FOSTEM

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

NAME : LIM WEI CHUN

ID : I14004874
PROGRAMME : BMEGI
LECTURRER : Dr CHUA KENG HOO

SUBJECT : FLUIDS DYNAMIC Introduction

The aim of this project is to examine the ideal cross-section area configuration of the fluid
flow when two different ball spans are being used. The areas that effects the flow rate in our
situation categorized into minor losses in pipes where it is known as the losses caused by
bending, fitting, and valve.
The main problem due to the valve are expansion and contraction, where it is witnessed to be
the subject of research my many great minds. Numerous hypothetical and trial examinations
have been accounted for writing on the above issue. In spite of the fact that endeavors have
been made to depict the base pressure as capacity of different parameters of the procedure
nevertheless it seems to be the issue that none have given a concrete theory to be a fundament
of our research whereas all the assumptions only confine the use of the outcome.
To use the Flo EFD software stimulation we are able to find the flow rate of the valve, with
the graph, and can be easily alter the ball valve size.

Theory
A ball valve enable shut-off and/or purposes of control. They have a round closure
element that contains a matching pair of rounded seats. These seats allow
necessary sealing to take place. The ball valve pressure rating and materials used
determines what kind of seat is required.

At whatever point the uniform cross-area of a pipeline is hindered by the consideration of a

channel fitting, for example, a valve, twist, intersection or stream estimation gadget, then a
weight misfortune will be acquired. The estimations of these misfortunes, which are at times
misleadingly alluded to as minor losses, must be incorporated in a pipeline's aggregate
resistance if lapses in pump and framework coordinating or stream figuring's for a given
weight differential are to be avoided.

In this treatment, the term 'separation loss' has been decided to characterize weight
misfortunes crosswise over such fittings, as it is felt that this term depicts well the physical
phenomena which happen at such hindrances in the pipeline. By and large, the stream
differentiates from the funnel dividers as it goes through the deterring channel fitting,
bringing about the era of whirlpools in the stream, with ensuing pressure loss, as
demonstrated in Figure 1 for the instance of a sudden enlargement. This is like a channel
releasing into a tank yet this time it doesn't slam into static liquid however with slower
moving liquid in the vast funnel. The pressure loss coefficient is given by the accompanying
statement.

Figure 1 : Sudden Enlargement

Furthermore, the head loss assigned of "major" and "minor" don't essentially mirror the
relative significance of every sort of loss. For a channel framework that contains numerous
segments and a moderately short length of funnel, the minor loss might really be bigger than

the major loss where at some situations of the large pipe system the major losses are
neglected due to their relatively small effect on the pressure loss.

Procedure
1. Run FloEFD. Click File > Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the Ball
Valve.SLDASM assembly located in the A1 - Ball Valve folder and click Open (or
double-click the assembly). By following the instructions in Blackboard a project was
created with the specification below;
Set the flow rate at 0.0 + the last three digit of your student ID ( cubic meter per
second ). For an example, 3-digit ID = 513, Q=0.0513 m^3/s.
(Note: if the number is less than 0.01, add 0.05, for an example, 3-digit ID = 007,
Q=0.0507 m^3/s)
2. Methane oil was used
3. Specified boundary conditions are as below ;
Specify the engineering goal
Run the calculation
Analyse the design variant in the ball fillet radius
Compare result and data

Results

Normal fillet
Liquid: olive oil
Flow rate: 0.00874 m/s

Figure 2: Methane ileration on normal fillet

Figure 3: pressure
along the XY length of the tube

Figure 4: velocity along

the XY length of the tube

When with 1.5 fillet analysis

Figure 5 Methane ileration on 1.5 fillet

Figure 6: pressure
Along the XY length of the tube

figure 7: velocity along

the XY length of the tube

Discussion
The primary motive of our project is to fully understand the methods to design a valve and to
calculate the losses. With accordance to our objective the variation that we have performed is
alter the radius of the ball valve and measure the flow rate of the effect. The losses are usually
written in the form hL = KL(V22/2g), where K is the coefficient of resistance.
Lets firstly discuss the losses that were witnessed occurred when the alteration of diameter.
Sudden expansion is the loss due to increase in diameter of the pipe flow. Due sudden
expansion of the pipe section, flow is decelerated abruptly resulting in the formation of
eddies due to the separation of flow from the boundary and thereby, causing the loss of
energy.

