ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
(BEX17003)
BEX17003)

DR SOON CHIN FHONG

Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

About me
Name : DR SOON CHIN FHONG

Website: http://www.chinfhong.webs.com/

Education :
 B.Eng (Hons) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(UTM)
 Diploma in Education (UTM)
 M.Eng in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (UTM)
 PhD in Molecular and Biomedical Engineering
(Bradford Univ.)
Contact:

Email : soon@uthm.edu.my

Tel
: 07-4538614 (Office)

Room : F5-001-03(MiNT-SRC)

Chapter 1:
CHARGE AND
ELECTRICAL VARIABLES

1.1 Definitions and Units

Electric circuit, or electric network:
- A collection of electrical elements
interconnected in some way.

FIGURE 1.1: General two-terminal electrical elements

Example

FIGURE 1.2: A simple electric circuit

Important terminology


Coulomb (C):
- The basic unit used to measure electric charge

Joule (J):
- A joule is the work done by a constant 1-N force
applied through a 1-m distance.(1Nm = 1 J)

Ampere (A):
- One ampere or amp is the current that flows when 1
Coulomb of charge passes each second (1 A = 1 C/s)

Cont


Volt (V):
- If a charge of 1 Coulomb may be moved
between two points in space with expenditure of
1 Joule of work, 1 Volt is said to be a potential
difference existing between these points
(1 V = 1 J/C)

Watt (W):
- The rate at which work is done or energy
expended. The watt is defined as 1 Joule per
second (1W =1 J/s).

Quantities and SI Units



Quantities and SI Units:

- The International System of Units (SI) will be
used throughout this course.
- The standard language for measurement
- 6 principal units

The six basic SI units

TABLE 1.1: The six basic SI Units
QUANTITY

BASIC UNIT

SYMBOL

meter

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

Electric current

ampere

kelvin

candela

cd

Length

Thermodynamic temperature
Luminous intensity

Prefixes in the SI
TABLE 1.2: Prefixes in the SI
MULTIPLIER

PREFIXES

SYMBOL

1012

Tera

1009

Giga

1006

Mega

1003 (=1000)

Kilo

10-03 (=1/1000 =0.001)

Mili

10-06

Micro

10-09

Nano

10-12

Pico

Example 1.1
a.

Convert 0.15mA (0.15mA) to

microamperes (A)

Solution:
0.15mA = 0.15x10-3A
= 150 x 10-6A
= 150 A

b. Add 15mA and 8000A and express the

sum in mA
Solution:
Convert 8000A to 8mA.
15x10-3 A + 8000x10-6 A
= 15x10-3 A + 8x10-3 A
= 15mA+8mA
= 23mA

1.1 Electric Charge

1.2 Charge and Currents



All things are made of indivisible particles called

atom.

Charge:
- Is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consist, measured in Coulomb (C).

Cont
Each atom consists of electrons, protons and
neutrons.
- 1 electron charge,e= -1.602 x 10-19C
- 1 proton charge,e= 1.602 x 10-19C
-

FIGURE 1.3: Electrons flow

unlike charges attract AND like charges repel

1.2 Current and

Voltage

Electric current


Electric current:
- Electric current is the time rate of
change of charge, measured in amperes
(A).
- Motion of chargers creates electric
current.

Cont

B attery

FIGURE 1.4: Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a conductor

Cont


Mathematically:
The relationship between current i, charge q,
and time t, is

dq
i=
dt

(Eq. 1.1)

where current is measured in amperes (A), and

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

Cont
The charge transferred between time to and t
is obtained by integrating both sides of Eq. (1).
We obtain,
t

q = idt
to

i = dq/dt;
tt0 (dq/dt) dt = tt0 i dt

(Eq. 1.2)

A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant

with time.

An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies

sinusoidally with time.

FIGURE 1.5: Two common types of current:

(a) direct current (dc), (b) alternating current (ac).

Example 1.2
1.

Given:(a) i(t) = (3t2 - t) A. Calculate charge,q

from t=1 to t=2 s.

Answer:
q

= idt = (3t2 - t) dt
= [t3 - t2/2] from 1 to 2 sec
= (8-2) (1- 1/2) = 5.5 C

Example 1.3
2.

How much charge (Q) is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Answer:
Each electron has -1.602 x 10-19C.
Hence 4,600 electrons will have
-1.602 x 10-19 C/electron x 4,600 electrons
= -7.369 x 10-16 C

Voltage
Voltage (or potential
difference) is the energy
required to move a unit
charge through an element,
measured in volts (V) and is
define as energy of work (W)
per unit charge (Q).

V=W/Q
Where W is expressed in
joules (J) and Q is in
columbs (C).

FIGURE 1.6:

Polarity of voltage Vab

Example 1.4
If 50J of energy are available for every 10C of
charge, what is the voltage?
V= W/Q
=50J/10C
=5V

1.3 Independent and

Dependent Source

Independent Source


An ideal independent source is an active element that

provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit variables.

FIGURE 1.8: Symbols for independent voltage sources:

(a)used for constant or time-varying voltage,
(b)used for constant voltage (dc).

FIGURE 1.9:
Symbol for
independent
current source.

Dependent Source
An

ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active

element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

Fig 1.10: Symbols for a) dependent voltage sources b) dependent

current sources

1.4 Basic Ideal Circuit

elements

Circuit Elements




An element is the basic building block of

circuit.
An electric circuit is simply an interconnection
of the elements.
Circuit analysis is the process of determining
voltages across (or the currents through) the
elements of the circuit.
There are two types of elements found in
electric circuits: passive elements and active
elements.

Cont
An active element is capable of generating
energy while a
passive element is not.

Active element



Typical active elements include generators,

batteries, and operational amplifiers.
The most important active elements are
voltage or current sources that generally
deliver power to the circuit connected to them.

Passive element


Examples of passive elements are resistors,

capacitors, and inductors.

1.5 Power and Energy

Power


Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing

energy, measured in watts (W). There is always
a certain amount of power dissipated in
electrical circuit, depend on amount of
resistance and current, as express as:
P =I2R

Equation 1

P = I(IR)
= IV

Equation 2

P = IV
= (V/R)V
= V2R .

Equation 3

= 3A

= - 3A

= 4V

Figure 1.7 (a) : Element with

absorbing power of 12 W
p = vi = 4 x 3 = 12 W

Figure 1.7 (b) : Element with

Supplying power of 12 W
p = v ( -i) = 4 x (- 3 ) = -12 W

How to make Rochelle salt

piezoelectric crystals
Element of supplying power

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1Ct3V
UWvhQ

Energy


Energy is ability to do work.

Power is the rate at which energy is used.

Power, symbolized by P, is certain amount of
energy, symbolized by W, used in certain length
of time (t), expressed as below:
P= W
t
Energy is measured in joules (J), time t is measured in
seconds (s) and power P is measured in watts (W).

Example 1.5
What is power in watts for an amount of
energy equal to 100J used in 5 s?
Solution:
P= W/t
= 100J/5s
= 20W