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30
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Broad Steps in
Earthquake
Resistant
Design of a
Nuclear Power
Plant
provide perceptible information to the
design engineer. The harmfulness of
acceleration and the forces induced
in the SS&E to a given seismic excitation are predominantly due to the classical resonance phenomenon, or dynamic amplification. We know that if
the excitation frequency is close to the
natural frequency of the SS&E, the response of the structure is dynamically
amplified and is a function of damping of the SS&E. The frequency content of the time history and the effect
of damping, essential for the understanding of dynamic amplification of
the SS&E during an earthquake are
expressed usually by a concept of
Response Spectrum.
Figure 3 : A typical Design Ground Response Spectra for Safe Shut Down
Earthquake for various dampings
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Figure 4 : ZPA for SSE & OBE level of earthquakes at Indian NPPs
and smoothened over the local peaks
and valleys to obtain an enveloping
SSE level Design Ground Response
Spectrum (DGRS). DGRS both for
horizontal and vertical direction are
generated by following the
proceducre brought out above. However, generally the vertical DGRS is
taken as 2/3rd of the horizontal. Typical horizontal design ground response
spectra for SSE, for various damping
values are shown in Figure-3.
The OBE level of ground motion is similarly based on past earthquakes which
have occurred within an area of 300
km radius of the NPP. However, quite
often, OBE is taken as half of the SSE.
The ZPA values for SSE and OBE level
of earthquakes at NPP sites in India
are given in Figure-4.
Spectrum Compatible Time History
The design of SS&E mounted on various floors of the plant buildings (primary structures) is based on the response spectra or acceleration time
histories of the respective floors. The
vibrations/accelerations experienced
on higher floors usually get amplified
over DGRS. These floor response
spectra or time histories are generated
by performing a time history analysis
of the primary civil structure. For conducting a time history analysis of the
primary structure, synthetic time his-
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Nu-Power
Figure 5 : Comparison of Mean THRS with DGRS for Safe Shut Down Earthquake
(5% Damping)
Figure 6 : Raw & broadened floor response spectra and ground response
spectrum for SSE for 2% damping.
be seen that the broad band ground
response spectrum has changed to
narrow band floor response spectrum
and the corresponding accelerations
have also been amplified.
SEISMIC QUALIFICATION OF
STRUCTURES, SYSTEMS AND
EQUIPMENT
Design Considerations
However, above options are not always feasible due to other imposing
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Motor casing
Motor bearing
Flange
Axis
Column
Impeller
tion of many interconnected single degree of freedom oscillators having different frequencies. By a mathematical technique called modal analysis,
these single degree of freedom oscillators present in such a complex system can be identified. Further the extent to which each of these individual
oscillators participate in the overall response of the system, called mass participation factor, is also obtained
through modal analysis. The inertial
forces for each of the oscillators are
calculated using response spectrum
analysis and then appropriately combined together to determine overall
seismic forces experienced at any location of the system. To get the seismic response of the systems, which
are supported at different floors in a
building, an envelope response spectrum is used or multi-support response
spectrum analysis is carried out. The
forces generated in the system due to
the relative displacements of the floors
during a seismic event called as Seismic Anchor Movements (SAM) are also
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sure
components,
equipment supports etc.
where the qualification
requirements are structural integrity and pressure boundary integrity.
Similar analysis is extended to active equipment like reciprocating
and rotating equipment
viz. diesel generators,
compressors, pumps
and motors etc. Here in
addition to structural integrity, functional operability of the rotating
and reciprocating components is also required
to be demonstrated.
Various components of
these equipment viz.,
casing, shaft, impeller
for pump; casing, cylinder, piston, connecting
rod and crank shaft for
compressors and diesel
generators are represented by 2D or 3D finite elements. The bearings between shaft and
casing and contacts between piston and cylinders are represented by springs. The
dynamic analysis is conducted to determine the displacement at the bearing, contact surfaces and contact
points to ascertain that clearances
continue to remain available at the
bearing surfaces and bearing loads are
within allowable capacity. A typical
analytical model for analysis of vertical pump representing its casing, shaft
and impeller is shown in Figure- 8.
SEISMIC QUALIFICATION BY
SHAKE TABLE TEST
Many equipment are quite complex for
application of analytical approach, for
example, primary shutdown mechanism is having trains of rotating gears,
dash-pot with moving vane and clutch
mechanism etc. with close gaps and
clearances. The reactivity mechanism
has rotating and moving components
viz., motor, gear, ball screw, ball nut
and control rods. The electrical and
instrumentation panels contain variety
of delicate active devices viz., relays,
contactors, switches, meters etc. The
for seismic qualification of piping systems and various panels extensively used in
a NPP, as the life line
of safety systems is
essential.
Piping Systems
and horizontal seismic forces. For piping, the seismic supports are usually
provided at a regular piping span such
that the fundamental frequency of the
span is in the descending part of the
response spectrum. However, for the
hot piping such rigid seismic supports
can result in higher thermal stresses.
Hence, these piping are provided with
special supports called snubbers.
There are mechanical and hydraulic
snubbers whose design feature is such
that they allow thermal movement that
occurs with very low velocity which occurs during heat up & cooldown and
get locked at high velocities which occur during a seismic event and act as
a rigid support to the piping system.
Mechanical, Electrical and Control
& Instrumentation System Panels
Instrument stands, racks, cabinets and
panels of electrical and control & instrumentation system are designed to
be rigid so that their natural frequency
is above 20 Hz. This ensures that floor
motions are not amplified to a large
extent at the mounting locations of the
devices in the panels. The heavy rotating, reciprocating equipment or any
other delicate devices are mounted as
far as possible at lower elevation of
the panel to reduce the amplified re-
qualification of such complex mechanical, electrical and instrumentation devices may not be possible by analysis
alone to demonstrate their functional
operability during an earthquake.
Functional operability of these active
devices is demonstrated by shake
table testing by mounting them on a
shake-table. Motion identical to acceleration time history at the base of
equipment is given to the shake-table
and functional performance is monitored during the table motion. If it fails
to perform the intended function, the
equipment is reviewed and strengthened accordingly. A typical test set
up for the shake table test conducted
on reactivity mechanism is shown in
Figure-9.
SEISMIC QUALIFICATION APPROACH FOR VARIOUS SS&E
Apart from general process of seismic
qualification of SS&E as discussed
above, brief mention of the process
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sponse in the panel. The panel is required to function during and/or after
an earthquake depending on the safety
function it has to perform. The panels
contain delicate devices such as relays, contactors etc. These devices
work on the principle of making or
breaking of contacts. The movement
of the moving component in the device, during a seismic event, can lead
to spurious, unwanted making or
breaking of contact. To demonstrate
the satisfactory performance of the
panel during an earthquake, shake
table testing of panel is carried out,
simulating the seismic motion. In the
shake-table testing, the panel is
mounted on a shake-table and functional performances of devices are
checked during and after the testing
of the panel. In addition to the panels
of electrical and control & instrumentation, the active equipment of safety
systems are provided with class-I
power supply from batteries. The batteries have a series of lead plates
dipped in the liquid acid in a container.
These lead plates are connected to the
battery terminals. The structural
behaviour of the series of the lead
plates connected to the battery terminals through a common connector under the sloshing forces generated by
the liquid acid are difficult to calculate
by analysis and its qualification is dem-
Figure 12 : Shake Table test of lead batteries with their support stand
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