1

SUMANDEEP NURSING
COLLEGE
SUBJECT: NURSING EDUCATION
TOPIC:

GUIDANCE & counselling

Submitted TO
Mr Kevin Christian
Lecturer
Dept. Of MSN
SNC

submitted by:
Trivedi hiral
f.y.m.sc.nursing

Submitted on:
GUIDANCE
Guidance means to guide, which means to direct or to lead, is concerned with the best development of the
student. In broader sense, guidance is the assistance made available by qualified and trained persons to an
individual of any age to help him to manage his own life activities, develop his own point of view, make his own
decisions and carry on his own burdens.
Guidance is both a concept and process. As a concept , guidance is concerned with the optimal
development of the individual, educational, vocational, personal, social, moral, physical, etc. both for his own
satisfaction and for the benefit of the society.

Significant Guidance Principle and Assumptions

Every aspect of a persons complex personality pattern constitutes a significant factor of ones total
displayed attitudes and forms of behaviour.
Guidance services which are aimed at bringing about desirable adjustment in any particular areas of
experiences must take into account the all round development of the individual.
All though all human being are similar in many respects, individual differences must be recognized and
considered, when providing help or guidance to a particular child, adolescent or adult.
Guidance services should be extended to all persons of all ages who can benefit from it either directly or
indirectly.
Proper evaluation of individual to gain knowledge about the individual is must to administer guidance
intelligently.
Characteristics of Guidance Program
It is continuous from nursery school to adult education
It is pervasive
It is goal oriented
It is a coordinated effort
It is student centred.
Bases of Guidance:
Individual
Academic growth
Vocational development
Personal social development
Societal
Proper utilization of human resources
Good citizenship
Better family life
Need for Guidance
Guidance has become a great need for pupils for the following reasons.
Adjustment with ones oneself, as well as with the complex society has become difficult and it brings
frustration and conflicts in the individual.
With the expansion of education, there is an increased demand from the students of any profession
which puts them in constant stress.
The achievement of pupils in some subjects, generally in languages and science- are much below the
level of their capacity. This may be on account of poor home environment, lack of clear goals, or
difficulties in their studies. Guidance helps them to set clear goals and to cultivate good study habits.
Education is moving in the direction of specialization with the addition of new information everyday
Students sometimes fail to cope up with the course of studies and new information. Guidance helps them
to make the right type of choices and to their future well.
There are exceptional students in every college like the gifted, the backward, etc. Guidance takes
particular care of such children
ADVANTAGE OF GUIDANCE

FOR STUDENTS

ADVANTAGES
OF GUIDANCE
FOR
ADMINISTRATIO
N

FOR TEACHERS

Advantages for the Students

To understand themselves that is their abilities, aptitudes, interests, personality patterns, their strengths
and weaknesses.
To develop their potentialities in the right manner
To select specialty for their higher education
To solve personal and social problems

Advantages for the Teachers

To understand their students, their abilities, interest, strengths and weaknesses, etc.

To develop their potentialities by detecting maladjustments and solve their problems

To provide education, vocational and psychological guidance

Advantages for the Administration

To select candidates at the time of admission

To use guidance data in promotional policy and practice

To set-up and maintain an effective cumulative record system

To collect, organize and use occupational information

PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
1. HOLISM
2. UNIVERSAL REQUIREMENT
3. EVIDENCE
4. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE
5. STUDENT-CENTEREDNESS
6. CAUSE AND EFFECT
7. CONTINUOUS PROCESS
8. FLEXIBILITY
9. GOAL ORIENTED
10. PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
11. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

12. PREVENTION AS WELLAS CURE

TYPES OF GUIDANCE
Guidance services are meant to help students make proper adjustments with the environment in
which they are living and also make the best possible contribution commensurate with ones strengths and
limitations.

