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A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the
other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a
gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example:
subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:
• Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
• The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been
removed.)
A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun
phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed
in the gerund, such as:
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
Finding (gerund)
a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)
The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate.
lying to (gerund)
his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
Being (gerund)
the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund)
Punctuation
Points to remember:
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:
the tense which you use to refer to events, actions and conditions which are happening all the time, or exist now
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can
use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present
tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past presen future
t
The situation is now.
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
past present future
The situation is general. Past, present and future.
How do we make the Simple Past Tense?
The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but
the simple past tense is the one we use most often.
In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the simple past tense, followed by a quiz to check your
understanding:
Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:
V1 V2 V3
base past past participle
regular work worked worked The past form for all regular
verb explod explode exploded verbs ends in -ed.
e d liked
like liked
irregular go went gone The past form for irregular
verb see saw seen verbs is variable. You need to
sing sang sung learn it by heart.
You do not need the past participle form to
make the simple past tense. It is shown here
for completeness only.
The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is:
subjec + main
t verb
past
The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is:
The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:
The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base
form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:
Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they
were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the
subject and verb. Look at these examples:
The term “curriculum vitae” comes from the Latin Curriculum (course) and Vitae (life): The course of one’s life.
"It is vitae (not vita) because "life" in the phrase "course of life" ... is in the genitive singular....” - Eric Daniels,
CVtips.com
A Curriculum Vitae (CV) resembles a resume in many ways, but is more specifically focused on
academic achievements. A CV summarizes educational and academic history, and may include details about
teaching experience, publications (books, articles, research papers, unpublished manuscripts, or book chapters),
and
academic honors and awards. Use a CV rather than a resume for teaching or research opportunities, applying for
fellowships or for further academic training. Some research positions in industry may also prefer a CV rather than
a resume CV’s are frequently longer than resumes, since the emphasis is on completeness rather than brevity.
While there is no single correct format or style for writing a CV, the following types of information are generally
included, and typically organized in this way:
CV
A curriculum vitae (loosely translated as course of life) provides an overview of a person's life and qualifications.
The CV is typically the first item that a potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker and is typically
used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview, when seeking employment. A shorter alternative is
simply vita, the Latin for "life". In popular usage curriculum vitæ is often written "curriculum vitae". The plural of
curriculum vitæ is formed following Latin rules of grammar as curricula vitæ (meaning "courses of life") — not
curriculum vita (meaning ~ "curriculum life"). The form vitæ is the genitive of vita, and so is translated "of life".
In current usage curriculum is less marked as a foreign loanword, and so the plural of curriculum on its own is
sometimes written as "curriculums",[1] rather than the traditional curricula;[2] nevertheless, the phrase
"curriculums vita" is avoided, because vita remains strongly marked as a foreign loanword.
Usage
The purpose of the CV is to seek an interview for a prospective job application. There are a few companies that
prefer not to receive a CV at all in application, but rather produce their own application form which must be
completed in applying for any position. Of those, some also allow applicants to attach a CV in support of the
application. The reason some companies prefer to process applications this way is to standardize the information
they receive, as there can be many variables within a CV and, therefore, the company often does not get all the
information they require at application stage.[3]
In the United States and Canada, a CV is expected to include a comprehensive listing of professional history
including every term of employment, academic credential, publication, contribution or significant achievement. In
certain professions, it may even include samples of the person's work and may run to many pages.
In the European Union, there has been an attempt to develop a standardized CV model known as Europass (in
2004 by the European Parliament and European Commission) and promoted by the EU to ease skilled migration
between member countries, although this is not widely used in most contexts.
• Personal details at the top, such as name in bold type, address, contact numbers and, if the subject has
one, an e-mail address. Photos are not required at all, unless requested. Modern CVs are more flexible.
• A personal profile, written in either the first or the third person, a short paragraph about the job seeker.
This should be purely factual, and free of any opinion about the writer's qualities such as "enthusiastic",
"highly motivated", etc.
• A bulleted list of the job seeker's key skills or professional assets alone is somewhat unsophisticated
• A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's educational qualifications and work experience,
including his or her current role. The CV should account for the writer's entire career history. The
career history section should describe achievements rather than duties. The early career can these days
be lumped together in a short summary but recent jobs should illustrate concept, planning, achievement,
roles.
• A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's education or training, including a list of his or her
qualifications such as his or her academic qualifications (GCSEs, A-Levels, Highers, degrees etc.) and
his or her professional qualifications (NVQs and memberships of professional organizations etc.). If the
job seeker has just left the place of education, the work experience and education are reversed.
• Date of birth, gender if you have an ambiguous first name, whether you have a driving license used to be
standard - but nothing is required and you should not waste space on trivia. An employer requesting
date of birth and gender needlessly could find itself on the losing side of recent anti-discrimination
legislation.
• The job seeker's hobbies and interests (optional)
• The CV being longer than two full sheets of paper. (This rule does not apply to academic positions, for
which the CV normally includes a complete list of publications and major conference papers. CVs for
positions in postsecondary teaching, research, and academic administration may be of any length.)
• Writing anything pejorative about other persons or businesses.
• If applying for a specific position, omitting a covering letter explaining one's suitability.
• Implying skills which one does not have.
• In German-speaking countries, a picture was a mandatory adjunct to the CV for a long time.
• Indian employers prefer lengthy résumés.
• Including a photograph of the applicant is strongly discouraged in the U.S. as it would suggest that an
employer would discriminate on the basis of a person's appearance — age, race, sex, attractiveness, or
the like. The theatre and modeling industries are exceptions, where it is expected that résumés will
include photographs; actors refer to such photos as head shots.
• In Korea, résumés always include a picture of the applicant, and other information, such as religion,
Resident registration number (South Korea), family information, military information (for men), and
other information often regarded as personal information in the west.
• When listing non-academic employment in the U.S., the newest entries generally come first (reverse
chronological).
• The use of an "objective statement" at the top of the document (such as "Looking for an entry-level
position in stores") was strongly encouraged in the U.S. during the mid-1990s but fell out of favor by the
late-1990s. However, with the avalanche of résumés distributed via the Internet since the late 1990s, an
"objective" and/or "skills summary" statement has become more common to help recruiters quickly
determine the applicant's suitability. It is not prevalent elsewhere.
• In the 1980s and early 1990s in the U.S., the trend was to not allow a résumé to exceed one page in
length. In the late 1990s, this restriction fell out of vogue, with two- or even three-page résumés
becoming common.
• In Canada, by Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, applicants may refuse to put down race,
national or ethnic origin, colour, sex, age or mental or physical disability on the resume even if the
employer instructed the applicants to do so.
Definition
Longacre 1983 10
CLAUSE
Definition: A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words which expresses a proposition and typically consists
of at least a subject and a verb, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a complete
sentence on its own.
• When I heard the disturbance,
• I dropped the files
• that I had been examining,
• then ran out into the corridor.