Re Slope

CADS ReSlope
Version 1.0
User Guide
Program version : 1.0

User Guide issue : 1
Date of issue
: April 2002
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CADS ReSlope User Guide
CADS ReSlope
COPYRIGHT 2002
Computer and Design Services Limited,
Arrowsmith Court,
Broadstone,
Dorset, BH18 8AX
No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system,

or translated into any language in any form or by any means without the written
permission of CADS.
Whilst the description of CADS programs contained in this user manual is as
accurate and up-to-date as possible, it is our policy to continuously improve and
expand the facilities which the programs offer. We therefore reserve the right to
change the program specifications at any time without prior notice.
AutoCAD, AutoLISP and ADS are registered trademarks of Autodesk Inc.

All other trademarks acknowledged.
Important Notice
Please read this
All due care has been taken to ensure that the data
produced by this program is accurate. However, it
remains the responsibility of the user to verify that any
design based upon this data meets all applicable
standards. Please refer to the CADS Software
Maintenance and Licence Agreement for detailed
information.
Computer and Design Services Ltd.,

Arrowsmith Court,
Broadstone,
Dorset,
UK
BH18 8AX
Issue 1
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Issue 1
Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................................................1.1
1.1. Program Description .............................................................................. 1.1
1.2. Program Installation............................................................................... 1.1
1.2.1. Installing the Application ............................................................... 1.2
1.2.2. Permissions for the program and protection directories ............... 1.2
1.2.3. Installation procedure ................................................................... 1.2
1.2.4. Authorising the Application ........................................................... 1.3
1.2.5. Modifying an Existing Authorisation .............................................. 1.6
1.2.6. Moving the Application.................................................................. 1.6
1.3. Result Verification .................................................................................. 1.6
1.4. Starting CADS ReSlope ......................................................................... 1.6
1.4.1. Default Values .............................................................................. 1.6
1.5. Using examples ...................................................................................... 1.7
1.5.1. Entering data ................................................................................ 1.7
1.6. Graphical data entry............................................................................... 1.7
1.7. Spreadsheet data entry.......................................................................... 1.8
1.8. The toolbar.............................................................................................. 1.8
1.9. View options ........................................................................................... 1.8
1.9.1. Content ......................................................................................... 1.8
1.9.2. Limits ............................................................................................ 1.9
1.9.3. Grid ............................................................................................... 1.9
1.9.4. Pop-up menu ................................................................................ 1.9
2. Entering Data ..................................................................................2.1

2.1. Sequence for data entry......................................................................... 2.1
2.2. Partial factors ......................................................................................... 2.1
2.2.1. Ramifications of failure (fn) ........................................................... 2.1
2.2.2. Soil self-weight (ffs) ...................................................................... 2.2
2.2.3. Imposed loads (fq) ........................................................................ 2.2
2.2.4. Soil tan(phi) values (fms) .............................................................. 2.2
2.2.5. Soil cohesion values (fms)............................................................ 2.2
2.2.6. Reinforcing material strength (fm) ................................................ 2.2
2.2.7. Sliding on reinforcement (fs)......................................................... 2.3
2.2.8. Reinforcement pull-out (fp) ........................................................... 2.3
2.3. Soil properties ........................................................................................ 2.3
2.3.1. Description.................................................................................... 2.4
2.3.2. Density.......................................................................................... 2.4
2.3.3. Phi................................................................................................. 2.4
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2.3.4. Cohesion....................................................................................... 2.4

2.3.5. Ru ................................................................................................. 2.4
2.3.6. Suction.......................................................................................... 2.5
2.4. Geometry................................................................................................. 2.5
2.4.1. Graphical geometry point entry..................................................... 2.5
2.4.2. Spreadsheet geometry point entry................................................ 2.5
2.5. Loading ................................................................................................... 2.6
2.5.1. Load type ...................................................................................... 2.6
2.5.2. Magnitude ..................................................................................... 2.6
2.5.3. X min. and X max.......................................................................... 2.6
2.5.4. Y ................................................................................................... 2.6
2.6. Water density.......................................................................................... 2.7
2.7. Piezometric grid (optional feature) ....................................................... 2.7
2.8. Seismic acceleration (optional feature)................................................ 2.8
2.9. Reinforcement (optional feature) .......................................................... 2.8
2.9.1. Description.................................................................................... 2.9
2.9.2. Strength ........................................................................................ 2.9
2.9.3. Length........................................................................................... 2.9
2.9.4. Friction coefficient......................................................................... 2.9
2.9.5. Vertical spacing ............................................................................ 2.9
2.9.6. Height of block .............................................................................. 2.10
2.9.7. Base of block ................................................................................ 2.10
3. Analysis and viewing results.........................................................3.1

3.1. Determining pore water pressure ......................................................... 3.1
3.2. Determining vertical pressure............................................................... 3.1
3.3. Slip circle analysis ................................................................................. 3.2
3.3.1. Analysis method ........................................................................... 3.2
3.3.2. Analysis options............................................................................ 3.4
3.3.3. Grid of circle centres..................................................................... 3.4
3.3.4. Circle radii..................................................................................... 3.4
3.3.5. Results grid................................................................................... 3.4
3.3.6. Critical circle summary.................................................................. 3.5
3.3.7. Showing the circles graphically..................................................... 3.5
3.4. User defined surface analysis ............................................................... 3.5
3.4.1. Points on defined surface ............................................................. 3.5
3.4.2. Results.......................................................................................... 3.5
3.4.3. Showing the defined surface graphically ...................................... 3.6
3.5. Tie back wedge analysis........................................................................ 3.6
3.5.1. Wedge specification ..................................................................... 3.6
3.5.2. Results grid................................................................................... 3.6
3.5.3. Critical wedge summary................................................................ 3.7
Issue 1
3.5.4. Showing the wedges graphically................................................... 3.7

3.6. Two part wedge analysis ....................................................................... 3.7
3.6.1. Wedge specification ..................................................................... 3.7
3.6.2. Results grid................................................................................... 3.7
3.6.3. Critical wedge details.................................................................... 3.8
3.6.4. Showing the wedges graphically................................................... 3.8
4. Printed Output ................................................................................4.1

4.1. Page set-up ............................................................................................. 4.1
4.2. Project details......................................................................................... 4.1
4.3. Printer selection ..................................................................................... 4.1
4.4. Print selection......................................................................................... 4.2
5. Worked Example ............................................................................5.1

6. Reinforced Soil Background Knowledge...................................6.1
6.1. Glossary .................................................................................................. 6.1
6.2. BS8006 Design concepts / philosophy................................................. 6.2
6.3. Reinforced soil geometry....................................................................... 6.2
6.3.1. Wall facing .................................................................................... 6.2
6.3.2. Geometry of reinforcement ........................................................... 6.3
6.3.3. Vertical spacing of reinforcement ................................................. 6.3
6.3.4. Walls - External Stability ............................................................... 6.3
7. Supporting Theory .........................................................................7.1

7.1. Basic concepts ....................................................................................... 7.1
7.2. Slip circle analysis ................................................................................. 7.2
7.3. Steep slip surfaces................................................................................. 7.7
7.4. Two-part wedge analysis ....................................................................... 7.7
7.5. Bibliography............................................................................................ 7.8
8. Validation ........................................................................................8.1
8.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 8.1
8.2. Validation exercise SC1 ......................................................................... 8.2
Issue 1
8.10. Validation exercise UD1....................................................................... 8.10

8.11. Validation exercise UD2....................................................................... 8.11
8.12. Validation exercise TB1 ....................................................................... 8.12
8.13. Validation exercise TB2 ....................................................................... 8.13
8.14. Validation exercise TP1 ....................................................................... 8.14
Authorisation Fax Sheets

Customer Enquiry Fax Sheet
Issue 1
1. Introduction
Chapter Objectives
This chapter provides an overview of the program and gives information
on installation.
1.1. Program Description

ReSlope is a general slope stability software package. The basic software
module deals with unreinforced slope analysis using Bishops simplified
method and circular slip surfaces. An additional optional module offers further
methods of analysis; piezometric grid definition and the ability to analyse user
defined failure surfaces. A further optional module adds the ability to analyse
reinforced soil including the use of tie back wedge analysis and two part
wedge analysis to the requirements of BS8006: 1995 (and the DMRB
implementation BD70/97) and HA68/94.
ReSlope is designed to be as easy to use as possible. Standard Windows
interface conventions are followed where possible. It is possible to specify the
geometrical slope data by drawing on the screen with the mouse although
more conventional methods are also available.
The derivation of all of the methods employed in the software is covered in
detail in supporting technical sections of this manual. The software and this
manual are written assuming the use of limit state analysis procedures but
can equally be used to determine conventional global factors of safety.
Validation of the software results through a series of examples is also
covered in this manual.
In 1995 the publication of BS8006 provided a sound and logical basis for the
design of reinforced soil structures using limit state design concepts. Before
the publication of BS8006 materials suppliers dominated the design of
reinforced soil structures which led to a confusing mix of methods employed
in the design and checking of reinforced soil structures. The fact that
reinforced soil structures can provide significant cost savings compared to
conventional structures makes them attractive for clients, designers and
contractors.
BS8006 was preceded by the DMRB document HA68/94 covering the design
of reinforced soil slopes. HA68/94 uses the concept of critical soil strengths
(rather than partial load factors) and covers analysis using two-part wedge
theory from a rather limited viewpoint. The use of BS8006 for highway
structures has since been implemented by the DMRB document BD70/97
(which replaces BE 3/78), the main requirement of BD70/97 above that of
BS8006 is the use of materials that have a current BBA certificate.
1.2. Program Installation

The software is a 32-bit program that requires Windows 95, 98, ME or NT
version 4.0 or later to run. The software is supplied with an installation routine
that will install a standalone or network license of the software.
Network installation
Installation on a network is identical to the single user installation, except that
you must specify the appropriate drive letter.
Issue 1
1.1
Installation directory
You are advised to set up one parent directory for CADS Windows
applications, since they use common resources and will need to be in the
same parent directory to fully communicate with each other. This directory is
also used to keep the security information but it only needs write permission
at install and authorisation time.
1.2.1. Installing the Application

Four types of installation are possible, depending upon the system you have
purchased. These are Standalone, Network, Workstation and Network
Protection.
Standalone
A stand-alone installation is for a single workstation not connected to a
network. Select Standalone when the Installation Options dialog is displayed.
Network
A network installation allows an authorised number of workstations to operate
the program which is fully installed only on the server. The server installation
must be completed before installation on the workstations connected to it is
started. Select Server when the Installation Options dialog is displayed. The
authorisation procedure (see below) should be completed with details of the
number of workstations.
Workstation
The server installation must be completed before starting the workstation
installation. At the workstation, install the program, selecting Workstation
when the Installation Options dialog is displayed. Only the icons which point to
the server will be installed - not the program files.
Network Protection
In this type of installation, the program is installed on the workstation and the
protection on the server. The workstation accesses the server for
authorisation each time the application is started.
The Help button gives access to summary information on the installation
procedure which is described in detail in the following section.
1.2.2. Permissions for the program and protection directories

Please note the following directory access requirements:
During installation
During installation, full permissions for the program directory and the directory
in which the protection files are installed will be required by the person
installing the program.
During program operation
During program operation, full permissions for the protection directory will be
required by the user.
1.2.3. Installation procedure