GROUP

RECREATIONA
L

PERSONAL

VOCATIONA
L

EDUCATIONAL

1. Educational Guidance
2. Vocational Guidance
3. Personal Guidance
4. Recreational Guidance
5. Group Guidance
1. EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE
Teachers must valid educational guidance as an integral part of their every day instruction.
Every teacher consciously or otherwise deliberatively not deliberatively attempts to provide
guidance to their students in learning.

Educational guidance strategies to be used by teachers depend upon the nature of the
problems, and the extent of their effect and the purposes of providing for such guidance.
Harmony between the unique potentialities of a pupil and the opportunities, which
are available to him. It deals with the help needed by an individual for his
educational development with a view to make himself useful in his society.
It is concerned with the students, success in his educational career. It relates to the
students adjustment to school and to the preparation and carrying out of suitable
educational plans in keeping with his educational needs, abilities and career
interests.
It is an aid to the individual in choosing an appropriate programme and in making
progress in it.
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE
Standardized tests have to be made keeping in view of prognostic of success.
Selection of a curriculum should be decided in the light of test result, degree of
achievement on the precious school level and pupil and parent interest.
Follow the pupils achievement in each term and counsellor has to help the student
when the need arises.
A pupil should not be required to repeat more than once with the same teacher any
course, which he fails as personality differences between the teacher and the pupil
interfere with learning progress.
EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE IN NURSING
Teachers in nursing institutions develop instructional plans, implement them and evaluate the
effectiveness of their instruction for the main purpose of enabling their students to acquire the
knowledge and skill prescribed in the courses of study.
Objectives of Educational Guidance
To monitor the academic progress of students studying in the institution.
To acquaint the students with the prescribed curriculum
To identify the academically gifted, backward, creative and other category of
special learners
To cater to the educational needs of special learners
To assist students in getting information about further education
To diagnose the learning difficulties of students and help them overcome the
same
To help students to review and reflect on their performance on the course, and
where appropriate to identify ways of seeking changes in work habits or
behaviour.

2. VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE
The term Vocational applies to all gainful occupation:
Definition: It is the process of assisting the individual to choose an occupation, prepare for it enters upon
and progress in it.
Meaning: It offers information and assistance which leads to the choice of an occupation and the training
which proceeds it; It is required by person in order to select a suitable profession of vocation for himself.
Aims:
Acquire the knowledge of characteristics functions, duties, responsibilities of the group of
occupation that lie within the range of intelligent choice

Discover his own potentialities, abilities, sills and to fit them into the general requirements of the
occupation under consideration
To think critically about various types of occupations and to learn a technique for analyzing
information about vacation
It helps the individual to develop an attitude towards work that will dignify whatever type of
occupation he may wish to enter, the choice is based on personally achieved satisfaction and the
service that can be offered.
3. PERSONAL GUIDANCE
Definition: The assistance offered to the individual to solve his, emotional, social, ethical and moral as
well as health problems.
Purpose: It will deal with all problems of life. It is concerned with social and civic activities, health and
physical activities, worthy use of leisure time and character building activities.
To help the individual in his physical, social, emotional, moral, spiritual development and adjustment
personal guidance has to be organised.
Guidance according to stages:

A) PRE-PRIMARY STAGE
B) ELEMENTARY STAGE
C) JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STAGE
D) HIGH SCHOOL STAGE
E) COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY
STAGE
A) PRE-PRIMARY STAGE:
The child should be helped in achieving emotional control and developing desirable social
relationship.
B) ELEMENTARY STAGE:
To develop self-discipline and through it they can achieve happiness.
C) JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL AGE:
To help pre-adolescent to become adjusted in their new environment.
To develop a feeling of belongingness and leadership. They must learn to function in a group with
the team spirit.
D) HIGH SCHOOL STAGE:
Effort should be made offer personal guidance for adjustment. Useful information pertaining to
sex life may be provided.
It should be offered in the cultural framework of the society.
E) COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY STAGE:
To enable them to have a satisfactory personal and social adjustment in their new environment for
profitable use of leisure time through wholesome recreational activities. Personal Guidance may
be provided to solve economic problems. For ethical, moral development and social development
personal guidance is essential.
4) RECREATIONAL GUIDANCE

