Science Year 10

Chemical Reactions
Identify that all matter is composed of atoms and has mass.
-all matter is composed of atoms and has mass
Identify a range of compounds using their common names and chemical formulae.
-ammonium (NH4+), hydroxide (OH-), carbonate (CO32-), nitrate (NO3+), nitrite (NO2-),
sulphate (SO42-), sulphite (SO32-), phosphate (PO43-), phosphite (PO33-)
Classify compounds into groups based on common characteristics.
-ionic bonds (between metal and non-metal; high melting point, solid) or covalent bonds
(non-metal and non-metal; low melting point, liquid or gas)
-acids (pH < 7; taste sour, react with bases and active metals) or bases (pH > 7; taste
bitter, feel slippery, react with acids)
Investigate a range of types of important chemical reactions that occur in non-living
systems and involve energy transfer.
-combustion reactions reaction with oxygen, exothermic (releases heat)
-e.g. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) -> MgO(s)
-acid + metal reactions acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen
-e.g. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ->MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
-acid + carbonate reactions acid + carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water
-e.g. 2H3C6H5O7(aq) (citric acid) + 3NaCO3(s) -> 2Na3C6H5O7(aq) (sodium citrate) + 3CO2(g)
+ 3H2O(l)
-neutralisation reactions acid + base -> salt + water
-e.g. NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) -> NaCl(s) + H2O(l)
-corrosion/oxidisation reactions reaction with oxygen
-e.g. Fe3(s) + O2(g) -> Fe3O2(s)
-precipitation reactions solution + solution -> insoluble solid (precipitate) + solution
-e.g. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) -> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
-decomposition reactions endothermic (requires heat)
-e.g. CuCO3(s) -> CuO (s)+ CO2(g)
Construct word equations from observations and written descriptions of a range of chemical
reactions.
-examples:
-iron(III) + oxygen -> iron oxide
-citric acid + sodium carbonate -> sodium citrate + carbon dioxide + water
Construct balanced chemical equations for common compounds.
-examples - refer to above/below
Deduce that new substances are formed during chemical reactions by rearranging atoms
rather than creating or destroying them.
-new substances are formed by rearranging atoms
-e.g. CH3COOH (vinegar) + NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) -> H2O + CO2 + NaCH3COO
(sodium acetate)
Distinguish between covalent and ionic compounds.
-ionic bonds - between metal and non-metal; high melting/boiling point, usually solid,
conducts electricity when solid, transfer of electrons
-covalent bonds - between non-metal and non-metal; low melting/boiling point, usually
liquid or gas, does not conduct electricity, sharing of electrons
Explain the law of conservation of mass.
-matter is not created or destroyed, it is only converted from one form to another
Identify some examples of important chemical reactions that occur in living systems and
involve energy transfer.
-photosynthesis - 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6( + 6O2

-cellular respiration - C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

-HCl (hydrochloric acid) found in human digestive system (stomach acid)
-H3C6H5O7 (citric acid) found in citrus fruit (sour taste)
-CO2, SO2, NO2 found in acid rain
Research methods that are used to restore and prevent corrosion of submerged objects.
-wrapping in other metals (Mg, Cu)
-reducing/removing oxygen availability
-changing pH
-salt concentration
Construct simple electrochemical cells using fruit and describe energy transfer.
-electrodes (copper electrode and iron nail) are inserted into the fruit (lemon) and
connected to a light globe
-electricity is created by reactions between the electrode and electrolyte (lemon juice), by
movement of cations (positively charged ions) and movement of electrons in the opposite
direction
Research the structure of small portable electrochemical cells.
-mercury cells - reaction between mercuric oxide and zinc electrodes with alkaline
electrolyte; no longer used due to safety concerns
-rechargeable batteries - accumulates and stores energy through reversible electrochemical
reaction; a variety of electrodes and electrolytes are used including lead-acid, nickel
cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion
Investigate factors that affect reaction rate.
-temperature - increased temperatures increases reaction rate
-surface area - increased surface area (e.g. crushing a tablet) increases reaction rate
-concentration - increased concentration increases reaction rate
-catalysts - use of catalysts increases reaction rate

