By FaaDoOEngineers.

com

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CONTENTS

Mobile evolution
Edge technology
GPRS
EDGE system performance
Channel coding and frame structure
Applications
Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

In just a few years the Internet has transformed the way we access information,
communication and entertainment services at home and at work. Broadband
connections have made the Internet experience richer for millions of people and in the
coming years, millions more will turn to wireless technology to deliver their broadband
experience. This paper aims to cut through the confusion and hype surrounding the
relative merits of various wireless broadband technologies and get to the real issues that
will influence the mass-market success of mobile broadband and its ability to deliver
broadband for all and everywhere.
while there are a host of technologies competing to deliver commercial mobile
broadband services the most recent being Mobile WiMAX 3G networks based on
well established WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and HSPA(High
Speed Packet Access) technologies offer the best way forward in terms ofglobal
acceptance, economies of scale and spectrum efficiency.
HSPA is the undisputed leader in mobile broadband services, as it provides: an
ecosystem of unrivalled breadth and depth, covering both traditional mobile terminals
and personal consumer devices such as notebooks, ultra mobile PCs, cameras, portable
game consoles and music players
unmatched economies of scale that benefit all players in the ecosystem, which are
uniquely available to a technology that is part of the 3GPP family ofstandards, currently
serving over two billion subscribers ever-improving performance, with commerciallyproven transmission bit-rates of up to 14Mbps today and up to 42Mbps in the near future
highly economic urban and rural coverage, with up to 200km cell range and measured

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speeds in excess of 2Mbps at the cell border a clearly defined and easily adopted
evolution path.
Mobile WiMAX does not offer any technology advantage over HSPA.
HSPA low cost embedded modules are already available and with over 100 commercial
networks in operation, HSPA is the clear and undisputed choice for mobile broadband
services.
Enhanced data for global evolution(EDGE) is a high speed mobile data
standard,intended to enable second generation global system for mobile
communication (GSM) and time division multiple access(TDMA).
Transmits data at up to 384 kilobits per second(Kbps)
Today, the Internet is a true global marketplace, where people can find the products and services
they desire. It is also a global town square, where people can meet,chat and blog. It is a global
library and information repository that is unprecedented inthe history of mankind. The Internet is our
doctor, lawyer, banker, government official providing us with a direct channel to government
authorities, health services and local communities. It is becoming the entertainment channel of
choice; offering us anunparalleled selection of music, TV, video and news at our fingertips.
The Internet will continue to develop as the place for information, communication,interaction and
media consumption.
However, to enjoy the complete benefits of the Internet, people need a broadband connection. As a
consequence, Internet broadband connectivity has become one of the most widespread
communications developments ever and the growth in demand for high-speed Internet connections
is set to continue. Today there are over 250 million broadband users: by 2012 this figure is forecast
to grow to over 1.8 billion. Most people today experience broadband via a PC connected over a fixed
line (usually DSL or cable). However, for many of the broadband users expected to get
online over the next few years, a fixed line is simply not an option and wireless networks will be their
primary broadband access method (as shown in Figure 1).

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In 1st G AMPS(Advanced Mobile system) developed in U.S in 1983

In 2nd G there was introduction of CDMA,TDMA and GSM
Between 2nd and 2.5th G of GPRS

Between 2.5th and 3rd G there was an introduction EDGE TECHNOLOGY

THE STAGES OF EDGE

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Network architecture
The IEEE 802.16 standardization only covers basic connectivity up to Media AccessControl
(MAC) layer; the WiMAX Forum also addresses network architecture issues for WiMAX networks.
Figure 6: Overview of WiMAX Forum Network Reference Architecture. The first WiMAX Forum
network reference architecture specification (release 1.0) is focused on delivering a wireless Internet
service, with mobility, as the first step (Figure 6). Release 1.5 will add support for telecom-grade
mobile services, supporting full IMS interworking, carrier-grade VoIP, broadcast applications like
mobile TV and over-the-air provisioning.
In comparison 3GPP handles GSM and WCDMA standardization for a complete mobile
system, including terminal aspects, radio access networks, core networks, and parts of the service
network. 3GPP networks already support IMS-based services, carrier-grade voice, regulatory
requirements like E911 and lawful intercept, broadcast applications like mobile TV and over-the-air
provisioning for user terminals.
The overall complexity of the different network architectures is very similar which is not
surprising as the goal is to deliver the same functionality (as can be seen in Figure 7).

