LAM-PT05-02

RANCANGAN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER

AKADEMIK SEMESTER 7 2014

1. Introduction to research methods in education

The aims of educational research

The characteristics of educational research

Approaches in educational research
- The positivist approach (quantitative)
- The interpretive approach (qualitative)

Ethics of educational research

- The important aspects of research ethics
- Ethical codes

2. Types of educational research

- Basic research
- Applied research
- Action research
- Evaluation research
Introduction to various types of educational
research design
Quantitative research
- Experimental
- Quasi-experimental
- Survey
- Correlational

Qualitative research
- Ethnography
- Case study
- Historical

3. Educational research procedure

Choosing a research problem
Determining the research objective
Determining the research questions
Determining the research hypotheses
Reviewing the literature
Planning the research design
Determining the sampling procedure
Constructing the research instrument
Constructing the validity and reliability of the
instrument
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LAM-PT05-02

RANCANGAN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER

AKADEMIK SEMESTER 7 2014

Determining the data collection procedure

Collecting data
Analysing and interpreting the data
Reporting the results and findings

4. Action research: Concepts and model

Definition and concepts
The characteristics of action research
The importance of action research
Issues related to action research
Models of action research
- Stephen Kemmiss model
- John Elliotts model
- Dave Ebbutts model
- Jack Whiteheads model
- Jean McNiffs model
- Kurt Lewins model
5. Action research: The process
Adapted from the models of Lewin,1946 and
Laidlaw,1992:
Identifying an aspect of the educational practice to
improve
Planning an action
Implementing the action
Collecting the data
Reflecting on the action (before, during and after
the action)
Taking further action
Developing the second cycle of action research
6. Action research: Planning and proposal
Context
Focus / aspect of practice to improve
Research questions
Literature review
Subjects of the study
Action plan
Implementation of action plan
Data collection methods
Reflection: Data analysis and interpretation
Work schedule
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LAM-PT05-02

RANCANGAN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER

AKADEMIK SEMESTER 7 2014

Budget
Sources of reference
7. Action research: Data collection methods
Observation: observer, participant-observer,
participant
Document analysis
checklists
Interview: structured, semi-structured,
unstructured
8. Action research: Data collection methods
Questionnaires
Video and cassette recordings
Logs
Field notes
Photographs
Portfolios
Anecdotal records
Slides
Journals
Diaries
9. Action research: Data collection considerations
Sampling, validity, reliability, bias
Sampling and bias
Validity:
- External critics (originality of the data)
- Internal critics (accuracy of the data)
- Data triangulation

Reliability- The generalisability of findings

Ethics
10. Action research: data analysis
Qualitative data
Content analysis
Categorising the data
Coding the data
Arranging the data into analysis grids
Identifying the issues/themes/assertions
Further research activities

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LAM-PT05-02

RANCANGAN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER

AKADEMIK SEMESTER 7 2014

11. Action research: data analysis

Quantitative data
Descriptive analysis: Frequency, percentage,
mean, mod, median, standard deviation,
correlation coefficient
12. Interpreting the action research data
Integrating various sources of data
Connecting the data with literature review
Summarising the results and drawing conclusions
13. Writing an action research report
The context/background of the study
Literature review
Focus/ aspect of the practice to improve
The action plan
Implementation of action plan
Data collection methods
Data analysis and interpretation
Reflection and implications
Plan for further action
Citation of references :American Psychological
Association (APA)

14. Writing an action research article

Abstract
The context
Research focus
Action plan
Implementation of action plan
Data collection methods
Data analysis and interpretation
Reflection and implications
The next step
Bibliography
15. Ways of making action research data public
Seminars
Publications
Action research networks

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