Installation is effectively the same for each type of installation, with the
exception of the selection at the Installation Options dialog, as described
above. The program should be installed in the CADS parent directory. The
procedure is as follows:
1.
1.2
Insert Program CD into drive d: (or other as appropriate).
Issue 1
2.
Select the Run option from the Start menu and type d:setup.exe in the
Command Line input field of the Run dialog. Click on OK.
3.
A message warning you that the installation is about to start will be

displayed. Click on OK to continue.
4.
The Welcome dialog then appears. Click on Next.
5.
The Installation Options dialog (Figure 1.1) showing a brief description

of each type of installation beside its selection button will be displayed.
Figure 1.1 Installation Options Dialog

Select the type of installation you require and then click on Next.
6.
The Select Application Directory dialog showing the default installation

directory is then displayed. If you wish the program to be installed in this
default directory, click on the Next button, otherwise click on Browse. A
Select Destination Directory dialog is then shown to allow you to choose
an alternative directory. Click on OK after you have selected the
directory. Click on Next in the Select Application Directory dialog and
the installation will continue.
7.
A Select ProgMan Group dialog then allows you to choose a group for
the program icons. Select the group and then click on Next.
8.
A Release Information dialog containing details of Windows Support

installation requirements and authorisation is displayed. Click on Next
and a further dialog advising you that installation is ready to be started
is shown.
9.
Click on Next to start the installation and insert Program disk 2 if

requested by the installation. A message confirming successful
installation appears on completion. Click on Finish and a Window with
the CADS applications, including the applications icon, is displayed.
After you have installed the application, it will have to be authorised before
you can use it.
1.2.4. Authorising the Application

The method of protection for all types of installation other than standalone
systems and for standalone systems without a dongle ties the program to the
Issue 1
1.3
system upon which it is installed. Changing the authorised system, moving

the program or re-formatting the drive upon which it is installed will require a
new authorisation code. To authorise an installation when this method is
used, start the application by double clicking on its icon in its group window. A
message appears with the information that the RESLOPE.INI file is not
available. Click on OK. The Licensing Information dialog (Figure 1.5) will then
open.
Figure 1.2 Licensing Information Dialog

Fields are provided to allow you to enter the User Name, the Company Name,
the Address (three fields) and the Phone number (two fields).
The minimum entries the program will accept are User Name and Company
Name. Enter at least these fields and then click on OK to proceed. You are
then asked to confirm the information. Click on the Yes button.
The Modify protection dialog shown in Figure 1.3 is then displayed.
Figure 1.3 Modify Protection Dialog

The options accessed by the buttons in this dialog are as follows:
1.4
Issue 1
Authorise Single User Version Click on this button to start the

authorisation process for use of the program on a single computer not
running the program on a network.
Authorise Network Version - Use this button to start the authorisation
process for use of the program on a network.
Authorise Timed Demo The program may be authorised as a
demonstration to run for a limited period using this button. The period and
authorisation obtained from CADS must be entered in the following dialog. To
extend the period, click on the Extend Demo Period button. Authorisation will
again be required.
Authorise Limited Run Demo - The program may be authorised as a
demonstration to run for a limited number of runs using this button. The
number of runs and authorisation obtained from CADS must be entered in the
following dialog. To extend the number of runs, click on the Extend Number of
Demo Runs button. Authorisation will again be required.
Set Number of Network Licences If after an initial network installation you
wish to change the number of workstations, use this button and enter the
required change. Authorisation will again be required.
De-authorise Application This allows the program to be de-authorised.
The program must be de-authorised if, for example, it is to be moved to
another machine.
Make a note of the following information:
The program name

The Code entry number
The Computer ID displayed
Which modules you have purchased
How many concurrent users are to be allowed, if you are installing on a
network.
Fax this information to CADS using the Authorisation Code Fax Sheet which
appears at the end of this user guide. You can enter several installations at
once on the Fax sheet if you are installing more than one program or a single
program several times.
We will then return authorisation codes to enter into the Authorisation code,
Network code and Module code fields provided. The Network code and
No. of network licences entries are only required if the program is installed
on a network. Note that these codes are all numeric and they must be entered
exactly as stated. Select the modules you have purchased from the Available
modules list.
If you have entered the codes incorrectly, the dialog shown in Figure 1.4 is
displayed and you will have to restart the process.
Figure 1.4 Authorisation Failure Dialog

Issue 1
1.5
When you have completed this, click on OK and a message confirming

successful authorisation will be displayed. If you are authorising a network
installation, a dialog showing the number of licences authorised is displayed.
Click on OK. The CADSPPP dialog listing the authorised modules is then
displayed. Click on OK. The program will then start.
1.2.5. Modifying an Existing Authorisation

If you later wish to modify the authorisation, e.g. to add more users, select
File > Modify Protection. The Modify protection dialog will be displayed. Click
on this button for the required change and the dialog shown in Figure 1.3 will
be displayed. Authorisation must be obtained for the change.
1.2.6. Moving the Application

For a standalone system with dongle authorisation, you may simply move the
dongle to the new system but for other types of installation, if you wish to
move the application to another workstation, then the existing installation
must first be de-authorised. To do this, select File>Modify Protection. The
Modify protection dialog will be displayed. Click on the De-authorise
Application button and the dialog shown in Figure 1.5 appears.
Figure 1.5 Remove Authorisation Dialog

Contact CADS for the De-authorisation code and enter it. Click on OK. Install
the application on the new workstation and then follow the authorisation
process as for a new installation. Please include a page in your fax on your
company headed paper formally requesting the change.
1.3. Result Verification

The validation section of this manual demonstrates that the software
produces correct results for a range of input data. It is not possible to
envisage all of the data that a user may input into the software. It is the
responsibility of the user to verify that the software is producing correct results
in any use outside the scope of these validation exercises.
1.4. Starting CADS ReSlope

In Windows you may start the program by selecting Start > Programs > CADS
ReSlope
1.4.1. Default Values

In line with most windows software there is no specified order in which to
enter the data. Because of this, default data for a soil is provided which allows
the software to operate when it is first started. This default data is simply
overwritten by the user with data for the particular soil to be analysed.
1.6
Issue 1
1.5. Using examples

ReSlope is based on what is known as a Multiple Document Interface (or
MDI). Common examples of this type of software interface are Microsoft
Word and Excel. In ReSlope you cannot open more than one file at a time but
you can open multiple windows within the software containing different types
of data. This means for instance that you can edit both the loading and soils
properties in two different windows while observing the results immediately in
another window. The screen shot below demonstrates this type of multiple
window operation.
Figure 1.6
ReSlope keeps track of all open windows and will automatically update all
windows (including any necessary analysis calculations) as new data is
entered. The constant need to update all open windows can slow the software
down and in most cases it is advisable to close results windows if major
changes to input data are required. Some windows are modal (when a modal
window is opened the user cannot activate or edit other open windows).
Examples of modal windows are the print and view option windows.
1.5.1. Entering data

The data should be entered such that the failure mechanisms investigated
cause the soil to move towards the left.
1.6. Graphical data entry

One of the greatest benefits of the ReSlope user interface is the ability to
enter most of the data using the windows graphical user interface.
To enter a point on a soil strata top surface:Select the relevant strata from the drop down list on the toolbar
Right click on the drawing window to reveal the pop-up menu
Select the menu option Add soil surface point
Click at the position on the drawing window where you want the new point
Carry on adding as many new points as you like
Right click on the drawing to cancel adding further points
Using simple mouse sequences it is possible to add water surface points and
to move or delete previously defined points. At any stage during graphical
data entry pressing the F4 function key will display a spreadsheet type
interface allowing point positions to be added edited or deleted with total
Issue 1
1.7
precision. This graphical method of entry will be second nature to users who
are familiar with CAD systems and is easily learnt by all users.
1.7. Spreadsheet data entry

Many of the data entry windows utilise a spreadsheet style of data entry. The
details of specific data entry are covered in the next section of the manual.
The spreadsheet is activated by clicking with the mouse on any cell or using
the tab key to cycle through each item on the form. Then once the
spreadsheet is activated the current cell is shown with a dotted black outline
around the cell. To move to a different cell either use the arrow keys or click
on the new cell with the mouse. To start edit mode on the current cell either
press the enter key or double click the mouse. When edit mode is started the
contents of the cell are highlighted and can be changed in the normal way
using the keyboard. To cancel edit mode and save the changes to the cell
press the Enter key again. To cancel edit mode and return to the original cell
contents press the escape key in the top left corner of the keyboard or click
on a new cell.
1.8. The toolbar

There is a toolbar under the menu bar at the top of the main software window.
This can be seen in the previous graphic. The toolbar duplicates many of the
menu features providing shortcuts to commonly used features.
1.9. View options

The first window displayed within the software is the drawing window. The
drawing window is central to the operation of the software. The view options
window that is displayed when View/Options is selected in the menu system
controls the information displayed in the drawing window. The view options
window appears as below.
Figure 1.7
1.9.1. Content
The content section is a series of tick boxes that control the visible content of
the drawing window. Each item can be ticked to display the item or cleared to
remove the item from the display.
1.8
Issue 1
1.9.2. Limits
The limits define the extent of the view displayed when View/Zoom/Limits is
selected from the menu system. The limits also define the extent of the
graphics in the printed output. The limits are automatically set when the
software is started or File/New is selected. The drawing window can be
zoomed out past these limits and the limits are automatically extended if data
is defined outside the existing limits. The data input is validated and must lie
within the range 1000 to 1000 and maximum values must exceed minimum
values by 10. Input limits are also checked to ensure they lie outside all
previously defined geometric and loading data points.
1.9.3. Grid
The grid is similar to that used by all CAD systems. The grid increment can be
set and is validated. The grid increments must lie between the limits 0.1 and
10. If point coordinates are required with a second decimal place then they
should be entered in spreadsheet mode rather than graphically. The tick
boxes relate to the way the grid is shown and control the snap to grid function.
When snap to grid is enabled and a drawing function is selected then a
second green cursor is displayed that shows the grid point that will be
selected if the left mouse button is pressed. The Show grid and Snap to
Grid options are repeated on the pop-up menu that is activated by a right
click with the mouse on the drawing window.
1.9.4. Pop-up menu

The pop-up menu is displayed by a right click with the mouse on the drawing
window. If a drawing function has already been selected the first right click will
end the function and a second right click is required to display the pop-up
menu.
Figure 1.8
The pop-up menu provides quick access to commonly used menu items and
can speed up the use of the software by reducing the need to select items
from the menu system. This system is commonly used in CAD software.
Issue 1
1.9
1.10
Issue 1
2. Entering Data
Chapter Objectives
This chapter describes the normal sequence for entering the data for the
soil layers, the soil properties and the geometry of the slope to be
analysed.
2.1. Sequence for data entry

It is recommended that data is entered in the following order (this is the same
order that items appear on the edit menu).
2.2. Partial factors

The partial factors form is displayed after selecting Edit/Partial Factors from
the software menu system. The form will display as shown below.
Figure 2.1
This form shows the current values of all of the partial factors used by
ReSlope. The two buttons at the base of the list allow the user to reset default
values appropriate to ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state analysis
to BS8006. The following sections of text describe each of these factors in
detail.
2.2.1. Ramifications of failure (fn)