Objects in Motion
Describe the motion of a car using the terms distance, speed, time, displacement, velocity
(instantaneous and constant) and acceleration.
-distance - magnitude of motion (how far)
-speed - rate of motion (how fast)
-time - duration of motion (for how long)
-displacement - change in position from original position (has direction)
-velocity - rate of change in position (has direction)
-instantaneous - velocity at a certain point in time
-constant - average velocity over an amount of time
-acceleration - rate of change in velocity
List devices that measure speed.
-ticker timer, in laboratory
-motion sensor
-speedometer, in vehicles
Analyse various motion graphs.
-refer to textbook
Identify systematic and random errors.
-systematic error - introduced not by chance by inaccuracy inherent in the system; has nonzero mean (remains present when results are averaged)
-random error - introduced by chance; can be mostly eliminated by repetition and
averaging results
State Newton's laws of motion.
-first law - an object either remains at rest or in motion unless acted on by an outside force
-second law - force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration
-third law - every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Investigate the effect of inertia and explain how inertia affects one's motion inside a car.
-inertia is a property of matter that causes it to stay at rest or in motion
-when a car stops, inertia possessed by people or objects in the car causes them to
continue moving instead of stop, which can result in injury
Differentiate between mass and weight.
-mass is the amount of matter in an object
-weight is a force acting on an object due to gravity
Experimentally determine the relationship between mass and acceleration.
-refer to experiments
Identify action-reaction pairs in a range of everyday situations.
-releasing a balloon without tying the end - action - air being pushed out of the opening;
reaction - the balloon moving in the opposite direction
-a tennis ball bouncing off a racket - action - the ball moving towards the racket; reaction the ball bouncing off the racket back in the opposite direction
Differentiate between balanced and unbalanced forces.
-balanced forces - equal in magnitude, opposite in direction; no net force (no motion)
-unbalanced forces - unequal in magnitude and/or direction; change in speed and/or
acceleration
Calculate the net force acting on objects.
-from Newton's second law - F=ma
-refer to textbook
Describe kinetic, gravitational and elastic potential energy.
-kinetic energy - energy of movement/motion; KE = 1/2*m*v2
-gravitational potential energy - energy from lifting an object to a height; GPE = m*g*h
-elastic potential energy - energy stored from distorting an elastic object; EPE = 1/2*k*x2

Construct a flow chart to illustrate the transformations and transfer of energy when a
cracker explodes and when a diver dives off a diving board.
-exploding cracker - chemical potential energy -> light, sound, heat energy
-diving - gravitational potential and elastic potential energy -> kinetic energy -> kinetic,
sound energy
Outline the role of energy in collisions.
-energy is converted into other forms when collisions occur
-e.g. collision with a wall - kinetic energy and force of wall against car; kinetic energy ->
heat, sound, elastic potential energy
Use appropriate SI units.
-distance - metres (m) (symbol d)
-displacement - metres (m) with direction (symbol s)
-time - seconds (s) (symbol t)
-speed - metres per second (m/s or ms-1) (symbol v)
-velocity - meters per second (m/s or ms-1) with direction (symbol v)
-mass - kilograms (kg)
-acceleration - metres per second per second (m/s 2 or ms-2) (symbol a)
-acceleration due to gravity - 9.8 (or approximately 10) m/s 2 (symbol g)
-force (including weight) - newtons (N) (symbol F)
-energy - joules (J) (symbol E)
-work - joules (J) (symbol W)
Apply the law of conservation of energy.
-energy is not created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
-e.g. collision - kinetic energy - heat, sound energy
-e.g. lighting a match - kinetic energy -> heat, light energy