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Wave optics
2.1 POSTULATES OF WAVE OPTICS
2.2 MONOCHROMATIC WAVES
A
A. C
Complex
l R
Representation
t ti and
d th
the H
Helmholtz
l h lt E
Equation
ti
B. Elementary Waves
C. Paraxial Waves
2.5 INTERFERENCE
A. Interference of Two Waves
B.
B M
Multiple-Wave
ltiple Wa e Interference
2f
x2
1 2f
v2 t 2
Light waves (actually the electric fields of light waves) will be a solution to
this equation. And v will be the velocity of light.
f ( x, t ) f ( x vt )
f ( x, t ) f ( x vt )
To displace any function f(x) to the
right, just change its argument from x
to x-a, where a is a positive number.
If we let a = v t, where v is positive and
t is
i time,
i
then
h the
h displacement
di l
will
ill
increase with time.
x: position,
t: time
f(x)
f(x-2)
f(x-1)
f(x-3)
f(
f(x-vt)
t) represents
t a rightward,
i ht
d or
forward, propagating wave.
f (x+vt) represents a leftward,
leftward or
backward, propagating wave.
v will be the velocity of the wave.
1 2 f
v 2 t 2
u
u
v
Write f (x vt) as f (u), where u = x vt. So 1 and
x
t
f
f
Now use the chain rule: f f u =>
Now,
>
x u
x u x
f u => f
And f
f
v
t u t
t
u
2 f 2 f
So
S
2
2
x
u
and
d
2
2 f
2 f
v
2
t
u 2
1 2 2 f
2 f
2 v
0
2
2
u
v u
0
2
2
x
t
kx (kv)t
or
E ( x, t ) B cos(kx t ) C sin(kx t )
: electric permittivity,
0: magnetic permeability ()
A sin() = C
E ( x, t ) B cos(kx t ) C sin(kx t )
Definitions
Spatial quantities:
c = = /
Temporal quantities:
c = /k
proportional
i l to the
h average off the
h squared wavefunction
f
i ,
u( x, t ) E sin(kx wt )
The time interval T is
I 2
E
T
s in ( k x w t ) 2 d t
The
Th optical
i l power P (t)
( ) (units:
( i watts)) is
i the
h integrated
i
d intensity
i
i
Th
The optical
ti l energy (units:
( i joules)
j l ) is
i the
h time
i integral
i
l off the
h
optical power over the time interval
E ( t) =
P (r, t) d T
u ( r , t) = ( r ) c o s [ 2 t + ( r ) ]
r: amplitude
wavelength
wave-function u(t)
complex amplitude
Complex
wavefunction
So that
Complex Amplitude
The complex wave function can be written in the form
Wave number
Optical intensity
Optical Intensity
F
From
E
Eq.2.2-1
22 1
=>
The wavefronts
The wavefronts are the surfaces of equal phase,
It is often defined by
(r) = constant =2q,
q: an integer.
The wavefront normal ((at pposition r)) is pparallel to the ggradient
vector (r)
The direction at which the rate of change of the phase is
maximum
Spherical
Plane wave
wave
B. Elementary Waves
Th
The simplest
i l solutions
l i
off the
h Helmholtz
H l h l equation
i in
i a plane
l
wave () and the spherical wave ().
Th Pl
The
Plane Wave
W
The complex amplitude of plane wave
A(r):
A(
) Complex
C
l envelope
l
k=(kx, ky, kz): wavevector ( k x2 k y2 k z2 k 2 )
The
h wavefront obey
b
k r k x x k y y k z z 2 q arg{ A}
where q is integer
The parallel plane perpendicular the wavevector k (plane wave)
Space period :
Time period :/
c / c0 / n 0 / n
As a monochromatic wave ppropagates
p g
through
g media of
different refractive indices
Its frequency remains the same,
Its velocity, wavelength, and wavenumber are altered:
(
)
Using the Taylor-series expansion:
2
Fresnel number
a
N
z
a
Diffraction loss
C. Paraxial Waves
A wave is said to be paraxial if its wavefront normals are
paraxial rays.
The complex amplitude of the a paraxial wave
The amplitude |A(0,0, z)| and phase (arg{A(x, y, z)}) vary slowly with z.
Since the change of the phase is small within the distance of a
wavelength=>
The planar wavefronts (kz = 2q) of the carrier plane wave bend
only slightly
Normals are paraxial rays.
( ) The magnitude
(a)
g
of a paraxial
p
wave as a function of the axial distance z.
(b) The wavefronts and wavefront normals of a paraxial wave
=>
=>
A A
A kA
=
<< =
z
Helmholtz equation
(Eq.1)
Let
The followingg derivatives are necessary:
y
(Eq.2)
(Eq 3)
(Eq.3)
Substitution (Eq
(Eq.2
2 and Eq
Eq.33 into Eq.1)
Eq 1)
(Eq.4)
T
Transverse
L l i operator
Laplacian
t
T2 2 / x 2 2 / y 2
The solution of the paraxial Helmholtz equation
Paraboloidal
i
wave (paraxial
(
i l approximation
i i off the
h spherical
h i l wave))
The complex envelope A(r)= (A/z) exp[ -jk (x2 + y2)/2z]
(Excise 2.2-2)
2 2 2)
Gaussian beam (will be discussed in Chap.3)
r = (x,
( y, 0),
0)
k1 = (k0 sin 1, 0, k0 cos ),
k2 = (k0 sin
i , 0,
0 - k0 cos 2),
)
k0 x sin
i k
k0 x sin
i
k1 r k2 r
n1sin1 n2 sin2
z=d
Inclined Incident
The incident plane wave makes an angle with respect to the z axis and
has wavevector k.