Reference BS8006: 1995 Clause 5.3.2
Default value for ultimate limit state = 1.10
Default value for serviceability limit state = 1.00
This factor deals with the economic ramifications of failure. Essentially the
default value of 1.10 for the ultimate limit state assumes the structure is listed
in category 3 of BS8006: 1995, Table 3. This list is Abutments, structures
directly supporting motorway, trunk or principle roads or railways or inhabited
Issue 1
2.1
buildings, dams, sea walls and slopes, river training walls and slopes. In
figure 13 of BS8006 directly supporting is clarified as where the toe of the
wall or slope lies within a 45 degree zone of influence from the foundation of
the road, railway or structure. For structures outside this list (i.e. category 1 or
2 structures) a value for fn of 1.0 is appropriate. The application of this factor
is not clearly identified within BS8006. ReSlope applies this factor to soil
shear strengths (Tan Phi and Cohesion) and also to reinforcement strengths.
This concept is essentially equivalent to directly factoring the restoring forces
in the stability calculations.
2.2.2. Soil self-weight (ffs)

Reference BS8006: 1995 Clause 5.3.6
The soil self-weight factor is applied in all calculations where self-weight of
soil is included. It should be noted that when considering the stability of walls
or steep slopes face angles greater than 70 degrees) that consideration
should be given to checking stability with this factor set to unity as this may
produce lower stability factors.
2.2.3. Imposed loads (fq)

Reference BS8006: 1995 Clauses 5.3.6, 6.2.2 and 7.2.2
The value of 1.5 is a high value generally appropriate for loading on walls or
abutments (BS8110 Clause 6.2.2). For the design of general slopes a value
of 1.3 may be more appropriate (BS8110 Clause 7.2.2). Where different loads
require different load factors the user can change this factor to unity and
include the load factors with the magnitudes of the loads input in the loading
data window.
2.2.4. Soil tan(phi) values (fms)

Soil parameters used within BS8110 designs should be characteristic values
based on peak soil shear strengths (not critical state or worst credible). The
fms partial factor is applied to generate worst credible peak soil shear
strengths. Where possible the appropriate value for fms should be assessed
directly (see BS8110 clause 5.3.4). In cases where the factor cannot be
assessed then the default values used within ReSlope are taken from
BS8110 tables 16 and 26.
2.2.5. Soil cohesion values (fms)

See comments above in section 4.2.4
2.2.6. Reinforcing material strength (fm)

Reference BS8006: 1995 Annex A
The default values used within ReSlope and the following text are based on
the use of polymeric (geogrid type) reinforcement. The derivation of
reinforcement material factors depends on the type of grids being used, the
type of fill and the construction method. This text is intended to give a guide
on the range of values involved.
2.2
Issue 1
TD = TB / fm
where TD = Design tensile strength of the grid in kN/m

TB = Base tensile strength of the grid (see section 1.2)
fm = Partial factor on material strength
TD is usually seen in BS8006 equations further factored by fn.

fm = fm1 x fm2 = fm11 x fm12 x fm21 x fm22
where fm11 = Consistency of manufacturing
fm12 = Extrapolation of test data
fm21 = Installation damage
fm22 = Environmental damage
For geogrids from established manufacturers the fm11 and fm12 factors can
be taken as unity. fm22 can be taken as unity unless the grid is exposed to
direct sunlight or severe contamination in which case the advice of the grid
manufacturer should be sought. fm21 depends on the grid/fill combination. In
most cases it will be necessary to consult individual manufacturers literature.
For preliminary design a value of 1.25 is recommended and this is set as a
default value.
2.2.7. Sliding on reinforcement (fs)

Reference BS8006: 1995 Clauses 6.2.4 and 7.2.4
This factor reduces the shear resistance available at the base of a wedge
where that base is parallel to a block of reinforcement. The factor is not
applied to slip circle analysis calculations.
2.2.8. Reinforcement pull-out (fp)

Reference BS8006: 1995 Clauses 6.2.4 and 7.2.4
Where reinforcement passes through any soil failure surface the available
resistance from that reinforcement is checked against the design strength of
the reinforcement (i.e. possible tensile failure) and against anchorage failure.
Anchorage depends on friction and effective stress normal to the
reinforcement. The calculated anchorage resistance is divided by this factor.
2.3. Soil properties

The soil properties form is displayed after selecting Edit/Soil properties from
Issue 1
2.3
Figure 2.2
Initially the software will add a dummy soil named Soil1 as default data when
a new file is created. Use of the spreadsheet style interface is covered in
section 1.7 above. The dummy soil data should be overwritten with your
project specific soil data. Further soil strata can be added using the Add Soil
button that will add a new line to the bottom of the spreadsheet. The order of
the data is not important as the relative levels are defined by the soil strata
surface points that are subsequently defined. The Insert soil button does
however allow a new soil to be inserted at the current cell position if required.
The data should be entered as follows.
2.3.1. Description
This column is used for identification and labelling only. Changing this data
does not affect the results. The data entered is not validated.
2.3.2. Density
This value is entered as kN/m2 and provides the software with the density
required determining total vertical overburden at any point below ground
surface level. The value entered is validated and must lie between the limits
5kN/m3 to 28kN/m3.
2.3.3. Phi
This value is entered as degrees and provides the software with a basis for
determining the shear strength of the soil at any point. For analysis to BS8006
the Phi values entered should be characteristic values based on peak soil
shear strengths (not critical state or worst credible). The fms partial factor is
applied to Tan(Phi) to generate worst credible peak soil shear strengths.
Available shear strength due to internal friction being the product of Tan(Phi)
and the effective force normal to the failure surface being considered. The Phi
value entered is validated and must lie between zero and 50 degrees.
2.3.4. Cohesion
This value is entered as kN/m2 and provides the software with a basis for
determining the shear strength of the soil at any point. Available shear
strength due to cohesion is simply cohesion being the product of Tan(Phi) and
the length of the failure surface being considered (the analysis is always in
terms or unit length along the slope). The value entered is validated and must
lie between zero and 500 kN/m2.
2.3.5. Ru
This value relates pore water pressure to total overburden pressure and is
expressed as a ratio of water pressure over overburden pressure. Its use in
slope stability problems really dates back to times where more empirical
2.4
Issue 1
solutions were favoured as the use of this factor simplifies some of the
equations used to solve slope stability problems. In this software the option is
provided mainly to allow comparison of software and published results. This
value can only be defined if the suction value is zero. The entry is validated
and must lie between the limits 0 to 0.5. To understand how pore water
pressures are determined during calculation refer to section 3.1 below.
2.3.6. Suction
Some soils exhibit soil suction which is negative pore pressure in a granular
material. This parameter is effectively a cap on the negative pore water
pressure that can occur above the water table. This value is used mainly in
the analysis of temporary slopes. The value should be entered in m head
(entered as a positive figure). The value is validated and must lie between the
limits 0 and 100. This value can only be defined if the Ru value is zero. To
understand how pore water pressures are determined during calculation refer
to section 3.1 below.
2.4. Geometry
Each soil strata is defined by a series of points that lie on the top surface of
the strata. The water table is also defined by a series of points. These points
can be entered in two ways as described in the following two sections. It is
worth noting that if two soil layers have coincident points then the upper soil
strata has zero width. This can be used to define soil lenses and other
complex geotechnical features.
2.4.1. Graphical geometry point entry

The use of graphical data entry for soil strata is described in section 1.6
above. Generally this mode of data entry is started by selecting options from
the draw menu or the pop-up menu activated by a right click with the mouse
on the drawing window. The water table can also be entered in the same way.
Pressing the F4 function key during graphical data entry will bring up the
spreadsheet point definition window described below.
2.4.2. Spreadsheet geometry point entry

The points definition window appears when Edit/Points is selected from the
menu system or when the F4 function key is pressed during graphical data
entry. The window will display as shown below.
Figure 2.3
Tabs along the top of the form allow you to select any currently defined soil or
the water table (there will always be at least two tabs with one soil and the
water tab). The selected tab when the form is displayed will be the current soil
Issue 1
2.5
as shown on the toolbar. This spreadsheet behaves slightly differently than

others. Double clicking a cell does invoke editing mode but the edit is carried
out in a separate modal window rather than within the cell. The same editing
mode can be activated by selecting the Edit point button. This form of editing
is required to prevent possible errors occurring where editing is carried out
both graphically and through the points at the same time. The modal nature of
the edit window effectively freezes the software until the edit has been
completed and validated. The coordinates entered must lie between the limits
1000 to 1000.
2.5. Loading
The loading form is displayed after selecting Edit/Loading from the software
menu system. The form will display as shown below.
Figure 2.4
The required loading data should be entered into the spreadsheet. The data
required on each column is described below.
2.5.1. Load type

When entering edit mode you will be presented with a drop down list from
which you need to select the load type. The options are as follows
Surcharge A uniform vertical distributed load specified in kN/m2 (analysis
uses a unit width). The load is applied between the X min and X max limits
Line An isolated vertical load (positive downwards) specified in kN/m
(analysis uses a unit length). The load is applied at the Xmin. position.
Lateral - An isolated lateral load (positive acting towards the left of the screen)
specified in kN/m (analysis uses a unit length). The load is applied at the
Xmin. position.
2.5.2. Magnitude
Enter the magnitude of the load in the specified units. The data is validated
and the magnitude must lie between the limits 0 and 10000.
2.5.3. X min. and X max.

The X min. and X max. values define the extent or position of the load refer
to the section on load type above. The data is validated and the value must lie
between the limits -1000 to 1000.
2.5.4. Y
The Y value allows the load to be applied at any level with the soil. This is
useful when modelling foundations. The data is validated and the value must
lie between the limits -1000 to 1000. A special value may also be entered by
2.6
Issue 1
typing the word surface this will place the load on the ground surface and in
the case of the surcharge it will contour itself to the ground profile.
2.6. Water density

The water density form is displayed after selecting Edit/Water density from
Figure 2.5
Water density is in general a constant value. There may be local variations
such as saline water around sea walls where the water density could rise to
approximately 10kN/m3.
2.7. Piezometric grid (optional feature)

The piezometric grid form is displayed after selecting Edit/Piezometric grid
from the software menu system. The form will display as shown below.
Figure 2.6
To set up a piezometric grid you should first enter the grid extent and
increment data into the six text entry boxes. The data is validated and the
extent data must lie between the limits 1000 to 1000 with increment data
Issue 1
2.7
between the limits 0.5 and 1000. The reset grid button is then used to set up
the spreadsheet grid and reset all data. Note that if the piezometric grid is
redefined all elevation data is lost.
The head of water at each grid point is then defined for each point on the grid.
The elevation represents the top level of water that would be found if a
piezometer was installed at that point on the grid. All grid positions must have
a defined elevation that must lie between 1000 and 1000.
The use piezometric grid tick box must be ticked if this grid is to be used in
the analysis. The defined water pressures only affect points within the extent
of the grid. The software interpolates values for water pressures at
intermediate points with the grid. If you close the window without completing
the data entry you will be warned about possible problems and the Use
piezometric grid option will be cleared.
2.8. Seismic acceleration (optional feature)