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Mobile evolution
1st generation mobile communication
2nd generation mobile communication
2.5th generation mobile communication
3rd generation mobile communication
3G and above
EDGE Technology
Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA operators
Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
networks

air interface and

Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best effort packet data
at speeds up to about 384 kbps
Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice over IP
capability
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

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Coverage

HSPA is a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) technology, in which the uplink and

downlink are in separate frequency channels (usually denoted as 2x5MHz). Mobile

WiMAX is a Time Division Duplex (TDD) technology, in which there is just one
frequency channel that is shared between the uplink and the downlink. The ratio
between the uplink and the downlink defines how they share the frequency channel
in time. A 1:1 ratio indicates time split 50/50 between the uplink and the downlink as
outlined

3GPP evolution
HSPA is at least four years ahead of other mobile broadband technologies. It
supports the delivery of mobile broadband and fixed wireless broadband services in any of
the mobile spectrum bands (850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, 2.1GHz and 2.6GHz)
and during 2007 it is expected that at least five of these bands will carry commercial traffic.
However, HSPA is only one step in the evolution of mobile broadband. Delivering peak
rates of 14Mbps in the downlink and 5.8Mbps in the uplink today, its evolution adds support
for MIMO and 64QAM that will deliver 42Mbps in the downlink and 11.5Mbps in the uplink.
In parallel, LTE will deliver further enhancements in peak

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rates (exceeding 100Mbps), in addition to scalable channel bandwidths using
OFDMA with both TDD and FDD operation. LTE and HSPA-evolved offer maximum
spectrum flexibility while delivering true high-speed, high-quality 4G performance.

Technology
EDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for 2G and 2.5G GSM and
GPRS networks, making it easier for existing GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE/EGPRS
is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided
the carrier implements the necessary upgrade.
Although EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be made in GSM core
networks, base stations must be modified. EDGE compatible transceiver units must be
installed and the base station subsystem needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. New
mobile terminal hardware and software is also required to decode/encode the new
modulation and coding schemes and carry the higher user data rates to implement new
services.

Transmission techniques
In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE uses higher-order
PSK/8 phase shift keying (8PSK) for the upper five of its nine modulation and coding
schemes. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively
triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses a rate adaptation

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algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of
the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces a
new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy, which, instead of
retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the
receiver. This increases the probability of correct decoding.
EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots (theoretical maximum
is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots) in packet mode and will therefore meet the International
Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network, and has been accepted by the
ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode
called HSCSD, increasing the data rate of this service.

Classification
Whether EDGE is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. While Class 3 and below
EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and above devices perform at a higher bandwidth
than other technologies conventionally considered as 2G as 1xRTT). Because of the
variability, EDGE is generally classified as 2.75G network technology.

GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented Mobile Data Service
available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile
phones. It provides data rates from 56 up to 114 kbps.
GPRS can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
access, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for
Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data
transfer is typically charged per megabyte of throughput, while data communication via
traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether
the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet

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switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain Quality of Service (QoS)
is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.
2G cellular systems combined with GPRS is often described as "2.5G", that is, a
technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It
provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused Time division multiple access
(TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to
extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to
use the GSM standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use.
GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally standardized
by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
EDGE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Multiprotocol support
Today the 2G base station backhaul networks use TDM while the 3G networks are
based on the combination of TDM and packettechnology. As Ethernet transport becomes
more widely available with the promise of cost savings, operators need a solution for
merging the existing networks into Ethernet. The Tellabs 8600 system provides a solution
that helps the operator to migrate the existing networks to packet technology costeffectively. The Tellabs 8600 system has all of the common TDM (PDH, SDH, SONET)
interfaces as well as Ethernet interfaces. TDM, ATM, Frame Relay and HDLC are forwarded
using MPLS pseudowires, which can be carried over Ethernet, SDH or SONET network.
This provides flexibility for choosing the optimal network technology for transport.