The individual needs assistance in choosing recreations, which are suited to his personal characteristics.
5) GROUP GUIDANCE
To assist each individual in the group to solve his problems and to may necessary adjustments.
To orient the newly arrived pupils to the programme of the school. To give training for the students in
different aspects of leadership. Counsellor may save time by the group approach and is able to pay more attention
to more difficult and complex aspects of the situations faced by an individual student. It gives an opportunity to
the students to express their anxieties and relieve the pent-up feelings.
Techniques of Group Guidance
(i)
Talks:
Class talks are one of the effectives means of providing students with educational and vocational
information and of developing in them right attitudes of education, learning experiences, social and
personal relations; it stimulates the students to give a serious thought in planning their educational and
vocational career.
(ii)
Career conferences:
It supplements the information given to a group to explain the vocations in which they work and
answer about their jobs.
(iii)
Audio-visual aids:
It provides realistic representation and to show the actual operations and processes involved, to give
more intelligent understanding; it makes learning vivid and attractive.
(iv)
Visits:
It provides concrete experiences for learning. It is based on actual and direct experiences. Immediately
after the visit a group conference should be held to discuss that place or occupation.
(v)
Group Activities:
Vocational, e.g. Textiles, costuming.
Recreational e.g. Music group
(vi)
Lectures:
By experts on certain problems.
ADVANTAGESOF GROUP GUIDANCE
Economical and efficient
Aids the normal students to give him information and the direction that he needs and want.
Helps in having more contacts with students.
Focuses on collective judgment on problems that are common to the group.
Provides an admirable opportunity to observe each student, how he behaves and react in group
situation.

STUDY TITLE
Visual guidance during bicycle steering through narrow lanes: A study in children.
Abstract
Recently, Vansteenkiste et al. (2013) explored how visual behaviour guides bicycle steering when cycling at
different speeds through 15m long lanes of 10, 25 and 40cm wide. Participants were found to shift their gaze
direction towards the end of the lanes at higher speeds, towards the near pathway on narrow lanes and more
towards irrelevant areas on wider lanes. To investigate to what extent young learner bicyclists adapt their visual
behaviour in a similar way as adults, the experiment was repeated with seven eight-year-old children, and results
were compared to the adult data. Children were found to cycle slower through narrow lanes than adults.
However, with increasing lane width and cycling speed, children made the same shifts of visual gaze direction as
the adults. These results suggest that for a simple precision steering task, children are able to adopt a similar
visual-motor strategy as adults, provided that they cycle at their own pace.

REFERENCES:
1) https://www.google.co.in/search/guidance-and-counselling%252F%3B960%3B500
2) BT Basavanthappa, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers(P) Ltd. New Delhi,
Nursing
Education, Edition-I, 2003, Guidance and Counselling in Nursing Education, Pg No. 593.
3) R Sudha, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, Nursing Education, s and Concepts,
First Edition-2013, Guidance and Counselling ,Pg.310
4) Vansteenkiste P, Cardon G, Lenoir M,, Visual guidance during bicycle steering through narrow lanes: A
study in children.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25725423, 2015 Feb 25;78C:8-13. doi:
10.1016/j.aap.2015.02.010, PMID:25725423

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COUNSELING
INTRODUCTION:Counseling is a specialized service of guidance and basically an enabling process, designed to help an
individual come to terms with his/her life and grow to greater maturity through learning to take responsibility and
to make decisions for himself/herself.

It is helping process where one person, purposefully gives his/her attention and skills to assist a client to explore
the situation, identify and act upon solution.