The seismic acceleration form is displayed after selecting Edit/Seismic
acceleration from the software menu system. The form will display as shown
below.
Figure 2.7
The seismic acceleration factors are applied to the soil self weight. The value
2
of g taken in the software is 9.81 m/s . The default factors of zero represent
the normal situation without earthquake factors. The vertical factor is positive
downwards and the horizontal factor is positive towards the left. The data is
validated, the vertical factor must lie between 10 and 10 and the horizontal
factor must lie between 0 and 10. These factors are applied to soil self weight
and act through the centroid of the slice. The user will also need to consider
what effect the seismic condition will have on external loads and soil pore
water pressure.
2.9. Reinforcement (optional feature)

The reinforcement form is displayed after selecting Edit/Reinforcement from
2.8
Issue 1
Figure 2.8
At present the soil nailing option has not been activated within the software.
This feature will be added to a future version of the software. The
reinforcement is at present restricted to the geogrid or steel strip type used in
filled reinforced earth structures. The geogrids are not entered as single
layers but are defined as blocks or reinforcement that the software then
automatically converts to individual layers. Another feature of the software is
that it will automatically detect the intersection between the ground level and
the reinforcement layers so that all that is needed is a length of grid. All of
these features save time and encourage buildable solutions. The following
data must be entered for each block of reinforcing layers.
2.9.1. Description
The description is a text field that does not affect the results. It is included for
identification purposes only and there is no validation of this data.
2.9.2. Strength
Entered as kN/m width. This value should be the creep limited long term
value quoted by the manufacturers of the reinforcement. The user needs to
take care that the figure supplied is correct. In geogrid reinforcement the
design figure is usually very much smaller than the ultimate tensile loads that
are sometimes quoted in manufacturers literature. There is more guidance on
this subject within BS8006. The value entered is validated and must lie
between 0 and 10000 kN/m.
2.9.3. Length
This is the length of the individual grids behind ground surface. The value
entered is validated and must lie between 1 and 50 metres.
2.9.4. Friction coefficient

The friction coefficient is the interaction coefficient between the geogrid and
the soil. This coefficient depends on both the reinforcement and the soil
type/grading. The default value given by the software is 0.7 but values can
typically range between 0.6 and 0.9. The advice of the reinforcement
manufacturer should be sought. These values are commonly determined from
shear box type tests. The data is validated and must lie between 0.2 and 1.0.
2.9.5. Vertical spacing

This is the vertical spacing of the geogrids. The spacing should be fairly
constant in the structure and sufficient spacing should be allowed to make the
Issue 1
2.9
structure buildable. Spacing of around 0.2m is generally the smallest

desirable. The data is validated and must lie between 0.1m and 3.0m.
2.9.6. Height of block

This is the height of the reinforcement block. The number of grids provided is
obviously a whole number and as such the last grid may be lower than this
height of block. Beware defining contiguous blocks of reinforcement where
the top layer of one block is coincident with the bottom layer of the next block.
The data is validated and must lie between 0.2m and 100m.
2.9.7. Base of block

This is the elevation of the lowest layer of reinforcement. The data is validated
and must lie between 1000 and 1000.
2.10
Issue 1
3. Analysis and viewing results

Chapter Objectives
This chapter describes the procedure used for the slope analysis and
provides guidance on interpreting the various results.
3.1. Determining pore water pressure

Pore water pressure can be derived from the input data in a number of ways.
For a particular point within a soil mass the pore water pressure used in the
analysis is the first valid value derived from the three possible methods of
calculation below.
Interpolation of head within a defined and active piezometric grid (x water
density)
Ru ratio x total overburden pressure
Depth relative to defined water level (x water density)
If the point under consideration lies within the horizontal and vertical limits of
the piezometric grid and the grid is enabled then the appropriate head of
water is determined. The piezometric head is interpolated from the nearest
points and the head relative to the current point is multiplied by the density of
water. If this method is used the other methods described below are not
considered.
If a piezometric grid value is not used the software checks if the soil has a
non-zero Ru value. If a Ru value exists the ratio is multiplied by the vertical
total stress at that point to derive the pore water pressure. If neither of the
previous methods produces an answer the head relative to the defined water
table (if it exists) is calculated this head may be positive or negative and is
multiplied by the density of water.
If the water pressure value derived from these methods is negative then this
is checked against the permitted suction defined for the soil type. For instance
if the suction value is zero (the default value) then negative pore water
pressures are not permitted. If the suction value is two metres then the
maximum permitted negative pore water pressure is taken as 2xdensity of
water. Any derived negative pressures above the suction cut-off are truncated
to the cut-off value.
3.2. Determining vertical pressure.

The derivation of vertical total and effective stresses is fundamental to any
slope stability program so it is worth explaining the methods employed within
the software. To determine overburden pressure at any point the ground
surface vertically above that point is found and the density of all of the
different soils layers are multiplied by the relevant strata thickness at the
particular X coordinate of the point.
To this overburden pressure the software adds the effects of loads by
allowing a 2V:1H load spread between the level of application of the load and
the point under consideration (subject to this load spread not extending
through the ground surface).
From these two calculations the vertical total stress can be determined. The
vertical effective stress is this total stress minus the pore water pressure
determined using the methods outlined above.
Issue 1
3.1
3.3. Slip circle analysis

This section of the manual deals with the operation of the software. An in
depth presentation of the underlying theory and its limitations can be found in
a later section of this document. The slip circle analysis window is displayed
when Calculation/Slip Circles is selected from the software menu system or
when slip circle results are displayed within the drawing window. The slip
circle analysis window appears as shown below.
Figure 3.1
3.3.1. Analysis method

There are a number of analysis methods all based on the principle of
analysing the slope as a series of slices. ReSlope derives the forces in each
slice from first principles and applies the simplifications from the original
method derivations as a second stage. This allows the methods to be
extended to include influences not covered by the original papers. Each
method and its application will be presented in turn.
Fellenius (Swedish method of slices).
This is a simple method of analysis in which all interslice forces are ignored
and the factor of safety is based on rotational equilibrium (Force equilibrium is
not satisfied). This method has no benefits for modern computer analysis and
is included in this software mainly to assist the user to compare results to
hand calculations. The factor of safety produced is always conservative.
Bishop simplified (Moment equilibrium)
This is a method presented by Bishop as a general slope stability solution. It
is the default method used by the software and is suitable for most slope
stability calculations. The method does include horizontal interslice forces but
does not include interslice shear. This simplification does not greatly affect
the results other than in ill-conditioned circles where the failure surface
gradients at one or both of the circle ends are high. The method satisfies
moment equilibrium but not force equilibrium.
BS8006 Method (Bishops method with =1.25)
This method is presented in BS8006 as a slip circle method to be used in
designing reinforced soil slopes and walls. It is essentially Bishops simplified
method but contains an additional factor described as a moment correction
factor. CADS have been unable to find the reason for use of this factor but it
has the effect of reducing the soil shear resistance by 20% as soon as you
add reinforcement to the slope. This means that marginally stable slopes
3.2
Issue 1
need considerable quantities of reinforcement. This method should not be

used for unreinforced slopes. At this time there are no further
recommendations that can be given about the use of this method of analysis.
Janbu simplified (Force equilibrium)
Generally this method makes the same assumptions and simplifications as
Bishops method with regard to forces on a slice. The difference is that this
method solves for circle stability using horizontal force equilibrium rather than
moment equilibrium. The result is a stability factor that needs correction
depending on the geometry of the slope and circle. Further details regarding
the correction factor are given in the supporting theory section. ReSlope does
not apply the correction factor within the software. The principle benefit of this
method is that it can be applied to non-circular failure surfaces, as moment
equilibrium is not required.
Rigorous solution
It is possible to satisfy both moment and force equilibrium if certain
assumptions are made regarding the distribution of forces between slices.
Assume that the shear force and normal force at each interslice boundary are
linked by a function. The basis of the function is that the shear/normal force is
a ratio Lambda (i.e. the resultant force is at an angle). This basic angle is
modified along the length of the slip by a function f(x). If f(x)=1 then the angle
is constant and this is equivalent to the solution presented for parallel
interslice forces by Spencer. Another common form is f(x)=Sin(x) which has
been investigated and found to be a valid distribution in some slopes.
ReSlope allows the definition of the function f(x) in numerical form by using
the Define f(x) button that loads the window shown below.
Figure 3.2
The default factor values are all unity and can be reset using the Set default
values for parallel interslice forces button. A second button allows values to
be set for f(x)=Sin(x). The user can in fact enter any numerical values he
wishes to define f(x). The values entered in the factor boxes are not validated.
The software performs iterative calculations varying the basic ratio Lambda
Issue 1
3.3
until the factors of safety for moment equilibrium and force equilibrium are
equal. This method may not yield convergence in certain circumstances
(warnings are given where appropriate) and the method is included more for
research than a tool for the practising designer. In any case the use of this
method with reinforced soil solutions is not recommended, as the complex
equations involved do not always converge in such problems.
3.3.2. Analysis options

The minimum number of slices is set using the up/down arrow keys next to
the display box. The lowest possible value is six and the highest is 50. Slice
boundaries are automatically set at changes of ground profile and any
intersection between the circle and soil or water surfaces. Additional slice
boundaries are then added so that no slice width exceeds the total width of
the slice divided by the minimum number of slices. Changing this value does
not trigger an analysis, as the influence of this parameter is generally not
great. If required an analysis must be forced by changing analysis methods or
some other part of the input data.
The tension crack depth is set using the text box. The data is validated and
the value must lie between 0 and 10 metres. The right hand side of all circular
failure surfaces terminate at tension crack depth below ground level. An
additional lateral force is applied in the analysis equivalent to this tension
crack being full of water. This does not affect the pore water pressure used in
the analysis.
3.3.3. Grid of circle centres

The circle centres are defined as a grid. The grid origin is at the coordinates X
minimum, Y minimum. The grid increments in X and Y directions can be
specified. Generally stability factors are more sensitive to changes in X value
than changes in Y value. The extent of the grid is limited to the X maximum, Y
maximum figures and no centres outside these limits are checked. The data
is validated, coordinates must be between 1000m and 1000m, increments
must be between 0.1m and 10m.
The Automatically extend grid tick box allows the use of a grid that will
extend in each direction until a minimum stability factor is found.
3.3.4. Circle radii

The circle radii can be specified in four ways. The most common way is to
specify a common point through which all circles must pass. In this option the
X and Y coordinates of the common point are specified. The second option is
to make all circles tangential to a line that is specified by a point and a
gradient. This option is useful when constraining circles to pass close to a
feature (perhaps a rockhead) in the ground. The next option is to have all
circles of constant radius. The last option is to specify circles of varying radii
specifying the minimum radius, maximum radius and increment between
values applied. The data is validated; coordinates must be between 1000
and 1000, the gradient between 1 and 1, radius between 1 and 100.
3.3.5. Results grid

The results grid shows one row of results for each circle analysed and has the
following columns.
X The X coordinate of the centre of the circle in metres
Y The Y coordinate of the centre of the circle in metres
Radius The radius of the circle in metres
Disturbing The disturbing moment for the circle in kNm
Soil The restoring moment due to soil shear strength in kNm
Reinforce The restoring moment due to reinforcement in kNm
Factor The stability factor (or safety factor if partial factors are unity).
3.4
Issue 1
In the case of a Janbu type analysis horizontal forces in kN replace the

moments. All moments and forces are for a unit length of slope (i.e. the
analysis is for a 1m wide slice through the slope).
3.3.6. Critical circle summary

