*
**
***
27. Write for loop in terms of while loop.
28. What type of loop is this.
for (; ;)
29. Give a real time example where nested for loop is used.
30. pow() is defined in which header file?
31. Which is the preferable loop to find gcd of a number?
32. What is the advantage of using Horners method over simple method?
33. Name the different instances where break statement is used.

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Exercise
Write a program to check whether a person is eligible to vote using if construct.
Write a program to check whether a number is even using if construct.
Write a program to check whether a student has secured distinction using if construct.
Write a program to check whether a number is positive negative or zero using
multiple if statement.
5. Write a program to find the roots of quadratic equation using multiple if statement.
6. Write a program to find largest of two numbers using if else statement.
7. Write a program to check whether a number is even or odd using if else statement.
8. Write a program to check whether the entered digit is vowel or consonant using if else
statement.
9. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using nested if else statement.
10. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using else if ladder.
11. Write a program to check whether a number is positive negative or zero using else if
ladder.
12. Write a program to display the grade based on marks obtained by the students using
else if ladder.
13. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations based on the users choice using
else if ladder.
14. Write a program to find the roots of quadratic equation using else if ladder.
15. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations based on users choice using switch
statement.
16. Write a program to calculate area of circle area of rectangle and area of square based
on users choice using switch statement.
17. Write a program to check whether an entered character is vowel or consonant using
switch statement.
18. Write a numbers program to print the numbers 1 to 10 using while loop.
19. Write a program to reverse a number using while loop.
20. Write a program to find factorial of a number using while loop.
21. Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using while loop.
22. Write a program to find sum of n natural numbers using while loop.
23. Write a program to find factorial of a number using do-while loop.
24. Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using do-while loop.
25. Write a program to print the numbers 1to 10 using for loop.
26. Write a program to find the sum of n natural numbers using for loop.
27. Write a program to find sum of squares of n natural numbers using for loop.
28. Write a program to find fibonacci of a given number using for loop.
29. Write a program to find factorial of a given number using for loop.
30. Write a program to determine whether a given number is prime or not using for loop.
31. Write a program to determine whether a given number is even or odd using for loop.
32. Write a program to check whether a number is divisible by 3 using for loop.
33. Write a program to calculate pow(x,n) using for loop.
34. Write a program to evaluate ex series using for loop.
35. Write a program to find the sum of digits of a number using for loop.
36. Write a program to find the sum of series 1+1/2+1/3++1/n using for loop

1.
2.
3.
4.

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37. Write a program to print the following patterns using nestedfor loop
a) 1
b)
* * *
c) 1 2 3
1 2
* * *1 2
1 2 3
* * * 1
38. Write a program to illustrate the usage
statements(break,continue and goto).

of

unconditional

branching

Viva and Exercise problems on Arrays and Strings


1. What is an array?
2. Name the different types of arrays.
3. Can we store name usn and marks of a student in the single array?
4. The name of an array holds what?
5. Give the syntax for declaring 1D array.
6. What are the different ways of 1D array initialization?
7. The integer value associated with the array names indicates what?
8. What does the subscript of the array indicates?
9. How do we access the value stored in array?
10. Can we declare a 2D array without size? Justify.
11. Explain the working of linear search.
12. Name the different sorting techniques.
13. How binary search is more efficient than linear search?
14. What is a string?
15. In which header file all the string built-in function are stored?
16. Why address operator is not used while reading a string?
17. Generally gets() is used to read a string instead of scanf(). Why?
18. Give the syntax and explain the following built-in functions.
a. strlen() b. strrev( ) c. strcpy( ) d. strcat( )
e. strstr( )
f. strcmp()
19. On which basis string comparison is done using the function strcmp( )?
20. How many arguments does the function strcat( ) takes?
21. What does \0 represents?
22. What is the size of 0 and \0?
23. What is a null character?
24. Differentiate character constant and string constant?
25. How do you represent string constant?
Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Write a program to read and display the elements of 1D array.


Write a program to find the sum and average of all elements of 1D array
Write a program to find the largest of array element.
Write a program to perform two 1D array addition.
Write a program to perform binary search on array elements.
Write a program to read and display the elements of 2D array.
Write a program to find the sum and average of all elements of 2D array.
Write a program to perform two 2D array addition.

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9. Write a program to find transpose of a matrix.


