Lindsay Jolly

3B
APUSH 1950s Study Guide - Vocabulary
Domestic Politics (POL)
Dwight D. Eisenhower - Dwight D. Eisenhower - was the 34th President of the United States
from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II
and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; Adlai Stevenson Eisenhower
entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator
Robert A. Taft and to crusade against "Communism, Korea and corruption".
Adlai Stevenson - was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor,
eloquent public speaking, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party. he received
the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in
the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him "because he was more
moderate on civil rights than Estes Kefauver, yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban
machinesso a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in
Chicago Stevenson was defeated in a landslide by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952
presidential election.
Richard Nixon - He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party
presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He
waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and
lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was
elected.
Highway Act (1956) - popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
(Public Law 84-627), was enacted on June 29, 1956, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower
signed the bill into law. a Highway Trust Fund that paid for 90 percent of highway construction
costs with the states required to pay the remaining 10 percent.
New Look Foreign Policy (WOR)
John Foster Dulles - served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D.
Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating
an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world.
brinkmanship - is the practice of pushing dangerous events to the brink of disaster in order to
achieve the most advantageous outcome. This maneuver of pushing a situation with the opponent
to the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make concessions.

CIA - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an external intelligence service of the U.S.
Government, tasked with gathering, processing and analyzing national security information from
around the world
US Policy in Asia (WOR)
Korean armistice - is the armistice which ended the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army
Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC),
North Korean General Nam Il representing the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese
Peoples Volunteer Army.[1] The armistice was signed on July 27, 1953, and was designed to
"insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final
peaceful settlement is achieved."[2] No "final peaceful settlement" has been achieved yet.
Indochina - was a grouping of French colonies and protectorates in southeast Asia. A grouping of
the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with
Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and Kouang-Tchou-Wan
(Guangzhouwan) in 1900.
Ho Chi Minh - was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister
(194555) and president (194569) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He
was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the
People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Vit Cng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.
Domino Theory - a theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s, that speculated that if one
state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would
follow in a domino effect.
SEATO - The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for
collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or
Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines. Members - Australia, France,
New Zealand, Pakistan (including East Pakistan, now Bangladesh), the Philippines, Thailand, the
United Kingdom and the United States
US Policy in Middle East (WOR)
Israel - defines itself as a Jewish and Democratic State. Israel is a representative democracy with
a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage.
Suez Canal Crisis - also named the Tripartite Aggression,[16] was an invasion of Egypt in late
1956 by Israel, followed by Britain and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the
Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian president Nasser from power.[17] After the fighting had
started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to
withdraw.

Eisenhower Doctrine - Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request
American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by
armed aggression from another state.[1] Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine
by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and
political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from
any nation controlled by international communism
OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /opk/ OH-pek), a
permanent, international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, was established in
Baghdad, Iraq on 1014 September 1960.[2] Its mandate is to "coordinate and unify the
petroleum policies" of its members and to "ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to
secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to
producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry
US-Soviet Relations (WOR)
Nikita Khrushchev - led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of
the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.
Warsaw Pact - was a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and
Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.
Sputnik (1957) - was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished
metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. The Soviet Union
launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957.
U-2 incident - on 1 May 1960, during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the
premiership of Nikita Khrushchev when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down in Soviet
airspace.
Fidel Castro - is a Cuban politician and revolutionary who served as Prime Minister of Cuba
from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008.
Military industrial complex - comprises the policy and monetary relationships which exist
between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them. These
relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to
support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry. It is a type of iron triangle. The term is most
often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States, where it gained
popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 17,
1961

Civil Rights in 1950s (POL/ID)

Jackie Robinson - the first African American to play major league baseball in the modern era
Desegregation - the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races.
Thurgood Marshall - was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from
October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first AfricanAmerican justice.
Brown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka (1954) - a landmark United States Supreme Court case in
which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white
students to be unconstitutional.
Earl Warren - He is best known for the decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school
segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the
accused, ending public school-sponsored prayers, and requiring "one manone vote" rules of
apportionment of Congressional, state and local legislative districts.
Little Rock crisis - The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students
enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little
Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated
school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of
President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Rosa Parks - On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver
James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the
white section was filled.
Martin Luther King, Jr. - was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in
the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement
of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference - an African-American civil rights organization.
SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large
role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
Sit-In Movement - protesters usually seat themselves at a strategic location (inside a restaurant,
in a street to block it, in a government or corporate office, and so on). They remain until they are
evicted, usually by force, or arrested, or until their requests are met
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - was one of the most important organizations of
the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a student meeting organized
by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960.ts have been met.

1950s Culture (CUL)

Homogeneity - composition from like parts, elements, or characteristics; state or quality of being
homogeneous. composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind;
Television - During the 1950s, television became the primary medium for molding public
opinion.
Rock and Roll - is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States
during the late 1940s and early 1950s,[1][2] primarily from a combination of predominantly
African-American genres such as blues, boogie woogie, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music,[3]
together with Western swing and country music.
Consumer Culture - is used to describe the tendency of people to identify strongly with products
or services they consume, especially those with commercial brand names and perceived statussymbolism appeal, e.g. a luxury car, designer clothing, or expensive jewelry. Consumerism can
take extreme forms such that consumers sacrifice significant time and income not only to
purchase but also to actively support a certain firm or brand.
Beatniks - was a media stereotype prevalent throughout the 1950s to mid-1960s that displayed
the more superficial aspects of the Beat Generation literary movement of the 1950s. Elements of
the beatnik trope included inclinations toward violence, drug use, pseudo-intellectualism, along
with a cartoonish depiction of the real-life people and the spiritual quest of Jack Kerouac's
autobiographical fiction.