The critical circle summary shows the same results for the circle with the
smallest stability factor. If a rigorous analysis has been performed this will
also show the value of the interslice force factor Lambda that resulted in
equilibrium.
3.3.7. Showing the circles graphically

To show the circles graphically select View/Show surfaces/Slip circles. The
circles and their centres will display on the drawing window shown in grey
except for the critical wedge shown in red. To display the grid of circles with
the relevant stability factor press the button Draw grid of circle centres at the
bottom of the slip circle dialog. A separate graphics window will be opened
with the grid of circles shown, the critical circle will again be shown in red.
3.4. User defined surface analysis

The user defined surface analysis window is displayed when
Calculation/Defined slip surface is selected from the software menu system or
when user defined results are displayed within the drawing window. The
defined slip surface window appears as shown below.
Figure 3.3
The analysis uses the Janbu simplified method based on horizontal force
equilibrium. This method requires a correction factor to be applied that is
described in the supporting theory section of this document.
3.4.1. Points on defined surface

The failure surface must be defined as a series of points. A valid surface must
have at least three points. The extreme left and right points must lie above
ground level. All intermediate points must lie below ground level. The points
can be entered manually in the same way as points are defined for a soil or
water surface. The points can also be picked on the drawing form, to activate
this method press the Pick points button a right click with the mouse or
pressing the F4 function key ends this graphical selection mode.
3.4.2. Results
The results of the Janbu analysis are presented in a similar form to that
described previously for the slip circle analysis form.
Issue 1
3.5
3.4.3. Showing the defined surface graphically

To show the surface graphically select View/Show surfaces/Defined slip
surface. The surface will display in the drawing window in red.
3.5. Tie back wedge analysis

The tie back wedge analysis window is displayed when Calculation/Tie back
wedges is selected from the software menu system or when tie back wedge
results are displayed within the drawing window. The tie back wedge analysis
window appears as shown below.
Figure 3.4
The tie back wedge analysis is a simple analysis. For a wedge of reinforced
soil the stability factor is calculated by determining the restoring forces due to
reinforcement and dividing by the total net disturbing forces. The method is
described in BS8006 6.6.4.
3.5.1. Wedge specification

The software will automatically select the toe of the wedges to be analysed.
The levels are based on having the toe of the wedges just above each
reinforcement layer. An additional wedge toe is positioned one vertical
reinforcement spacing below the bottom reinforcement. The maximum and
minimum wedge angles and the increment between the angles are set by the
software to appropriate values for the specified soils. The default data can be
changed only if you remove the tick from the box at the base of the window.
3.5.2. Results grid

The results grid shows the results of the analysis with each line representing
a wedge that has been analysed. The columns contain the following
information.
Level The toe level of the wedge
Angle The angle of the rear of the wedge relative to horizontal
Restore The horizontal restoring force due to the reinforcement
Disturb The net horizontal disturbing force on the wedge
3.6
Issue 1
Factor The stability factor obtained as the ratio Restoring Forces/Disturbing

Forces
3.5.3. Critical wedge summary

The critical wedge summary contains the same information for the wedge with
the lowest stability factor.
3.5.4. Showing the wedges graphically

To show the wedges graphically select View/Show surfaces/Tie back wedge.
The wedge boundaries will display on the drawing window with the failure
surfaces shown in grey except for the critical wedge shown in red.
3.6. Two part wedge analysis

The two part wedge analysis window is displayed when Calculation/Two part
wedges is selected from the software menu system or when two part wedge
results are displayed within the drawing window. The two part wedge analysis
window appears as shown below.
Figure 3.5
The two part wedge analysis is an important tool in designing reinforced soil
structures. The method is more complex than tie back wedges and is dealt
with in detail in the section on supporting theory in this document.
3.6.1. Wedge specification

The software will automatically select the toe of the wedges to be analysed.
The levels are based on having the toe of the wedges just above each
reinforcement layer. An additional wedge toe is positioned one vertical
reinforcement spacing below the bottom reinforcement. All other data is set
automatically by the software to appropriate values for the specified soils. The
default data can be changed only if you remove the tick from the box at the
base of the window.
3.6.2. Results grid

The results grid shows the results of the analysis with each line representing
a wedge that has been analysed. The columns contain the following
information.
Toe Level The toe level of the wedge in metres
Base Angle The angle of the base of wedge part 1 relative to horizontal in
degrees
Base Width The horizontal width of wedge part 1 in metres
Rear Angle The angle of the rear of wedge part 2 relative to horizontal in
degrees
Rforce Restore The restoring force due to the reinforcement in kN
Soil Restore The restoring force generated by shear on the base of the
wedges in kN
Issue 1
3.7
Soil Disturb The horizontal disturbing force from the wedge in kN

Stability Factor The stability factor as the ratio Reinforce Restoring/Net
Disturbing
3.6.3. Critical wedge details

The critical wedge summary contains the same information for the wedge with
the lowest stability factor.
3.6.4. Showing the wedges graphically

To show the wedges graphically select View/Show surfaces/Two part wedge.
The wedge boundaries will display on the drawing window with the boundaries
shown in grey except for the critical wedge shown in red.
3.8
Issue 1
4. Printed Output
Chapter Objectives
Details of the facilities provided in the program for printing program data
can be found in this chapter.
4.1. Page set-up

The best output from this software is achieved when printing to A4 size paper
in normal portrait mode. The software will however output to other sizes of
paper and will adjust font size and number of text lines per page automatically
to fit the size of paper available. Some options can be changed. Selecting
File/Default settings/User Details allows the two lines of user details printed at
the top of each page to be changed. Selecting File/Default settings/Printout
Font allows changes to be made to the output font. Selecting File/Default
settings/Printout margins allows some control of the margins used in the
printout.
4.2. Project details

The project details are defined in a window that appears when you select
File/Project details. The window is shown below
Figure 4.1
The fields are all optional and the text as entered will appear on every page of
the printed output.
4.3. Printer selection

By default the output will be sent to the default Windows printer (and this is
sufficient for most users). Where a specific printer needs to be selected this
can be carried out on the printer selection dialog that is displayed when you
select Select printer from the file menu. The dialog shown below is then
displayed.
Issue 1
4.1
Figure 4.2
The window contains a list of all of the printers currently available to Windows.
The desired printer should be highlighted and the OK button pressed. This
action does not affect the default printer in Windows but remains in effect until
you exit the software.
4.4. Print selection

The print selection window is displayed by selecting File/Print from the
software menu system. The window appears as shown below.
Figure 4.3
This print selection form allows the user to accurately define which parts of
the input data and results he wishes to print at any time. Complete sections of
the printout can be selected or removed by clicking on the tick boxes with bold
captions. Individual sub sections can then be selected or removed in the
selected sections.
The Preview button loads a print preview window that will show the pages
currently selected for printing. The use of print preview on large printouts on
slow computers is not recommended. The print button will send the selected
pages to the printer previously selected in the printer selection window (or
otherwise the default Windows printer).
4.2
Issue 1
5. Worked Example
Chapter Objectives
This chapter contains a worked example showing the data entry, calculation and
results printing for validation exercise 1.
The exercise is a simple slip circle analysis of a slope measuring 6m

horizontally and 4m vertically in a granular soil with Phi=32 degrees and
Density = 17 kN/m3. A surcharge of 10kN/m2 is applied to the upper level. A
single circle passing through the toe of the slope is analysed with its centre at
coordinates measured from the toe of the slope of (1.59m, 6.82m).
You can work through the following procedure to input the necessary data.
Step1:
Start the software in the normal way or select File/New from the menu system
to start a new file.
Step 2: Selecting partial factors
Select Edit/Partial factors from the menu system. The default factors are set
for ultimate Limit State but we wish to determine the conventional factor of
safety of the slope. Click on the Set defaults for serviceability limit state. All
of the values should change to 1.00. If all the values are correctly set click on
the OK button to close the partial factor window.
Step 3: Entering soil properties
Select Edit/Soil properties from the software menu system. The Soils window
will appear with a dummy soil already entered. Double click on the description
cell for the soil that reads Soil 1. The cell should now be in edit mode (Text
will highlight in blue and a text cursor will appear in the cell). The text can be
edited using the keyboard as you would normally. While the text is highlighted
you can simply type the description for the soil Granular soil. When you are
happy with the cell contents press the enter key and the cell will change back
to normal mode. You can in fact just start typing into a current cell and it will
automatically enter edit mode and change the data. Select the density cell
either with the mouse or the arrow keys and change the value from 20 to 17
kN/m3. Select the Phi cell and change the value from 30 to 32 degrees. The
soils window should now appear as below.
Issue 1
5.1
Figure 5.1
When you are happy with the data click on the Close button to close the
Soils window.
Step 4. Entering the soil surface points
We could select Edit/Soil and water surface points from the menu system and
a spreadsheet type points window would be displayed. However for this
example we will use the graphical data entry system. In the tool bar at the top
of the main ReSlope window a drop down list should show that the current soil
is Granular Soil. Select Draw/Add a soil surface point from the menu
system. If you move the cursor to the drawing window it should change to a
cross hair with a second green cross hair behind it. The second green cross
hair shows where the cursor will snap to and the current coordinates are
shown in the bottom left corner of the screen (Also note that hints on what to
do next appear on the bottom bar). Move the cursor to the point (4,6) and
click the left mouse button. A line should have appeared representing the
ground surface together with a point (shown as a cross at the point (4,6).
Move the cursor to point (10,10) and left click with the mouse. The soil
surface will now show our slope. Right click on the drawing window (or press
escape to end the graphical input mode).
Step 5. Entering the surcharge load
Select Edit/Loading from the software menu system. The applied loads
window will appear. Press the Add load button and a line will appear on the
spreadsheet. The load type and magnitude are what we need so we can
leave these cells. Change the Xmin value from 0 to 10 in the same way as
you changed the data in the Soils window. Change the Xmax value from 1 to
20. Again the Y value is acceptable. The applied loads window should now
look as shown below.
Figure 5.2
Press the close button to close the applied loads window. The drawing
window should now appear as shown below.
5.2
Issue 1
Figure 5.3
Step 6. Entering the project details
Select File/Project details from the menu system. Select the main title box by
clicking on it with the mouse. Enter the text Worked example. Select the
Engineer box by clicking on it. Enter your name or initials. Press the OK
button to close the project details window.
Step 7. Saving the data
Select File/Save from the menu system. Enter the required file destination
folder and file name in the normal way and click the Save button.
Step 8. Analysing the slip circle
Select Calculation/Slip Circles from the menu system. The slip circle analysis
window will appear. You need to enter the coordinates of the centre of the slip
circle (5.59,12.82). Click on the X minimum box and enter 5.59. Click on the Y
minimum box (note the X maximum box automatically changes value), enter
12.82. Now move to the Circle Radii area, click on the X box and enter 4.
Click on the Y box and enter 6. To force a calculation you must click on
another item (perhaps back on the X box) so that the data item you have just
changed is registered. The slip circle form should now appear as below.
Figure 5.4
Note the analysis is already complete and the factor of safety has been
determined as 1.40
Issue 1
5.3
Step 9. Displaying the circles in the drawing window.