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Moving from TDM to packet

Packet networks provide an optimal solution for bursty dataservices. Packet switches
save aggregate bandwidth by means of statistical multiplexing. This is based on an
assumption that the average bandwidth of a connection is much less than the peak rate.
The averaging of the bandwidth increases the queuing delay, especially if the bursts arrive
at the same time from several sources. This is, however, usually accepted for data services.
Voice and other TDM services require constant bandwidth and minimal delay and jitter over
the network. This is achieved by assigning these services the highest priority. The Tellabs
8600 packet scheduling supports both the real-time and data services in the same network.
Delay-critical services will be assigned highest priority to guarantee the best performance.
At the same time, data services can utilize statistical multiplexing witha high overbooking
factor, which saves transmission bandwidth in

THE GSM EDGE SYSTEM

In the GSM EDGE system the transmitted data sequence is 8PSK modulated and
passed through a Gaussian pulse shaping filter to adjust the signal to the GSM systems
bandwidth. The pulse shaping filter causes Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) to the signal
ranging 5 symbol periods To compensate for the ISI, an efficient channel equalizer is
needed in the GSM EDGE system. However, the optimal equalization with
maximumlikelihoodsequence estimation (MLSE) is computationally too complex, due to the
high level modulation and the mobile radio channel conditions. The performance of

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suboptimum equalizers are studied], where promising results are found in the class of
reduced-state trellis-based equalizers: Delayed Decision-Feedback Sequence Estimation
(DDFSE) and Reduced-State Sequence Estimation (RSSE), a generalization of DDFS.
create a minimum-phase overall impulse response, should be used to trade performance for
complexity. Another promising method for equalization, with low computational requirement
and near optimal performance, is to use iterative optimization for the equalization process
Channel coding is used in 8PSK EDGE to achieve satisfactory bit error rate (BER)
performance For NFSK/LPSK the channel coding schemes will require modifications of the
8PSK EDGE schemes and possibly creation of new ones.
IMPROVING THE GSM EDGE SYSTEM
By replacing the 8PSK modulation with a combined2FSK/8PSK modulation scheme,
the improved EDGE system can transmit 4 bits/symbol (compared to 3 bits/symbolof 8PSK)
in the same bandwidth as the original EDGE system with similar BER performance. The
2FSK/8PSK modulation can easily be changed to other NFSK/LPSK schemes to trade
between performance and speed (e.g. 2FSK/4PSK or 2FSK/16PSK). The combined
2FSK/8PSK modulation scheme requires the receiver to work at 2 samples per symbol to
detect the information in the FSK and PSK parts. When the 2FSK/8PSK modulation method
is implemented in the EDGE system, the use of suboptimum equalization with prefiltering is
required. For the 2FSK/8PSK, we have used a RSSE8 equalizer, where no set partitioning
is used, and modified it to handle signal sets of the 2FSK/8PSK modulation. For obtaining a
minimum-phase overall impulse response we suggest the use of a MMSE-DFE feedforward
filter. By using the EDGE transmit filter, the 2FSK/8PSK signal will suffer from severe ISI
and, in practice, some symbol sequences cannot be distinguished from one another. This
could be compensated by using a different transmit filter or by a suitable channel coding
scheme. The newtransmit filter should be designed so that the ISI caused by the filter would

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be eased, compared to the present EDGE transmit filter, without breaking the spectral
requirements of the standard , when used with the 2FSK/8PSK modulation. On the other
hand, similar channel coding schemes,as those used in the current GSM EDGE, should be
designedfor 2FSK/8PSK EDGE to take into consideration theproperties of the combined
odulation scheme.

CONCLUSION

In this paper we propose a power and spectral efficientNFSK/LPSK

modulation scheme to be used in EDGE for improved terrestrial mode and satellite
communications. The preliminary simulation results verify the feasibility of the NFSK/LPSK
modulation as an efficient modulation method to be used in the EDGE system. We showed
that by changing the 8PSK modulation in EDGE to 2FSK/8PSK, in the AWGN channel the
data transmission speed can be increased without loss of performance. In the case of
FSK/8PSK the one extra bit can be used to increase the data transmission speed or lower
the transmitter power, by using the extra bit for improving channel coding.The main focus of

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our future work is on designing a new Gaussian transmit filter and suitable coding schemes
for NFSK/LPSK EDGE to combat ISI so that spectral and power efficiency of the existing
EDGE can be improved.

CHANNEL CODING AND FRAME STRUCTURE

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Although EDGE is a highly sophisticated radio technology, it uses the same radio
channels and timeslots as any GSM and GPRS system, so it does not require additional
spectral resources except to accommodate loading. By deploying EDGE, operators can
use their existing spectrum more efficiently. Most new GSM networks deployed today
include EDGE. For many GSM/GPRS networks in areas such as the Americas, EDGE was
mostly a software upgrade to the Base Transceiving Station (BTS) and the BSCs, as the
transceivers in these networks are already EDGE capable. Some carriers have reported
the cost of upgrading to EDGE from GSM/GPRS to be as low as $1 to $2 per POP26. The
same packet infrastructure supports both GPRS and EDGE. An increasing number of
GPRS terminals support EDGE, thus making EDGE available to more subscribers.