Figure 8 : Sudden Expansion

The loss of energy can be determine by using the impulse momentum equation in addition to
the Bernoulli's and continuity equations and is given by the following expression hexp = [(V1 V2 )2]/2g
The equation is then a required expression and is known as the Borda's Carnot equation
which can be also expressed as hexp = (V12/2g)[1-(V2/V1)]2= (V12/2g)[1-(A1/A2)]2
(By using the continuity equation; A1V1=A2V2)
hexp = Kexp(V12/2g)
where Kexp is the loss coefficient of the expansion, which is equal to [1-(A1/A2)]2
Exit loss is when A2 reaches infinity, and then the head loss faces a sudden enlargement and is
expressed as V12/2g. Since the liquid speeds are captured in the extensive supply, the whole
dynamic vitality of the funnel is dispersed into intermolecular vitality bringing about the
misfortune coefficient to be 1. Therefore, the exit loss only equals to the velocity head.

Sudden contraction is noted to be one of the losses where it is caused by the decrease in
diameter as shown below.

Figure 9 : Sudden Contraction

Loss of energy due to sudden contraction is expressed by
Hcon = V22/2g [(1/CC) - 1]2 = Kcon(V22/2g)
Where Kcon is the loss coefficient of the contraction which is equal to [(1/C C) - 1]2, here Cc is
the coefficient of contraction. Although area A1 is not explicitly involved in the equation, the
value of Kcon is dependent on d1/d2. It is also noted that the energy loss for the sudden
contraction is much lesser then the energy loss for sudden enlargement.
Entry loss is when it is noted that A1 reaches infinity, where the value of K is 0.5. This
constraining circumstance compares to the stream from a huge supply into a sharp edged
funnel, if the end of the channel does not jut into the reservoir. The head loss is then denoted
by 0.5(V22/2g) and is known as the entry loss.
Erosion losses are an unpredictable capacity of the framework geometry, the liquid properties
and the stream rate in the framework. By perception, the head loss is generally relative to the
square of the stream rate in most engineering streams. This is expressed in the DarcyWeisbach equation for head loss due to friction; hf = f (L V2 / 2g).

Let L = length of the pipe between sections 1 and 2.

d = diameter of the pipe
f = factor of friction
hf = head loss due to friction.
p1 = pressure at section 1
v1 = velocity at section 1 p2,
v2 = the corresponding values at section 2.

Applying Bernoullis equations for real fluid at sections 1 and 2, we get

But z1=z2, and V1=V2, as the funnel is level and the breadth of the channel is same in both
areas.

Darcy friction factor is defined as,

Giving us Darcy's equation of, hf = f (L V2 /

2g).

Conclusion
As a summary, it is seen that there are many factors that will affect the flow rate. The main
factors were identified and could be categorized as two major factors of loss. They are known
as the major and minor factors, where the main consideration is the frictional resistance
between the liquid particles and the limit mass of the funnel itself and the minor components
are because of the change of speed either in size or course or both. These changes make eddie
by the streaming liquid. To overcome water driven resistance, certain measure of vitality
controlled by the streaming liquid gets scattered as warmth vitality and therefore there is loss
of vitality toward stream.

The pressure drop increments with higher delta speed and henceforth with higher mass
stream rate. This point is the most helpless point for funnel harm. We found that the weight
drop for the typical filet is more prominent than the 1.5 filet. As an ensuing, higher speed is
attain to in the ordinary filet. Along these lines, the typical filet range has a superior for
utilization.

Reference
Available

at: https://books.google.com.my/books?

id=0clZbfwgiyUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Textbook+of+Fluid+Mechani
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Machines,Available

at: https://books.google.com.my/books?

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cs+and+Hydraulic+Machines+in+SI+Units,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rWc1VeD2JZ
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%20SI%20Units%2C&f=false(Accessed: 10th April 2015).
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free

encyclopedia.

[ONLINE]

at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valve. [Accessed 30 april 2015].

Available