To display the circle in the drawing window select View/Results/Slip Circles
from the menu system.
Step 10. Save the data
Select File/Save from the menu system. The data will save automatically to
the same file as you previously specified.
Step 11. Printing the results.
Select File/Print from the menu system. The print selection window will
appear. Click on the Slip circle analysis tick box to enable printing of the slip
circle results. You can change the other ticked options if you wish. Press the
Print button to print or the Preview button to preview the printout.
5.4
Issue 1
6. Reinforced Soil Background Knowledge

Chapter Objectives
This chapter contains a glossary of terms and their definition as used in
the context of the CADS Reslope Application.
6.1. Glossary
Reinforced Soil
For the purpose of this manual the term reinforced soil is taken to mean a fill
material reinforced with layers of geogrid or steel straps. The reference
reinforced earth is generally avoided due to the copyright of the Reinforced
Earth Company.
Geogrid
A geogrid is a sheet comprising a polymer material that has been formed
either by punching and stretching or extruding into a grid pattern. Geogrids
may be either uniaxial (strong in one direction only) or biaxial (equal strength
in two perpendicular directions).
Reinforcement Base Strength
A grid is usually specified by a minimum tensile strength (in kN/m width). Grid
suppliers quote this value as the creep limited tensile or rupture strength. To
assess the tensile strength of a material the supplier should assess the
design life of the structure together with in-service temperatures and upper
limits on creep. In practice suppliers frequently quote tensile strengths on 120
year design life in a typical UK environment. This base value has partial
material strength factors applied to it as part of the design process. The
factored strength is referred to as the Design Tensile Strength.
Wall
A structure where the retained face is between 70 and 90 degrees to the
horizontal.
Slope
A steep slope is where the retained face is between 45 and 70 degrees to the
horizontal. A shallow slope has a retained face angle of less than 45 degrees.
All steep slopes need external stability checks. Shallow slopes do not require
these checks.
Internal stability
This refers to checks where the failure surface is contained within the
reinforced soil block Rupture (tensile failure) and tie back wedges are
examples of internal stability checks.
External stability
This refers to checks where the failure surface is outside the reinforced soil
mass. Such checks include sliding, overturning, bearing and slip circles.
Combined stability
This refers to checks where the failure plane is partly inside and partly outside
the soil block. In practice this includes two part wedges and slip circles. In fact
many of the tie back wedge checks are combined stability checks as the
wedges may intersect the rear face of the reinforced soil block.
Issue 1
6.1
6.2. BS8006 Design concepts / philosophy

A designer needs to understand the basic concepts of both soil mechanics
and limit state design. The recommendations of BS8006 are implemented as
stated in section 2 of the code, provided the designer understands the
concept of limit state design most of section 2 is intuitive. The remainder of
this page is devoted to listing some basic points to be considered when
designing to BS8006.
BS8006 is a limit state design code. Structures should be checked at both
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. It is normal to design a
reinforced soil structure for the Ultimate Limit State and check for the
Serviceability Limit State (basically settlement of the foundation).
Soil parameters used in BS8006 designs should be moderately conservative
peak values. These values are generally taken as peak strengths derived
from shear box tests and quoted in site investigation reports. Residual or
critical strength soil parameters are only applicable to undisturbed soils with
existing shear surfaces.
Reinforcing material strengths are factored with partial material factors (fm)
and a partial factor based on economic consequences of failure (fn). Soil
strengths are factored by partial material factors applied to cohesion and
Tan(Phi) and fn. Loads are factored by partial load factors.
For all reinforced soil structures external stability checks are required.
External stability checks comprise checks for: Bearing capacity of foundation soil (using Meyerhof pressure distribution).
Overturning
Sliding
Overall slip circles (or other external failure type)
Items 1 to 3 above are not required for shallow slopes (Slopes less than 45
degrees)
All walls and slopes require internal stability checks using tie back wedges
(for walls and steep slopes) or two part wedges (for steep and shallow
slopes). The use of compound stability (part internal part external) slip circles
should also be considered (BS8006 Clause 7.4.5).
The geometry of reinforcement in walls should generally follow the guidelines
laid down in BS8006 (Pages 67-69). No guidelines are given for slopes but in
steep slopes it is recommended that reinforcement should not be less than
0.7 x height of the slope.
6.3. Reinforced soil geometry

The overall geometry of a reinforced soil wall and a preliminary reinforcement
layout must be entered. This data is subsequently checked using the methods
described earlier. The following section is intended to guide the designer to a
practical wall design. For practical reasons there should ideally be no more
than two strengths of grid in a wall.
6.3.1. Wall facing

Consider what facing type is to be used for the wall. The facing may have
some influence on the required vertical geogrid spacing. Walls will usually
have either a wraparound facing (plus cladding for permanent works) or a
precast concrete panel facing. In either case a basic compacted layer height
should be decided (recommend as 200mm for granular materials) and
spacings should all be a multiple of this value. Also a maximum vertical
6.2
Issue 1
spacing should be decided (recommend 600mm for wraparound and possibly

1000mm max for precast concrete).
6.3.2. Geometry of reinforcement

Decide on geometry of the wall reinforcement. See the following in BS8006
Table 19, Page 46
Table 20, Page 47
Figure 19, Page 67
Figure 20, Page 68
6.3.3. Vertical spacing of reinforcement

The actual vertical spacing and grid strength should be proposed based on
the principles of BS8006 Clause 6.6.4.2.1 and 6.6.4.2.2 part a. This clause
calculates the force Tj in a geogrid layer based on its depth in the structure
and the vertical spacing of reinforcement. For a granular fill and uniform
surcharge loading Tj = Tpj. In all cases TD >= Tj (that is to say the strength of
the reinforcement should be greater than the applied force). The adherence
criteria of clause 6.6.4.2.2 part b can be ignored for preliminary layout as this
can be checked within ReSlope using tie back wedges to check internal
stability.
6.3.4. Walls - External Stability

Following the steps outlined below ensures the external stability reinforced
earth of walls.
Check bearing. A bearing capacity check should be carried out using a
Meyerhof distribution. See BS8006 clause 6.5.2, Page 47.
Check overturning. BS8006 makes no specific mention of overturning failure
in external stability. The bearing check is described as a bearing and tilt
check, this implies that a structure is deemed not to overturn if bearing is
acceptable. Overturning can therefore be assumed to be satisfactory if the
wall geometry complies with references in 7.3.2 above.
Check sliding at both soil to soil and soil to reinforcement interfaces. For
cohesive soils checks should be made for both short term and long term soil
properties. See BS8006 clause 6.5.3, Page 47.
Check settlement. See BS8006 clause 6.5.4, Page 47.
Issue 1
6.3
6.4
Issue 1
7. Supporting Theory
Chapter Objectives
This chapter describes the theory on which the slope analysis is based.
7.1. Basic concepts

ReSlope uses theory derived from basic soil mechanics principles to allow the
analysis of stability of a wide variety of slopes including slopes reinforced with
geogrids and soil nails. The failure surfaces take one of the following forms
Slip circle The classic form of slope failure mechanism
Defined surface A failure surface defined by a series of nodes
Tie back wedge A simple wedge failure used in reinforced soil checks
Two part wedge A wedge mechanism used in reinforced earth
Typical uses of the different forms of failure surfaces are illustrated in Fig 7.1
ad
k He
Roc
Figure 7.1 Typical failure surfaces
Issue 1
7.1
Scope and terminology of this document

The theory behind all of the failure mechanisms is based on soil mechanics
principles that are described fully in the following text. The theory presented
assumes the reader has a basic knowledge of soil mechanics. Much of the
theory is also covered in papers listed in the Bibliography. The theory has
been updated from original published papers to cover the principle of limit
state design and partial load factors and the inclusion of soil reinforcement.
The terminology and symbols are derived from BS8006:1995 Code of
practice for strengthened/ reinforced soils and other fills. At the time of
writing no current British Standard adequately covers the stability analysis of
un-reinforced slopes.
Definition of the factor of safety
ReSlope uses the theory of limit equilibrium of forces and moments to
compute the factor of safety against failure. The factor of safety is traditionally
defined as that factor by which the shear strength of the soil must be reduced
in order to bring the mass of soil into a state of limiting equilibrium along a
selected slip surface. This definition however does not fit well with the
inclusion of reinforcing elements within the soil mass. The definition of factor
of safety used within ReSlope is therefore
F=
Available Restoring Forces

Total Disturbing Forces
.Equation 1
Restoring forces include soil shear strength and reinforcing element

strengths. Disturbing forces include soil self weight, water pressure, imposed
loads and earthquake forces. The factor of safety is based on either moment
equilibrium or horizontal force equilibrium. All of the elements of this equation
are subject to partial load and material strength factors. The following
sections do not show partial factors within the equations. For example, where
cohesion is shown in a formula this value is the factored cohesion after the
partial material strength factor has been applied.
Moment correction factor
The definition of factor of safety above implies that the same factor of safety
exists on both soil shear strength and reinforcement capacity. This
assumption is not really valid but provides a convenient basis to allow the
application of conventional slope stability solutions to reinforced soil. In
BS8006 clause 7.4.4.3 defines a simple method for a slip circle solution
(though no derivation is given). The method includes an additional factor
called the moment correction factor () applied to MRS (the soil shear strength
component). The moment correction factor has the value 1.25 for ultimate
Limit State and 1.00 for serviceability Limit State. If the user wishes to model
the application of this additional factor in other methods of analysis the soil
strength partial material factors can be increased to give the same overall
result.
7.2. Slip circle analysis

The following section shows the derivation of the formula used in the software
to derive stability factors for slip circles. The theory relating to horizontal force
equilibrium methods are equally applicable to user defined surface analysis.
Analysis involves defining a slip surface through the earth mass and dividing
the inscribed portion into vertical slices. The slip surface may be circular or
consist of any shape defined by a set of nodes. Figure 2 shows all the forces
acting on a typical slice on a circular slip surface. The same parameters apply
for a defined slip surface except that no centre of rotation exists and therefore
moment equilibrium cannot be calculated.
7.2
Issue 1
Figure 7.2 Typical slice definition on a circular failure surface.

