L11 Machines using magnetism

At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

1. Give examples of where magnetism is used
2. Describe the relation between electric current
and magnetism
3. List the factors to consider when choosing a
motor

Examples of magnetism and

its uses

Electric power generation

Motors for heating, air-conditioning,

pumping water / gas / oil, machinery etc.

Wire-free charging
http://www.pcworld.com/article/248198/qualcomm_halo_wireless_inductive_charging_for_electric_vehicles.html

RFID

Electric car

http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/scientists-print-cheap-rfid-tags-on-paper-59911

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-oK-3SRPic

MRI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_2D3Lh1v74
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uzJPpC4Wuk

Magnetism

Current - moving charge - creates a magnetic

field

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html# c1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys9xL3mw8tI

Why does moving charge create magnetism?

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/rel_el_mag.html

Magnetic field strength H (A m-1)

like voltage (gradient)
Magnetic flux density B
= mag flux per m2
(Webers per m2, or Tesla, T)
Total magnetic flux
(Webers, Wb)
like current

Magnetic field strength H (A m-1)

like voltage (gradient)
Magnetic flux density B
= mag flux per m2
(Webers per m2, or Tesla, T)

Iron / Steel

B=H
Magnetic permeability
= o x r

4x10-7 H/m

relative permeability

Magnetic circuit

Electric circuit

A piece of wire, length l in a

magnetic flux density B
carrying a current I
experiences a force F
F = (I l) B
(cross product of current
vector and magnetic flux
density)

Questions

(2) A company advertises a "1 Tesla" magnet for sale.

How much magnetic flux does it produce?

0.3 T

We dont know : total flux = flux density (Tesla)area

(3) In an electric motor, a single turn of the rotating

armature coil is 20 cm long, in a magnetic flux density

of 0.3 Tesla, carrying a current of 20 A. How much force
20 cm long, 10 A
is created on it, and in what direction?
current

F = IlB = 200.20.3 = 1.2 N

Magnetic induction

If the magnetic flux through a

loop of wire is , then a
voltage will be induced in the
loop if changes :

V = d/dt
(normally written with a sign to show the
voltage opposes the flux change)

Equation not needed for class

test or exam

Summary of theory
1. Current moving charge creates a magnetic field
2. Magnetic field strength (H, A/m) is like voltage
3. Magnetic flux (, Webers) is like current
4. Magnetic flux density is (flux / area) (B, Tesla)
5. Time-varying flux induces a voltage in a coil enclosing it
6. Think carefully before designing something that has high

current or high frequency cables next to metal or other

cables

Applications : Relays

Use the magnetic field from a

small current to close a

switch which can carry a large
current
Mechanical - can fail
eventually
Slow switching speed
Can handle very large current
/ high voltage
Very low loss

S
L
V0
RL

RC
A

Relays : Domestic
http://www.maplin.co.uk/Module.aspx?ModuleNo=37495

5.20

Maximum current

30A

Maximum voltage

300Vac, 28Vdc

Maximum switching
power

9000VA resistive
840W resistive

Contact resistance

<50m

Operate time

20ms max

Release time

20ms max

Insulation resistance

1000M at 500Vdc

Mechanical life

>10 million operations

Electrical life

>100,000 operations at full load

Contact material

AgCdO (Silver Cadmium oxide)

Coil
nominal
voltage

Operate
range(V)

Coil
resistance

Current at
nominal
voltage

12Vdc

9.6-13.2

1205%

100mA

Relays : High voltage

http://etecindsvc.com/index_002.htm

http://library.abb.com/global/scot/scot245.nsf/veritydisplay/ec0a90a6b482e53d85257554005348c1/$File/121-169PMI_2GNM110055_new.pdf

Transformers and Induction

AC in coil 1 creates an alternating magnetic flux,

shared by both coils

This induces voltages in coils 1 and 2

V1/n1 = V2/n2
I1n1 = I2n2
V1I1 = V2I2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWTSzBWEsms

Transformers

http://www.maplin.co.uk/Module.aspx?ModuleNo=3688

All types have a 250mA output, centretapped. All primaries are 0 to 240V.
Available in 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V types

Type Secondary Size(WxHxD)*

6V

6-0-6V

36 x 31 x
34mm

3
http://www.meppi.com/Products/Transformers/Power/Pages/Core-formTransformers.aspx

Inductive charging?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inductive_charging.svg

Over 95%efficiency is possible http://www.witricity.com/pages/faq.html

DC / AC Motors + Generators

motor types overview at
http://zeva.com.au/Tech/

DC motors typically need brushes to

supply current to the armature and a

commutator to reverse it every cycle

Different designs have different
torque / speed characteristics

They can easily run at variable speed
http://web.ncf.ca/ch865/englishdescr/DCElectricMotor.html

AC motors can work without brushes

They require electronic control to run

at variable speed

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi7o8cMPI0E

AC Motors / Generators

Unfortunately there are many types of motors

Key point : Do they have sliding contacts (brushes), which waste power and

wear out, requiring maintenance?

Yes : Brushed DC motor; slip-ring or universal AC motor*

No : Brushless DC motor; AC induction motor; AC synchronous motor*

Brushed DC motors have simple speed control : more voltage = more speed

Brushless DC motors need an external circuit to work at all.

Brushless AC motors run at (almost) fixed speed relative to the frequency of the

supplied AC. They need a variable-frequency AC supply (an inverter) to give

good variable speed control.

Three phase AC motors run more smoothly and give more power per size &

mass than single phase AC.

When choosing, consider the lifetime cost of a motor system performance,

initial cost, energy used (including power factor effects), maintenance.

* dont need to know stuff in grey
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