It is a method that helps the clients to use a problem solving process to recognize and manage stress & that
facility\ate interpersonal relationship among client family and health care team.
In short its GIVING OF ADVICE
DEFINITION:1. Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between two people, who approach a mutually defined
problems with mutual consideration of each other to the end that the troubled one or less mature is aided to a
self-determined resolutions of his problems.
Wern (1962)
2. it is a helping relationship which includes someone seeking help, someone willing to give help who is
capable or trained to help, in a setting that permits help to be given and received.
Cormier and hackney, (1987)
ELEMENTS OF COUNSELING:
Counseling involves two individuals; it is a communication between the counselor & counselee.
Definition of Counselor: - A professionally trained person who can assist or help the counselee.
Definition of Counselee: - A person who seeks helps or need assistance.

LEVELS OF COUNSELING:a)

Informal counseling.

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b)

Non Specialist counseling.

c)

Professional counseling.
a) Informal Counseling:
Any helping relationship by a responsible person who may have little or no training for the work.
b) Non- specialist counseling by professionals:
It is the help provided by the professionals (physicians, nurses, lawyers, teachers and others) who do a great deal
of face to face work of the psychological problems in the course of their work.
Sometimes religious and financial type of counseling is available to denote this type of counseling.
c) Professional Counseling:
It is helping another person with decision and life plans whether personal or educational & vocational by person
specialty trained for this work.
Professional counselors are usually psychologists or educational psychologists.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING:-

It is a purposeful learning experience for the counselee.

It is the purposeful oriented and private interview between the counselor & counselee.

It is a based on mutual confidence, satisfactory relationship will be established.

It is according to the need of counselee.

It produce change in the individual, improves thinking process where by the individual solve himself from
his immediately difficulty.

Counselee should have trust and confidence over the counselor.

Counselor should be friendly & cooperative with counselee.

Counselor should have through experience and sound knowledge with counseling process.

RANGE OF SKILL REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE COUNSELING:

Active listening

Simple acceptance

Respecting

Questioning

Advice & suggestion

Evaluation in positive & negative aspect

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Summarization

Reflecting of feeling.
IMPORTANCE OF COUNSELING:-

It encourages and develops special ability and right attitude.

It inspire successful endeavor towards attainment.

It assists by the student in planning for educational & vocational choice.

It helps the student to work out a plan for solving his difficulties.

It helps in the total development of the student.

It helps in the proper choice of the course according to the interest, attitude and intelligence of the student.

It helps the students to grow up, explore and maintain and develop their overall personality.

It develops readiness for choices and changes to face new challenges.

To motivate the students for self-employment.

QUALITIES IF A GOOD COUNSELLOR:Good listener

Good timing

Non-judgmental
Warm
Genuine
Focuses
Calm
Confidential
Creative
Notices non-verbals

Knowledgeable
Long experience
Healthy
Privacy
Good dressing
Sense of humour
Imaginative
Supportive

FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNSELOR:

Counselor plays a vital role in the counseling process. He will devote more of his time.

He should have interest in counselee.

He should to be a good listener.

Gives needed direction to the counselee to voluntary choose the decision & initiates, motivation, inspires the
counselee to take a appropriate constructive action to solve his own problem.

Helping the student to define the problem recognized.

Helps the student to use appropriate coping process salvation problem.

Teacher or counselor should know what he is and what his purpose in guidance & counseling program

He should have a good wide knowledge.

He should be aware of future employment, special intensive, and information about the road of education.

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MEDIA OF COUNSELLING
A.

Regional centers

B.

Study centers

C.

Face to face contact

D.

Letters

E.

Telephone

F.

Audio & video cassettes

G.

Radio

H.

Television

I.

Computers

J.

Teleconference
TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELING/ APPROACHES TO COUNSELING
Based on the nature of the counselling process and role of the counsellor, there are three approaches to
counselling.