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Many operators that originally planned to use only UMTS for next-generation data
services have deployed or are now deploying EDGE as a complementary 3G technology.
There are multiple reasons for this, including:
1. EDGE provides a high-capability data service in advance of UMTS.
2. EDGE provides average data capabilities for the sweet spot of approximately
100 kbps, enabling many communications-oriented applications.
3. EDGE has proven itself in the field as a cost-effective solution and is now a
mature technology.
4. EDGE is very efficient spectrally, allowing operators to support more voice and
data users with existing spectrum.
5. Operators can maintain their EDGE networks as a complementary service
offering, even as they deploy UMTS/HSPA.
6. EDGE provides a cost-effective wide-area data service that offers continuity and
that is complementary with a UMTS/HSDPA network deployed in high traffic
areas.
It is important to note that EDGE technology is continuing to improve. For example,
Release 4 significantly reduced EDGE latency (network round-trip time)from the
typical 500 to 600 msec to about 300 msec. Release 7 will also include significant new
features for EDGE.
Devices themselves are increasing in capability. Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) devices,
already available from vendors, will allow simultaneous voice and data communications
with both GPRS and EDGE devices. For example, during a voice call users will be able to
retrieve e-mail, do multimedia messaging, browse the Web, and do Internet
conferencing. This is particularly useful when connecting phones to laptops via cable or
Bluetooth and using them as modems.

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DTM is a 3GPP-specified technology that enables new applications like video sharing while
providing a consistent service experience (service continuity) with UMTS. Typically, a DTM
end-to-end solution requires only a software upgrade to the GSM/EDGE radio network.

EDGE Evolution
Recognizing the value of the huge installed base of GSM networks, 3GPP is
currently working to improve EDGE capabilities for Release 7. This work is part of the
GERAN Evolution effort, which also includes voice enhancements not discussed in this
paper. Although EDGE today already serves many applications, such as wireless e-mail,
extremely well, it makes good sense to continue to evolve EDGE capabilities. From an
economic standpoint, it is less costly than upgrading to UMTS because most enhancements
are designed to be software based, and highly asset efficient because it involves less longtem capital investments to upgrade an existing system. With 82 percent of the world market
using GSM, which is already equipped for simple roaming and billing, it is easy to offer
global service to subscribers. Evolved EDGE offers higher data rates and system capacity;
cable modem speeds are realistically achievable. Evolved EDGE mobiles will be much less
expensive and offer greater talk and standby times than UMTS mobiles. UMTS mobile
stations also incorporate GSM capability, and two radios are more expensive and consume
more power than one radio.
Evolved EDGE also provides better service continuity between EDGE and HSPA,
meaning that a user will not have a hugely different experience when moving between
environments. Although GSM and EDGE are already highly optimized technologies,
advances in radio techniques enable further efficiencies. Some of the objectives of Evolved

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EDGE include:
A 100-percent increase in peak data rates. A 50-percent increase in spectral efficiency and
capacity in C/I-limited scenarios. A sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and
data Reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip time, enabling support for
conversational services such as VoIP and PoC Achieving compatibility with existing
frequency planning, thus facilitating deployment in existing networks Coexisting with legacy
mobile stations by allowing both old and new stations to share the same radio resources
Avoiding impacts on infrastructure by enabling improvements through a software upgrade
Applicability for DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the A/Gb mode interface. The A/Gb
mode interface is part of the 2G core network, so this goal is required for full backward
compatibility with legacy GPRS/EDGE The methods being standardized in Release 7 to
achieve these objectives include: Adding 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM)
and a new set of modulation/coding schemes that will increase maximum throughput per
timeslot by 38 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8-PSK modulation. Simulations indicate a
realizable 25 percent increase in user-achievable peak rates. Allowing reception on two
distinct radio channels to increase the number of simultaneous timeslots. A type 2enhanced EDGE device (which can simultaneously transmit and receive) will be able to
receive up to 16 timeslots in two radio channels as well as transmit on up to eight timeslots
in one radio channel. Mobile Broadband: EDGE, HSPA, LTE Page 21 Reducing the
Transmission Time Interval (TTI) to reduce overall latency. This will have a dramatic effect
on application throughput for many applications. Downlink diversity reception of the same
radio channel to increase the robustness in interference and improve the receiver
sensitivity. Sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decrease in required C/I of up to 18 dB for a
single co-channel interferer are shown in simulations. Significant increases in system
capacity can be achieved, as explained below. Dual-Carrier Receiver A key part of the