The variables are defined as follows:
W = total weight of a slice of width w and height h
N = total normal force on the base of the slice
S = shear force mobilised on the base of each slice.
E = horizontal interslice normal forces. (Subscripts designate the side
of the slice).
X = vertical interslice shear forces. (Subscripts designate the side of
the slice).
kW = horizontal seismic load applied through the centroid of each
slice.
Fv = vertical external load.
Fh = horizontal external load.
H = resultant external water forces. (Subscripts designate the side of
the slice).
R = radius for a circular slip surface.
x = horizontal distance from the centroid of the slice to the slip centre
e = vertical distance from the centroid of the slice to the slip centre.
d = perpendicular distance from an external load or water force to the
slip centre.
= angle between the base of the slice and the horizontal.
Summation of external forces
ReSlope deals with some of the forces applied externally to the slope on a
global basis rather than slice by slice. It is only possible to deal with the
external horizontal loads in this way as the vertical loads affect the internal
forces of each slice.
For moment equilibrium solutions
Mext = HR x dR HL x dL + Fh x dh
Where Mext = Sum of disturbing moments due to external horizontal loads
For horizontal force equilibrium
Hext = HR HL + Fh
Where Hext = Sum of disturbing horizontal loads
Summation of reinforcement effects
ReSlope considers each level of reinforcement (either geogrids or nails) in
turn. The position where the failure surface crosses the reinforcement is
Issue 1
7.3
determined. The limiting strength for the level will then be determined by
maximum strength or anchorage considerations (whichever is the lower
capacity). The restoring effect of the grids are added together to produce
either.
For moment equilibrium: MRR = Sum of restoring moments due to
reinforcement
For horizontal equilibrium: HRR = Sum of restoring forces due to reinforcement
Soil shear strength
For an effective stress analysis, the shear strength is defined as:
s = c + ( n - u ) tan
Where:
.Equation 2
s = shear strength
c' = effective cohesion
= effective angle of internal friction
n = total normal stress
u = pore-water pressure
Mobilised shear force at the base

From equation 2, the limiting shear force for equilibrium is derived as,
S = s B = B ( c + ( n - u ) tan )
F
F
Or
S = cB + (N uB) tan
F
.Equation 3
where: S = shear force mobilised at the base of the slice

s = shear stress mobilised at the base of each slice
B = the base length of each slice
F = the factor of safety
n = average normal stress at the base of each slice
Slice normal force at the base (N)
The normal force at the base of a slice is derived from the summation of the
forces in a vertical direction on each slice.
-W + ( XL XR ) + N cos + S sin - FV = 0
.Equation 4
Substituting equation 3 into equation 4 and solving for N gives

N=
W + ( XR XL ) (cB sin + uB sin tan ) + FV

F
cos + sin tan
F
.Equation 5
There are several things to note about this equation

1. The value for N is dependent on the factor of safety
2. The equation cannot be directly solved because XL, XR and F are unknown
3. The denominator could under some circumstances become zero
All of the above points are addressed in later parts of this document
Calculating factors of safety
The factor of safety for the slope as a whole should be determined by the
summation of the forces acting on the individual slices. Unfortunately statics
and failure conditions alone do not provide sufficient equations to obtain
values for all the defined forces (the problem is indeterminate). More
information must be known about the interslice force distribution. It is at this
7.4
Issue 1
point that the various papers written on slope stability solutions begin to
diverge. To obtain the overall factor of safety it is necessary to consider either
moment or horizontal force equilibrium. Ideally both of these conditions would
be satisfied but that is not possible in most of the commonly used solutions.
Equation for moment equilibrium
From figure 7.2
Wx + kWe + Mext - (S/F)R - MRR/F = 0

or
F =
SR + MRR
Wx + kWe + Mext
.Equation 6
substituting equation 3 into equation 6 gives

F=
(cBR + (N uB) R tan ) + MRR

Wx + kWe + Mext
.Equation 7
This equation is non-linear as N is itself a function of F (see equation 5).
Equation for horizontal equilibrium

From figure 2
( EL ER ) - ( N sin ) - ((S/F) cos ) - kW + Hext - HRR/F= 0

the term
( EL ER ) must be zero over the entire sliding mass.
Hence F =
S cos + HRR
Wx + kW + Hext
.Equation 8
substituting equation 3 into equation 8 gives

F=
(cBR + (N uB) R tan ) + MRR

Wx + kWe + Mext
.Equation 9
Again this equation is non-linear as N is itself a function of F.

Solving equations of equilibrium
The assumptions used to solve these equations that have been used in the
past are as follows.
Fellenius (1936) or the Swedish method of slices
Uses moment equilibrium as the basis of the solution. Ignores both normal
and shear interslice forces (EL = ER = XL = XR = 0).
Equation 5 becomes
N = W Cos - kW Sin + Fv Cos
This equation can then be used to solve equation 7 directly without iteration
as F no longer appears. Equation 7 is solved numerically within ReSlope.
Issue 1
7.5
This solution has the attraction of producing a linear equation that can be
directly evaluated without iteration. The factor of safety obtained is a lower
bound solution and is generally only used to compare with solutions
calculated manually. Reslope uses this method internally to provide seed
values of factor of safety for use in iterative methods.
Bishops simplified method
This method assumes that the interslice shear forces are zero (XL = XR = 0).
Equation 5 now becomes
N=
W (cB sin + uB sin tan ) + FV

F
cos + sin tan
F
.Equation 5
Again this equation can be used to solve equation 7 but this time it is an
iterative process.
ReSlope again solves equation 7 numerically and generally requires only 2 or
3 iterations starting with the seed value of F determined from the Fellenius
solution.
BS8006 method
The basis of this equation is not described in the British Standard but it is
essentially a rewrite of Bishops equation with F=1 (i.e. at Ultimate Limit State)
and an additional factor called a moment correction factor.
Janbus simplified method
This method again assumes that the interslice shear forces are zero (XL = XR
= 0). However the method then used horizontal force equilibrium rather than
moment equilibrium to provide the solution for F.
Equation 5 has the same form as shown above for Bishops method. This time
equation 5 is used to solve equation 9 and again the solution is iterative.
Rigorous method
This method is the only method used within ReSlope that satisfies both
moment and horizontal force equilibrium. Vertical force equilibrium is
automatically satisfied in all methods as this is the basis for determining
forces within each slice.
Assume (Interslice shear force)/(Interslice normal force) = . f(x)
Where is effectively Tan() where is the angle of the resultant interslice
force with the horizontal. f(x) is a function defined at the start of an analysis.
Common functions are either f(x)=1 which implies all interslice forces are
parallel and f(x)=Sin(x) which has been investigated in several papers on slip
circle stability.
To determine the factor of safety for the rigorous solution ReSlope will use the
following stages
Stage 1
Determine a seed value for F using Bishops simplified method. A seed value
for Lambda is set at 0.2.
Stage 2
Work from left to right across the slope determining all of the slice forces
(EL,ER,XL,XR,N) for the current value of Lambda. For each slice this is an
7.6
Issue 1
iterative calculation. EL for slice 1 must be 0. ER can be determined by

resolving horizontally the forces for the slice, this leaves an equation for ER in
terms of EL and N. Vertical equilibrium gives N so the final value of ER for a
slice is determined by iteration until the slice is in equilibrium. ER for this slice
is always EL for the next slice. If ER for the last slice is not zero then the value
of Lambda is incorrect and the process is repeated with a new prediction of
Lambda (the value is predicted based on the trend of the calculations to that
time). If convergence cannot be found for equilibrium of any slice within 100
iterations a warning is given to the user. If convergence for total horizontal
forces cannot be found within 100 iterations a warning is given to the user.
Only one warning is given for each circle analysed. The stability factor results
for such circles are still given but should be treated with caution.
Stage 3
Given the slice force distribution now determined in stage 2 the factors of
safety for moment equilibrium and horizontal force equilibrium can be
determined using equations 7 and 9. If these factors of safety are not the
same then a new trial value for the factor of safety is predicted based on the
results obtained up to that time and we loop back to the beginning of stage 2.
After several iterations of stages 2 and 3 (including the iterative calculation
within stage 3) the factors of safety for moment and horizontal force
equilibrium will usually converge. The software allows a total of 50 loops of
these stages before posting a warning message and abandoning the analysis.
7.3. Steep slip surfaces

The use of ReSlope allows the user to analyse a large number of slip circles
very quickly. However the user must ensure that these surfaces comply with
the assumptions of the underlying soil mechanics. The most common
problem relates to slip surfaces that enter (at the top of the slope) or exit (at
the bottom of the slope) at very steep angles. Slip Circles should not enter a
slope at an angle significantly steeper than an active wedge i.e. (45 + Phi)/2.
Slip Circles should not exit a slope at an angle significantly steeper than a
passive wedge i.e. (45-Phi)/2. One way of dealing with such slopes is to
specify a tension crack depth that will effectively reduce the entry slope angle
and model such failure surfaces more appropriately.
7.4. Two-part wedge analysis

Two part wedges are intended primarily for use in internal or compound
stability checks. BS8006 also allows two-part wedges to be used for external
stability checks, but the designer may still need slip circle analysis to search
for deep-seated slips in real world situations where there are several soil
strata.
The two-part wedge analysis method presented in BS8006 clause 7.4.4.2
does not explain fully the mechanics or mathematics of a two-part wedge. A
two part wedge can have friction between the two parts but this is not included
in the BS8006 method. To ensure ReSlope complies with code requirements
friction is ignored. This simplification means that the distribution of forces
between the parts of the wedge is no longer important.
ReSlope further splits the wedges into vertical slices with boundaries at each
soil strata or water definition point and any intersection between the slip
surfaces and the soil strata or water surface. This ensures that the wedge
self-weights and soil shear capacity can be accurately determined using the
same routines as those used for the slip circle theory described above.
The total restoring force due to all the grids intersected is determined
including checks for anchorage of the grids beyond the failure surface. The
Issue 1
7.7
disturbing and restoring horizontal forces due to self weight and applied loads
are determined using statics on each slice in turn.
The stability factor is taken as the ratio Reinforcement Restoring / Net Soil
Disturbing.
ReSlope can be used to model slopes in accordance with HA68/94 and this is
demonstrated in the validation exercises.
7.5. Bibliography
The following documents provided the necessary background to develop the
theory required for the code production of the ReSlope software.
1. The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of earth slopes.
A.W. Bishop, 1955, Geotechnique Vol.5 Pages 7 to 17
2. A method of analysis of the stability of embankments ensuring parallel
interslice forces. E. Spencer, 1967, Geotechnique Vol 17 Pages11 to 26
3. Use of computers for slope stability analysis.
R.V. Whitman and W.A. Bailey, 1967, Proc. ASCE, Vol 93 SM4 Pages 475 to
498
4. BS8006:1995 Code of practice for Strengthened/Reinforced soil and other
fills. Published 1995, British Standards Institution, UK.
5. The department of transport standard HA68/94
Design Methods for the Reinforcement of Highway Slopes by Reinforced Soil
and Soil Nailing Techniques. Published 1994, HMSO, UK.
6. Ciria Special Publication 123 Soil reinforcement with geotextiles.
Published 1996, Ciria/Thomas Telford UK, ISBN 0 7277 2502 5
7. The design of reinforced structures using Tensar Geogrids
Revised 1997, Netlon Ltd, UK.
7.8
Issue 1
8. Validation
Chapter Objectives
This chapter documents the procedure by which the results of the slope
analysis have been validated.
8.1. Introduction
This section of the manual records the validation work undertaken on
ReSlope by the software authors. The document provides a guide for each
validation exercise defining the purpose of the run and the results obtained.
The files listed in each exercise are distributed with the software.
The following validation exercises are described in this manual
Issue 1
SC1
Slip circle
SC2
Slip circle
SC3
Slip circle
SC4
SC5
SC6
SC7
SC8
Slip circle
Slip circle
Slip circle
Slip circle
Slip circle
Basic slope with surcharge using all analysis

methods
Water pressures including submerged
slopes
Multiple soil strata with cohesion and vertical
face
Vertical and lateral loads
Piezometric grid
Seismic forces
Partial factors
Reinforcement
UD1
UD2
User defined surface

User defined surface
Basic slope from SC1

User defined surface with reinforcement
TB1
TB2
Tie back wedge Basic wedge in vertical face with surcharge