10. Write a program to fill upper triangular and lower triangular matrix with 0 and
diagonal elements with 1.
11. Write a program to find norm of a matrix.
12. Write a program to perform linear search.
13. Write a program to print Fibonacci series up to N.
14. Write a program to read a string and display it.
15. Write a program to find the length of a string using and without using built-in
function.
16. Write a program to concatenate the string using and without using built-in function.
17. Write a program to reverse a string using and without using built-in function.
18. Write a program to compare the string using and without using built-in function.
19. Write a program to find the occurrence of a character in a string using and without
using built-in function.
20. Write a program to reverse a string and check whether it is palindrome or not.
Viva and Exercise problems on Functions
Define function.
What is user defined function and what is the need of it?
Name the three elements of user defined function.
Write the syntax for function declaration and function call.
What does return type in function declaration indicate?
What are actual and formal parameters?
How do we declare formal parameters?
Is it necessary to mention the name of variable in the function declaration(True /
False)?
9. What is a function call?
10. What type of a function is main()?
11. Write the syntax for actual parameters.
12. What are three aspects actual parameters and formal parameters should match?
13. Explain function definition.
14. How many return statements can be coded in a program?
15. What is the syntax of return statement?
16. What are the two ways of parameter passing technique?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Write a program to perform addition of two numbers using function.


Write a program to find factorial of a number using function.
Write a program to swap two integers using function.
Write a program to find area of a circle using function.
Write a program to find Fibonacci of a number using function.
Write a program to check whether any character from string 2 is present in string 1
without using built-in function.

Viva and Exercise problems on Pointers and Recursion


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What is a pointer?
How to declare a pointer?
What does a pointer hold?
What is a null pointer?
In pass by address, the formal parameters should be declared as ____________.
* is also known as__________ operator.
Can we have pointer to pointer?
Differentiate a normal variable and a pointer.
What is the output of the following program?
void main()
{
int a=10;
int *p;
p=&a;
printf(%d,a);
printf(%u,p);
printf(%d,*p);
printf(%u,&a);
}
10. What is recursion?
11. Why base case is required in recursion?
12. When the return statement will be executed ?
13. Which data structure is used to implement recursion?
14. Give examples for recursion.
15. Differentiate iteration and recursion.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Write a program to find factorial of a number using recursion.


Write a program to demonstrate tower of Hanoi using recursion.
Write a program to declare and initialize the pointers.
Write a program to illustrate pointer to pointer concept.
Write a program to illustrate array of pointers.

Viva and Exercise problems on Data Structures


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What are the two operations implemented on stack?


What is data structure?
What type of data structure a stack is?
What is queue?
List the operations on queue.
What is importance of the top in the stack?
How many ends queue consist of?
Give an example of first in first out data structure.
What is a queue?

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

Exercise
1. Write a program to create stack using arrays.
2. Write a program to create queue using arrays.

Viva and Exercise problems on structures and unions


1. What is a structure?
2. Name the derived data types.
3. Can we store more than one data type in structure?
4. What is advantage of using structure over an array?
5. Give the syntax of structure.
6. How the structure elements are accessed?
7. When the memory is allocated to structure?
8. What is union?
9. What is the total memory allocated for union?
10. Can we copy two structures of same type?
11. Are logical operations allowed on structures?
Exercise
1. Write a program to create structures.
2. Write a program to implement array of structures.
3. Write a program to implement pointer to array of structures.

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE

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Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

APENDIX - B
Screenshots Of C Program Execution In Windows Operating System:
Open

Turbo C and click on File -> New to open the editor to type the program.

Turbo C Editor to type the program:

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Type the C program

Click File-> Save as to save the C program or Press F2

Save with appropriate File name with .c extension and press ok

Click Compile -> Compile (This is option within compile menu) to compile C program or
press alt+F9:

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Compilation process:

Click Run -> Run (This the option within the run menu) or Press ctrl+F9to execute the C
program:

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Press Alt+F5to see the output screen

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Screenshots of C Program Execution in Linux Operating System:


Click Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal on desktop to open terminal shown
below:

Enter vi command in following format: vi Hello.c where Hello is file name and it is
programmers choice.

Now, editor is opened. Press i key or insert key to change editor to insert mode, where
we can type the program.

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Now, press ESC : wq in editor to come back to terminal.


:w is to save the program. q is to quit the editor.

Type cc command following program name to compile the program.


Ex: cc Hello.c

After compilation, run the program using ./a.out command to see the output.

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