1. Directive.
2. Non directive.
3. Electic counseling.
4. Group counseling.
1) Directive /perscriptive/counselor centered counseling
Directive counseling is an approach in which the counselor uses a variety of techniques to suggest appropriate
solutions to the problem of counselee. In this approach, the counselor plays a leading role.
The basis of directive counseling advocated by E.G.Williamson is that counseling is possible only when an
individual is able to accumulate adequate data to form the basis for an analytic diagnosis of the problem.
The counselors role in this type of counseling is to assist the student in getting such data and to suggest
suitable solutions. He tries to direct the thinking of the counselee by informing, explaining, interpreting and
advising. However, the decision has to be taken by the counselee.
2) Non-directive/ Permissive /Client-centered counseling
Non directive counseling is a counselee centered approach in which he is guided to use his own inner
resources to solve the problem. In this approach, the counselee plays a predominant role. Carl.R.Rogers is the
exponent of the non-directive technique of counselling.
3) Electic counseling

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In this the strategy arises out of the appropriate knowledge of student behavior and a combination of
directive, non-directive and other approaches. Irrespective of the differences, all approaches should have
developmental, preventive and remedial values.
4) Group counseling:Group of members with similar problems will be obtaining counseling. Peer group value will be
preserved. Counselor helps the individual to change their desires, abilities, encourages the team spirit and creates
a climate of harmony, co-operation and understanding.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
1) Acceptance:Counselor and counselee accept each other and start work together. Accept the client as he is.
Encourage the client to express his feelings freely. Dont hinder the clients feelings in any manner.
2) Restatement:Counselor has to make the counselee to understand that his feelings and needs were understood
completely.
Restatement means again state the problems after listening the problems and goals.
3) Clarification:According to this counselor has to clarify the doubts of counselee without any hurt to the client.
4) Reassurance:Win confidentiality of the client, reassure the client about effectiveness of counseling.
The counselor make trustful relationship so that counselee can tell about all the confusions and personal problems
to the counselor.
5) Interpretation:It means analysis and understanding.
Counselor has to make the counselee to understand his repressed motives, desired and inner conflicts clearly and
how to tackle those by using coping methods and problem solving techniques
.
6) Advice:Counselor must give advice according to the needs of the counselee.
Counselor has to suggest remedial measures, how to attack and overcome the problem.
7) Rejection:In this, at the same time the counselee cannot accept all the advice and all the methods suggested by
counselor. To redirect the thoughts of counselee make him to adopt suitable ideas and thought process.

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8) Lead:It means to handle.

Counselor has ability to handle the situation and to lead the problems of the counselee.
The counselor should have abiliy to take leadership of the whole group and make the plan to solve the problems
of the counselee. If clients unable to answer properly, he can give a lead or clue to understand and able to
respond effectively.

TEP OF COUNSELLING: - (GATHER)

G

Greet the client

Ask client about themselves

Tell clients or gives information of strategy of coping

mechanisms

Help the client to choose the method

Explain how to use the method

Returns for the follow-up

PHASES OF COUNSELLING:-

1 ) Establishing relationship:This is the initiation phase of counseling. in this phase the counselor and counselee meet each other and
give introduction about themselves andby this way they make or establish a trustful relationship which is very
professional and purposeful to achieve good result.
2) Assessment:In this phase counselee tells about his/her problems, conflicts and on the basis of it counselor assess the
problems and set the goals.
3) Setting of goals:In this phase the counselor set the goal according to the needs of the counselee and these goals are
purposeful for both of them.
4) Interventions:In this phase the counselor and counselee implement the goal which they have decided. They do the
activities to achieve and solve the problems of the counselee. Here the application is done by both the counselorcounselee or by group for better result.

5) Termination & follow up:-

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This is the last phase where the counselor and counselee terminate their relationship. It is also known as
good bye phase. In this phase the counselor give education for the future and also encourage for for follow up
with the counselor to solve their problems.
APPLY COUNSELING IN DIFFERENT AREAS:

Finance and granting loans for study.

Scholarship

Problems of family, marital, social, and moral.

Vocational.

Personal

Selection of room-mate

Advice on student activities & programme

Helping the student to choose vocational on objectives selecting optional courses of study.

