RUPINDER SINGH

ID 10033

Q1:- Explain your understanding of TQM?

A:-.Total quality management:-TQM is an improvement program which provides tools
and techniques for continuous improvement based on facts and analysis; and if properly
implemented, it avoids counterproductive organizational infighting.
The most popular approach to continuous improvement is known as total quality
management . There are two major characteristics of total quality managementa focus
on serving customers and systemic problem solving teams made up of front line
workers. A variety of specific tools are available to aid teams in their problems solving.
One of these tools is which involves studying organizations that are among the best in
the world at performing a particular task. Perhaps the most important and pervasive
TQM problem solving tool is Plan-do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle. The plan do check act
cycle is a systematic fact based approach to continuous improvement.

Q2:-What elements within a manufacturing environment need to be

reduced or eliminated as part of a Lean Manufacturing focus?
A:-Lean manufacturing, lean enterprise, or lean production, often simply, Lean is a
production practice that considers the expenditure of resources for any goal other than
the creation of value for the end customer to be wasteful, and thus a target for
elimination. Working from the perspective of the customer who consumes a product or
service, "value" is defined as any action or process that a customer would be willing to
pay for.
These are the following seaven element which we needs to be reduced with in a
manufactuing enviorment.
Over-production
Waiting
Transporation
Invontary
Processing
Motion
Defects

Q3:- What is 5 S and what are the five disciplines?

A:- There are 5 primary phases of 5S: sorting, straightening, systematic cleaning,
standardizing, and sustaining. Additionally, there are three other phases sometimes
included; safety, security, and satisfaction.

Sorting (Seiri)
Eliminate all unnecessary tools, parts, and instructions. Go through all tools, materials,
and so forth in the plant and work area. Keep only essential items and eliminate what is
not required, prioritizing things as per requirements and keeping them in easilyaccessible places. Everything else is stored or discarded.

Straightening or setting in order / stabilize (Seiton)

There should be a place for everything and everything should be in its place. The place
for each item should be clearly labeled or demarcated. Items should be arranged in a
manner that promotes efficient work flow, with equipment used most often being the
most easily accessible. Workers should not have to bend repetitively to access
materials. Each tool, part, supply, or piece of equipment should be kept close to where it
will be used in other words, straightening the flow path. Seiton is one of the features
that distinguishes 5S from "standardized cleanup".

Sweeping or shining or cleanliness / systematic cleaning (Seiso)

Clean the workspace and all equipment, and keep it clean, tidy and organized. At the
end of each shift, clean the work area and be sure everything is restored to its place.
This makes it easy to know what goes where and ensures that everything is where it
belongs. Spills, leaks, and other messes also then become a visual signal for equipment
or process steps that need attention. A key point is that maintaining cleanliness should
be part of the daily work not an occasional activity initiated when things get too messy.

Standardizing (Seiketsu)
Work practices should be consistent and standardized. All work stations for a particular
job should be identical. All employees doing the same job should be able to work in any
station with the same tools that are in the same location in every station. Everyone
should know exactly what his or her responsibilities are for Sustaining the

discipline or self-discipline (Shitsuke)

Maintain and review standards. Once the previous 4 S's have been established, they
become the new way to operate. Maintain focus on this new way and do not allow a
gradual decline back to the old ways. While thinking about the new way, also be thinking
about yet better ways. When an issue arises such as a suggested improvement, a new
way of working, a new tool or a new output requirement, review the first 4 S's and make
changes as appropriate.

Q4:List the benefits and features of the Six Sigma approach and
DMAIC?
A:-1:-Every thing is a process. each process has in puts and out puts and substantially
changs the inputs to add value to customer.
2:-every process has measurable characteristics.ex: number,size or weight
measures inputs and outputs.
3:-Measurments follows a frequency distribution. frequency distribution are histo
grams showing how many measurenents fall with in given range off data.
each data point is allocate to a bucket.
DMAIC
1:Define-define the problem
2: Measure- measure process porformence
3:Analyse-analyse the process to determine the root casses of pore parformence,
determine whether the process can be improved.
4:Improve- improve the process by attacking root cases
5:Control- control the improved process to maintain the gains. set up pilot run to
establish process capability move on to protection.

Q:5 Explain the meaning of PDCA.

ANS: -PDCA is a successive cycle which starts off small to test potential effects on
processes, but then gradually leads to larger and more targeted change. Plan, Do,
Check, Act are the four components of Work bench in Software testing.
PLAN
Establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance
with the expected output (the target or goals). By making the expected output the
focus, it differs from other techniques in that the completeness and accuracy of the
is also part of the improvement.

DO
Implement the new processes, often on a small scale if possible, to test possible
effects. It is important to collect data for charting and analysis for the following
"CHECK" step.
CHECK
Measure the new processes and compare the results (collected in "DO" above)
against the expected results (targets or goals from the "PLAN") to ascertain any
differences. Charting data can make this much easier to see trends in order to
convert the collected data into information. Information is what you need for the next
step "ACT".
ACT
Analyze the differences to determine their cause. Each will be part of either one or
more of the P-D-C-A steps. Determine where to apply changes that will include
improvement. When a pass through these four steps does not result in the need to
improve, refine the scope to which PDCA is applied until there is a plan that involves
improvement.

Q:6 Roughly sketch a Normal Distribution Curve and mark areas

representing
1 (68.27%), 2 (85.45%), 3 (99.74%)?.

Q:7 Select a problem being encountered by you in the workplace or

elsewhere and draw a cause and effect diagram to show how cause/s
can be determined?.

ANS:

Q 8: On a statistical process control chart explain why it is necessary

for control limits to be a higher magnitude than customer
expectations.
ANS:-

Q:9-Name and draw two typical shapes that are formed using a
histogram and describe what they could depict in your business or
life experiences?

A:- A graphical representation, similar to a bar chart in structure, that organizes a group
of data points into user-specified ranges. The histogram condenses a data
series
into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into
logical ranges or bins

Q10:-Name two conditions when a scatter diagram should be used?

A:-Scatter diagrame:-A type of diagram used to show the relationship between data
items that have two numeric properties. One property is represented along the x-axis
and the other along the y-axis. Each item is then represented by a single point.
Scatter diagrams are used frequently by computer publications to compare categories
of hardware and software products. One axis represents price, while the other
represents performance. Typically, all compared products fall near an imaginary
diagonal line -- that is, performance and price rise together. However, the scatter
diagram makes it easy to see items that do not fall near this line, items that are
expensive but offer poor performance or items that are inexpensive but provide good
performance.

These are the following two condition we used when we make the scatter
diagrame.
1:- Collect at least 40 paired data points.paired data are measure of both the cause
being tested and it supposed effect one point in point.
2:- Draw a grid, with the cause on the horizontal axis and the effect on the vertical axis.
data point