The refracted and transmitted plane wave with wavevectors k1 and k and
angle and
The complex amplitude inside the plane is
1
cos 1 1 12
2
1 / n
h0 = expp ((-jk
j 0d0) :constant p
phase factor
Thin Lens
The thickness at point (x, y) of planoconvex thin lens
or
By considering the points x and y are sufficient small in
comparison with R (x2+y2 << R2)
Where
constant pphase factor
EXERCISE 2.4-2
Double-Convex
D
bl C
L
Lens. Show
Sh that
h the
h complex
l amplitude
li d
transmittance of the double convex lens shown in Fig. 2.4-8 is
given by
You can prove this by cascaded of two planconvex lense.
EXERCISE 2.4-4
Imaging Property of a Lens. Show that a paraboloidal wave
centered at the point P1 (Fig. 2.4-10) is converted by a lens of
focal length f into a paraboloidal wave centered about P2 ,
where 1/z1+1/z2=1/f . (imaging equation)
Diffraction Gratings
A diffraction grating is used to periodically modulate the
phase or the amplitude of the incident wave.
It can be classified into
R
Reflection
fl ti
diffraction
diff ti gratings:
ti
Fabricated by use of periodically ruled thin films of aluminum that
have been evaporated onto glass substrate
substrate.
First-order
Zero-order
Incident
light wave
Incident
light wave
m = 1 First-order
m = 0 Zero-order
First-order
m = -1 First-orde
(a) Ruled periodic parallel scratches on a glass serve as a transmission grating. (b) A
reflection grating. An incident light beam results in various "diffracted" beams. The
zero-order diffracted beam is the normal reflected beam with an angle of reflection equal
to the angle of incidence.
incidence
?1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)
Principle of superposition
Principle of superposition =>
u1(r, t) and u2(r, t) represent optical wave
=>
> u(r,
( t) = u1(r,
( t) + u2(r,
( t) represents
t a optical
ti l wave.
The resultant electric field at given place and time due to simultaneous action
of two or more sinusoidal waves is algebraic
g
sum of the electric fields of the
individual waves
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Phasors diagrams
Shows the electric field components and can be
used to find the resultant magnitude of the
electric field
The sinusoidal wave can be represented
graphically by a phasor of magnitude Eo rotating
about the origin counterclockwise with an angular
frequency
q
y
E1 = Eo sin t
It makes an angle of t with the horizontal
axis
i
E1 is the projection on the vertical axis
The second sinusoidal wave is
- E2 = Eo sin (t + )
It has the same amplitude and frequency as E1
but having phase with respect to E1
E p = E1 + E 2
= E sin(t) + E sin(t + )
= E R sin(t + )
y A1sin (
y Im[ A1e
i ( 1 )
ft 1 ) A2 sin (
A2 e
i ( 2 )
Im[e i ( A1e i1 A2 e i2 )]
ft 2 )
x
if 2 ( ft )
Im[e i ( ) ( A1e i1 A2 e i2 ) / e i ]
A1 sin 1 A 2 sin 2
sin
x
y Bsin2 ( ft ) ]
From Huygens
Huygensss principle we know the wavelet spread out from the slits
This divergence of light from its initial line of travel is called diffraction
y
dy
d
L
L
= r2 - r1 = d sin
Maximum
Secondary maxima
I1=|E1+E2+E3|2=
I2=|E1+E2+E3|2
=|E+E+E|=9E2
=|E-E+E|=E2
Phasor Diagrams
Assume three equally spaced slits, the fields are:
E1 = Eo sin t
E2 = Eo sin (t + )
E3 = Eo sin (t + 2)
Primary
y maxima
the maximum value of field 3E0
at = 0, 2, 4 ...
Secondary maxima
the value of filed E0, occur when the wave
from one slit exactly cancels the wave from
another slit,.
I1=|E1+E2+E3|2=
=|E+E+E|=9E2
at = 0, , 3 ...
I2=|E1+E2+E3|2
=|E-E+E|=E
|
| 2
Secondaryy maxima
destructive interference
M i
Maxima
=> k=m
k
2
2
=> =m = d sinm=0,1,2,3
Minima => k=m 2/N
Multiple-Wave interference
Equal amplitude and phase
M =
it
M-1
ink
n =0
(r e ik )
n
2
M
r
=
(1
+
r
+
r
+
L
+
r
)
n=0
= M -1 + r M
= 1 + r M -1
M 1
1 r M
M 1 (
) rn
1 r
n 0
iM k
iN k /2
-iM k /2
iM k /2
1
e
e
(e
(
e
)
i t
E () = I 0 e i t (
)
=
I
e
0
1 - e ik
e ik /2 (e -ik /2 - e ik /2 )
i[ t + (M -1 )k /2 ] sin (M k /2 )
= 0 e
sin (k /2 )
sin(Mk / 2) 2
I ( ) I0 (
)
sin(k / 2)
=m = d sin
Minima => k=m 2/M
0.5
0.25
3 2
sin(M / 2) 2
I ( ) I0 (
)
sin( / 2)
2
I (1/ 2 ) Id
Id MI0
The peak intensity is
T