Course programme planning

Clinical area.
TRENDS AND ISSUES
Counselor burn out- listening to a problem carefully and identifying right choices to solve the problems
consumes energy. Perhaps, when a counselor does not plan for appointment or time schedules it would result in
burnout.
Counseling individuals of different cultures- Each culture has their own values, beliefs, rituals expectations
and practice. When these are not understand in the way they are, then there will be a chances of conflict.
Resistance to counseling- Mostly individuals facing problems fails to approach counselor due to fear of change.
Counseling individual with strong emotions- Emotions especially when they are strong such as depression,
high level of anxiety and so on may hinder counseling process.
Non-compliance to therapy- The counseling process cannot be completed in a single session. It will vary with
problem and personality of counselee.
Unawareness of counseling- Many individuals consider consultation with counselor is done only for psychiatric
patients. Lack of awareness about counseling by public.
Organizational setup-Inadequate administrative setup, lack of physical facilities, non-availability of time and
tool , Lack of facilities for training of counselors and physical setup.
CONCLUSION

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At the end of the seminar the students able to understand the definition, elements, levels, characteristics,
principles, techniques, steps and phases of counseling and also the qualities and functions of the counselor, range
of skill required for the counseling and the media of counseling.

ABSTRACT

The impact of group counseling on depression, post-traumatic stress and function outcomes: a prospective
comparison study in the Peter C. Alderman trauma clinics in northern Uganda.

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The effectiveness of group interventions for adults with mental distress in post-conflict settings is less
clear in sub-Saharan Africa.To assess the impact of group counseling intervention on depression, posttraumatic stress and function outcomes among adults attending the Peter C. Alderman Foundation (PCAF) trauma
clinics in northern Uganda.631 War affected adults were enrolled into PCAF trauma clinics. Using a quasiexperimental design, assessments were conducted at baseline, at 3 and 6 months following initiation of care.
Multivariate longitudinal regression models were used to determine change in depression, posttraumatic stress and function scores over time among group counseling participants and non-participants.
In comparison to non-participants, participants had faster reduction in depression scores during the 6month follow-up period [=-1.84, 95%CI (-3.38 to -0.30), p=0.019] and faster reduction in posttraumatic stress scores during the 3-month follow-up period [=-2.14, 95%CI (-4.21 to -0.10), p=0.042]. At 3month follow up, participants who attended two or more sessions had faster increase in function scores [=3.51,
95%CI (0.61-6.40), p=0.018] than participants who attended only one session.Selection bias due to the use of
non-random samples. Substantial attrition rates and small sample sizes may have resulted in insufficient statistical
power to determine meaningful differences.The group counseling intervention offered in the PCAF clinics may
have considerable mental health benefits over time. There is need for more research to structure, standardize and
test the efficacy of this intervention using a randomized controlled trial.

PICO ANALYSIS

To assess the impact of

631 War

Comparison

Participants had faster

group counseling interventio

affected adults

between

reduction in depression

n on depression, post-

were enrolled

participants

scores during the 6-month

traumatic stress and function

into PCAF

and non-

follow-up period and

outcomes among adults

trauma clinics.

participants

faster reduction in

attending the Peter C.

Using a quasi-

posttraumatic stress score

Alderman Foundation

experimental

s during the 3-month

(PCAF) trauma clinics in

design,

follow-up period At 3-

northern Uganda

assessments

month follow up,

were

participants who attended

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conducted at

two or more sessions had

baseline, at 3

faster increase in function

and 6 months

scores than participants

following

who attended only one

initiation of

session.

care.

REFERENCES:
1

Basvanthappa BT, NURSING EDUCATION, 1st edition, 2003, published by jaypee brothers, medical
publisher(P) LTD, New Delhi, page no: 453 455.

B. Sankarnarayan and B. Sindhu, LEARNING AND TEACHING NURSING, 3rd edition, 2009,
brainfill, Calicut, Kerala, page no: 209 211.

S. Kanaka Lakshmi, COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, 2nd edition, 2009,

Florence publishers, Hyderabad, page no: 156 -158.
WEBSITES

1.
2.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/130305713/counselling
edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/counseling

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3.

dspace.ou.nl/bitstream/1820/.../counseling-walkthrough