Tie back wedge Example from Tensar Design Guide
TP1
Two part wedge Example from Tensar Design Guide
8.1
8.2. Validation exercise SC1

Computer files
ReSlope file reference - ValidSC1.rsp
Excel file reference - ValidSC1.xls
Object
To show that the slip circle analysis gives correct results for traditional lumped
factor of safety analysis (for all method of analysis). The exercise analyses a
simple slope with no water and includes comparison with both a spreadsheet
and other commercially available software.
Description
A slope measuring 6m horizontally and 4m vertically in a granular soil with Phi
= 32 degrees and Density = 17 kN/m3. A surcharge of 10kN/m2 is applied to
the upper level. A single circle passing through the toe of the slope is
analysed with its centre at coordinates measured from the toe of the slope of
(1.59m, 6.82m).
Results
The factor of safety results (all rounded to two decimal places) are as follows.
Fellenius method
Other software
Spreadsheet
ReSlope
1.24
1.24
1.24
Bishops simplified
Other software
Spreadsheet
ReSlope
1.40
1.40
1.40
BS8006
Other software
Spreadsheet
ReSlope
Not available
1.05
1.05
Janbu simplified
Other software
Spreadsheet
ReSlope
1.26
1.23
1.23
Rigorous
Other software
Spreadsheet
ReSlope
1.40
1.40
1.40
Comments
The largest difference is in Janbus simplified method that shows a
discrepancy of less than 3% that could easily be generated by slightly different
slice boundary positions.
8.2
Issue 1

Computer files
ReSlope file reference ValidSC2.rsp
Excel file reference ValidSC2.xls
Object
To show that the software accurately calculates the lumped factor of safety
for slopes including pore water pressures and submerged slopes.
Description
A slope representing data for an earth fill dam with a water proofed surface
still maintains a single soil type.
Results
The calculated factors of safety for Bishops Simplified Method are as follows.
ReSlope
Stability factor = 5.42
Spreadsheet
Comments
The spreadsheet confirms that the software is accurate for this exercise.
Issue 1
8.3

Computer files
Object
To show that the software deals with multiple soil strata including the analysis
of cohesive soils
Description
A vertical face representing data for an embedded retaining wall. Two soil
types both intersected by the circular slip surface. One of the soil types has
cohesion
Results
ReSlope
Spreadsheet
Comments
The spreadsheet confirms that the software is accurate for this exercise. The
software is also selecting a slice boundary at the intersection between the soil
strata surface and the slip failure surface.
8.4
Issue 1

Computer files
Object
Validate the use of vertical and lateral applied loads.
Description
Similar to exercise SC4 except for the change in loading. The applied loads
are a 100kN/m line load with a 30kN/m lateral load. The exercise was
checked using another commercially available software package.
Results
ReSlope
Other software
Comments
The two pieces of software yield the same result. The applied loads appear to
be working properly.
Issue 1
8.5

Computer files
Object
To show that the software accurately calculates the lumped factor of safety
for slopes including a piezometric grid.
Description
The slope geometry is similar to that used in previous exercises. The
piezometric grid is not selected to model any particular situation. The grid
does however produce pore water pressures that are significantly higher than
the base data with a defined ground water table.
Results
The results have been compared to a spreadsheet. In the spreadsheet the
water pressures were visually interpolated from the grid so results are not
expected to be identical. The spreadsheet and software pore water pressures
have been compared to expected values.
ReSlope
Spreadsheet
Comments
The results are considered to be validation for the piezometric grid facility in
the software.
8.6
Issue 1

Computer files
Object
To show that the software accurately models the application of seismic
acceleration factors.
Description
The slope geometry is similar to that used in previous exercises. The defined
seismic acceleration factors are 0.2 vertical (i.e. acceleration upward) and
0.3 lateral (i.e. towards the failure direction). Negative horizontal accelerations
are not permitted in the software data entry.
Results
The ReSlope calculated factor of safety of 1.08 compares well with the value
of 1.09 calculated in the spreadsheet.
Comments
The results are considered to be validation for the seismic acceleration facility
in the software. It should be noted that these factors are not applied to
external loads and to water pressures. In real world situations the user would
need to consider these in more detail.
Issue 1
8.7

Computer files
Object
To demonstrate that ReSlope applies partial factors correctly for a limit state
analysis of a slip circle in accordance with BS8006.
Description
The slope data is that used previously in validation exercise SC3. The partial
factors used are the defaults for ultimate limit state analysis to BS8006
(although no reinforcement is used in this exercise).
Results
The results from the spreadsheet calculation agree closely with the ReSlope
figures. The calculated stability factor being 0.62 in both cases.
Comments
The analysis is considered to be validation of the use of partial factors applied
to slip circle analysis. It is interesting to note that while the lumped factor of
safety produced in exercise SC3 might have been considered acceptable in a
temporary situation the results from exercise SC7 would normally be rejected.
It appears that BS8006 is more conservative in this situation.
8.8
Issue 1

Computer files
Object
To demonstrate that ReSlope correctly incorporates reinforcement strength
within a slip circle calculation.
Description
The data describes a steep reinforced soil slope eight metres high. The slope
is reinforced with eight layers of geogrid. The example slip circle passes
entirely through the reinforced earth block and does not represent the critical
slip surface. The reinforcing strength has been set to give a realistic strength
for this slope by checking internal stability with the tie back wedge method.
Results
The slope has been analysed using Bishops simplified method both with
ReSlope and using a spreadsheet calculation. The overall factor of safety of
1.36 is the same in both analysis types. There is a small difference in the
calculated reinforcement capacities. This difference stems from the more
rigorous treatment of surcharge loads within the ReSlope software.
Comments
These results are considered to validate the use of ReSlope for the analysis
of circular slip surfaces with horizontal reinforcement.
Issue 1
8.9
8.10. Validation exercise UD1

Computer files
ReSlope file reference ValidUD1.rsp
Object
To demonstrate that the failure surface defined in the validation exercise SC1
can be input as a user defined surface and yield the same results.
Description
The slope data is taken from exercise SC1
Results
The stability factor obtained is 1.23. This value is the same as that
determined using the Janbu simplified method in validation exercise SC1
Comments
This result shows that the results obtained using user defined surfaces are
the same as those obtained using the Janbu method on circular slips. In fact
the software routines for calculation of all the slice forces are common to both
methods and therefore this is expected.
8.10
Issue 1
8.11. Validation exercise UD2

Computer files
ReSlope file reference ValidUD2.rsp
Object
To demonstrate that ReSlope accurately calculates the stability factor for a
user defined surface with reinforcement and partial factors.
Description
The slope and failure surface data are taken from the previous validation
example SC8.
Results
The stability factor obtained from the user defined surface is 1.31. The same
ReSlope data file also contains data for the circular slip analysed using the
Janbu simplified method that yields the same result. The total available
reinforcement capacity can be verified by referring back to the spreadsheet
file ValidSC8.xls.
Comments
These results are considered to validate ReSlope for use in calculating the
stability factor for reinforced slopes with user defined failure surfaces.
Issue 1
8.11
8.12. Validation exercise TB1

Computer files
ReSlope file reference - ValidTB1.rsp
Excel file reference - ValidTB1.xls
Object
To demonstrate that ReSlope calculated stability factors can be verified using
spreadsheet calculations
Description
The data describes a vertical wall of reinforced soil 5m high with four layers of
reinforcement.
Results
The stability factor of 1.07 for the critical wedge calculated by ReSlope is also
calculated within the spreadsheet.
Comments
This demonstrates that ReSlope is correctly analysing reinforced slopes using
partial factors and tie back wedge analysis.
8.12
Issue 1
8.13. Validation exercise TB2

Computer files
ReSlope file reference ValidTB2.rsp
Object
To verify that ReSlope calculations for tie back wedges give the same results
as a published example
Description
The data describes an example titled 5.1.4 Design example using the tie
back wedge method on page 22 of the document The design of Reinforced
Soil Structures using Tensar Geogrids from Netlon Ltd in the Spring 97
revision of the document.
Results
The results for the wedge with a toe at the base of the wall (wedge angle 68
degrees) in ReSlope gives a reinforcement restoring force of 202kN/m and a
disturbing force of 93kN/m. The published results are restoring 204kN/m and
disturbing 92.5kN/m.
Comments
These results are considered to validate the use of the tie back wedge
method in ReSlope.
Issue 1
8.13
8.14. Validation exercise TP1

Computer files
ReSlope file reference - ValidTP1.rsp
Excel file reference - ValidTP1.xls
Object
To demonstrate that ReSlope can accurately analyse two part wedges and
compare the results with a published example.
Description
The data describes an example titled 6.1.1 Design example using the
HA68/94 method on page 35 of the document The design of Reinforced Soil
Structures using Tensar Geogrids from Netlon Ltd in the Spring 97 revision
of the document.
Results
The results for the wedge with a toe at the base of the wall in ReSlope gives a
reinforcement restoring force of 538kN/m and a disturbing force of 287kN/m.
The published results are restoring 538kN/m and disturbing 288kN/m. A
spreadsheet calculation has also been undertaken giving identical results to
the ReSlope calculation.
Comments
The spreadsheet calculation uses the formula for reinforcement tension given
in HA68/94. ReSlope internally calculates forces from basic wedge geometry.
The results are the same in either case. These results are considered to
validate the use of ReSlope to calculate the stability factor of slopes using the
Two Part Wedge method.
8.14
Issue 1
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CADS ReSlope

Program version : 1.0

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Computer and Design Services Ltd.

CADS ReSlope User Guide

No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system,

AutoCAD, AutoLISP and ADS are registered trademarks of Autodesk Inc.

Computer and Design Services Ltd.,

+44 (0) 1202 603031

Computer and Design Services Ltd.

CADS ReSlope User Guide

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

2. Entering Data ..................................................................................2.1

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

2.3.4. Cohesion....................................................................................... 2.4

3. Analysis and viewing results.........................................................3.1

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

3.5.4. Showing the wedges graphically................................................... 3.7

4. Printed Output ................................................................................4.1

5. Worked Example ............................................................................5.1

7. Supporting Theory .........................................................................7.1

Computer and Design Services Ltd.

CADS ReSlope User Guide

8.10. Validation exercise UD1....................................................................... 8.10

Authorisation Fax Sheets

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

1.1. Program Description

1.2. Program Installation

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

1.2.1. Installing the Application

1.2.2. Permissions for the program and protection directories

1.2.3. Installation procedure

Insert Program CD into drive d: (or other as appropriate).

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

A message warning you that the installation is about to start will be

The Welcome dialog then appears. Click on Next.

The Installation Options dialog (Figure 1.1) showing a brief description

Figure 1.1 Installation Options Dialog

The Select Application Directory dialog showing the default installation

A Release Information dialog containing details of Windows Support

Click on Next to start the installation and insert Program disk 2 if

1.2.4. Authorising the Application

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

system upon which it is installed. Changing the authorised system, moving

Figure 1.2 Licensing Information Dialog

Figure 1.3 Modify Protection Dialog

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

Authorise Single User Version Click on this button to start the

The program name

Figure 1.4 Authorisation Failure Dialog

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CADS ReSlope User Guide

When you have completed this, click on OK and a message confirming

1.2.5. Modifying an Existing Authorisation

1.2.6. Moving the Application

Figure 1.5 Remove Authorisation Dialog