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hf
f l V2
------
.... (a)
2gd
the head loss due to friction in pipe fittings is expressed by
similar equation :
KV2
------2g
.... (b)
By equating (a) and (b), we get the factor K = f l/d where K is the local head loss
co-efficient of pipe fittings (non-dimensional) expressed in terms of the friction
factor (f), length (l) and diameter (d) of the pipe to which the particular type of
fitting is fitted.
In the equations where the branches of pipes are used for flow
analysis, all the resistances offered by the fittings are expressed in equivalent
length of pipe to which they are fitted, namely; L =
to the length of the straight pipe of diameter d with the friction factor f
( 0.025 generally assumed ), and the analysis is done further. Note that the valve of
K is to be evaluated from the formulae hf ( pipe fitting ) =KV2/ 2gwhere V is
the velocity of fluid flowing in the pipe line of diameter d to which the pipe
fitting is fitted.
Further, it is also be noted that, if in a branch of pipe lines, where the
various diameter pipes are involved, the similar kind of method is used for
converting all the other pipe of different diameters to the equivalent length of one
particular diameter. This way the analysis becomes simpler. In such cases, the
equivalent length is calculated from the formulae;
L
--d5
L1
=
L2
----- + ----d15
d25
L3
+
----- + ----------d35
SPECIFICATIONS:
*
Pump Capacity
0.078 m2.
1 NB ( 27mm ID ).
Fittings Used :
1)
2)
3)
Valves
Bends & Elbows
Collar, Union, Contraction,
Expansion.
I Line.
II Line.
III Line.
OPERATING PROCEDURES:
All the necessary instrumentation along with its accessories are
readily connected. It is just enough to follow the instructions below:
1.
Fill the sump tank with clean water and Keep the delivery valve closed.
2.
Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth connection.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Note down the differential head reading in the Mano-meter. (Expel if any
air is there by opening the drain cocks provided with the Manometer)
8.
Operate the Butterfly Valve to note down the collecting tank reading
against the known time and keep it open when the readings are not
taken.
9.
Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment for different diameter
of pipe fittings.
1.
2.
3.
There is no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the
measuring tank is fitted with overflow pipe.
4.
Frequently (at least once in three months) Grease/Oil the rotating parts.
5.
Initially, put clean water free from foreign material, and change the water
once in three months.
6.
At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent clogging of
the moving parts.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
SL.
NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
TYPE OF
PIPE
FITTING
NON
RETURN
VALVE
GATE
VALVE
WHEEL
VALVE
SUDDEN
CONTRACTION
25 - 10mm
SUDDEN
EXPANSION
10 - 25mm
UNION
25mm
COLLAR
25mm
90 LONG
BEND
90
SHORT
BEND
45 LONG
BEND
90
SHORT
BEND
MANOMETER
READING mm of Hg
H1
h2
TIME TAKEN
FOR 10cm
RISE OF
WATER,
t s
VALVE POSITION
LIST OF FORMULAE
DATA:
A = 0.078 m2
g = 9.81 m/sec2
D = 27 mm
d = 10 mm
1.
Q = ------------- m3/Sec
1000 t
where,
1000 is the conversion factor
from mm to m.
A = Area of Measuring Tank
= 0.078 m2
R = Rise of water level in mm
(Collecting Tank)
= 100mm
t = Time for R mm of rise in
water in Secs.
Discharge
Q
V = ----------------------------- = ------- m/sec
Area of Inlet Section
a1
Where,
a1 = Area of pipe to which the
fitting is fitted
= D2/4 m2
= 5.72 x 10-4 m2
2g