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evolution of EDGE is the utilization of more than one radio frequency carrier. This
overcomes the inherent limitation of the narrow channel bandwidth of GSM. Using two
radio-frequency carriers requires two receiver chains in the downlink, as shown in the
following figure. Using two carriers enables the reception of twice as many radio blocks
simultaneously or, alternatively, the original number of radio blocks can be divided between
the two carriers, thus reducing the transmission time by half, and avoiding the potential
need for simultaneous transmission and reception. Channel capacity with dual-carrier
reception improves greatly, not by increasing basic efficiencies of the air-interface but
because of statistical improvement in the ability to assign radio resources, which increases
trunking efficiency. As network loading increases, it is statistically unlikely that contiguous
timeslots will be available. With todays EDGE devices, it is not possible to change radio
frequencies when going from one timeslot to the next. However, with an Evolved EDGE
dual receiver this becomes possible, thus enabling contiguous timeslots across different
radio channels. Figure 7 shows a dual-radio receiver approach optimizing the usage of
available

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Higher Order Modulation Schemes

The addition of higher order modulation schemes enhances EDGE network capacity
with little capital investment by extending the range of the existing wireless technology.
More bits per symbol mean more data transmitted per unit time. This yields a fundamental
technological improvement in information capacity and faster data rates. Use of higher order
modulation exploits localized optimal coverage circumstances, thereby taking advantage of
the geographical locations associated with probabilities of high C/I ratio and enabling very
high data transfer rates whenever possible.
These enhancements are only now being considered because factors such as
processing power and variability of interference and signal level made higher order
modulations impractical for mobile wireless systems just a few years ago. However, newer
techniques for demodulation, such as advanced receivers and receive diversity, help enable
their use. Realization of 16-QAM is planned for Release 7. Advanced equalizer research
has shown that 32 and 64-QAM are also possible, and this is currently being studied for
future releases. Table 3 shows the theoretical peak throughput for four slots and considers
only fundamental improvements, shown in the new Evolved EDGE Modulation and Coding
Scheme (MCS) 10 and MCS 11.

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EDGE Deployment and Migration

GSM operators first enhanced their networks to support data capability through the addition
of GPRS infrastructure, with the ability to use existing cell sites, transceivers, and
interconnection facilities. Operators more recently deploying GSM installed GSM and GPRS
simultaneously; these included AT&T Wireless (now part of Cingular), Cingular Wireless,
Rogers Wireless, and Telecom Personal. Lately, operators have been upgrading their
PRSnetworks to EDGE, with extremely good results.Operators are now deploying UMTS
worldwide. Although UMTS involves a new radio-accessnetwork, several factors facilitate
deployment. Firstly, most UMTS cell sites can be collocated in GSM cell sites enabled by
multi-radio cabinets that can accommodate GSM/EDGE as well as UMTS equipment.
secondly, much of the GSM/GPRS core network can
be used. While the SGSN needs to be upgraded, the mobile switching center needs only a
simple upgrade and the GGSN can stay the same.
New features such as HSDPA, HSUPA, and MBMS (discussed earlier) are being designed
so
the same upgraded UMTS radio channel can support a mixture of terminals, including those
based on 3GPP Release 99, Release 5, and Release 6. In other words, a network
supporting
Release 5 features (e.g., HSDPA) can support Release 99, Release 5, and Release 6
terminals (e.g., HSUPA) operating in a Release 5 mode. Alternatively, a network supporting
Release 6 features can support Release 99, Release 5, and Release 6 terminals. This
flexibility assures the maximum degree of forward and backward compatibility. Note also
that most UMTS terminals today support GSM, facilitating use across large coverage areas
and multiple networks.

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Advantages

Downlink peak data rates up to 100 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth

Uplink peak data rates up to 50 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz,
15 MHz, and 20 MHz in the study phase. 1.6 MHz wide channels are under
consideration for the unpaired frequency band, where a TDD approach will be
used
Increase spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of two to four
Reduce latency to 10 msec round-trip time between user equipment and the base
station and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to active

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