#3 by schedule: Acceleration of Freely Falling Bodies

1. A student from Sidney, Australia compares the distance he obtained from

the 1-st spark mark to the 20-th spark mark, with the similar result of a student
who did the experiment in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Both students operated
identical setups powered with 60 Hz AC, reported no missing spark marks,
and certified precision of their measurements in four significant figures. What
difference in the results was found? Data for the gravity acceleration constant
are provided in the text.
The difference in the results is the result of different gravitational constants due to the different in
radius of the Earth (Maryland is 1.2 meters higher than Sydney). Their gravitational constants are
~9.7967 in Maryland and ~ 9.8104 in Sydney. This caused a difference in their results.

y = y knot + v knot*t + 1/2 g*t^2,

g plays a part in it, so that explains the difference.

2. A student in Europe performs the same experiment, but the AC frequency

there is 50 Hz. How different length of sensitized tape will he need in order to
get 20 spark marks, compared to the length of your tape for the same number
of marks? Give the result in centimeters.
y = y knot + v knot*t + 1/2 g*t^2
y knot = 0, v knot = 0
Thus y = 1/2 g*t^2.
F = 1/T, thus T = 1/F

For 50 Hertz,
y = 1/2 g*(1/F)^2
20 Sparks,
y = 1/2 g*(20*1/50)^2
y = .784m * 100 = 78.4 cm

For 60 Hertz,
y = 1/2 g*(1/F)^2
20 Sparks,
y = 1/2 g*(20*1/60)^2
y = .544 m * 100 = 54.4cm

50 Hertz - 60 Hertz = 78.4cm - 54.4cm = 24.0 cm

#4 by schedule: Rotational Motion

1. Assuming the Eq.(3) in the text is valid, what period of rotation of a mass of
0.435 kg is to be expected for rotation radius of 0.200 m, if the outward pull
which counters the spring inward pull for vertical mass-hanging string position
at 0.200 m is delivered by a mass of 1.400 kg (pan included)? Use 9.810
m/s^2 for the acceleration of gravity.
F = 4(pi^2) * mr/ (T^2)
F = 4(pi^2) * 0.435kg * 0.200m/ (T^2)

F = mg
F = 1.400kg * 9.810 m/s^2

Set Forces equal so,

1.400kg * 9.810 m/s^2 = 4(pi^2) * 0.435kg * 0.200m/ (T^2)

T^2 = (4(pi^2) * 0.435kg * 0.200m)/ (1.400kg * 9.810 m/s^2)
T = sqrt ( (4(pi^2) * 0.435kg * 0.200m)/ (1.400kg * 9.810 m/s^2) )
T = .50008
T = .500

2. If the quantities measured in order to verify Eq.(3) were obtained with

values as in Problem 1, estimate the fractional error (%) on the left side and
on the right side of the equation based on the precision of the available
equipment in class: the pulling mass is measured by slotted weights with
precision of 10 gram, the rotating mass is measured by a beam balance with
precision of 0.1 gram, the rotating radius is measured by a meter stick with
1mm divisions, and the period of rotation is determined by measuring the time
for 20 revolutions, with 0.5 s uncertainty of that time due to the human
reaction at operating a stop watch.
10 gram +/- 1, rotating mass = 0.1 +/- 0.1, meter stick 1mm +/- 1, 0.5 s / 20 error for stop watch.

Fractional Error = (Actual - experimental)/ actual

I set m = 1.001 kg, difference of 1 gram = .001 kg, actual i put 1.000kg.
I set r = 1.001m, difference of 1 mm = .001 meters, actual i put 1.000m
I set T to be (0.5s/20) to determine 1 revolution. difference of 0.5/20 revolutions. Actual I put 1s/20.

Right side:
F = 4(pi^2) * mr/ (T^2)
(4(pi^2) 2 * 1.001 m* 1.001 / ((0.5/20)^2) - 4(pi^2) 1 * 1.0/ ((1.0/20)^2)) / (4(pi^2) 1000 * 1.0/
((1.0/20)^2))
Fractional Error is 3.008004~ 3.01

Left Side:
I set m = 1.001 kg, difference of 1 gram = .001 kg, actual i put 1.000kg.
I set meters = 9.811, difference of 1 mm = .001 meter, actual i put 9.810
Time I put 0.5 s, difference of 0.5 s = 0.5 s, actual I put 1 s
F=mg
(1.001kg * 9.811 m/ (0.5s)^2 - 1.000kg & 9.810m/ (1s)^2) / 1.000kg & 9.810m/ (1s)^2

Fractional Error = 3.004408155~3.00

#5 by schedule: Ballistic Pendulum

1. What is the ejection speed of a ball if it was shot horizontally 1 meter above
the floor, and touched it 2.5 meters further from the vertical projection of the
ejection point? Use 9.810 m/s^2 for the acceleration of gravity.
v1 = d sqrt (g/2h)
d = 2.5m (distance travelled)
h = 1m (height)
g = 9.81 m/s^2 (acceleration of gravity)

v1 = 2.5 meters * sqrt (9.81 m/s^2/ (2 * 1))

v1 = 5.5368 m/s ~ 5.537 m/s

2. Identical shot from the apparatus of Problem 1 was caught by the pendulum
basket initially at rest. From angular momentum conservation, find the angular
speed of the system "pendulum + ball" immediately after the hit. The following
necessary data are given: mass of ball 0.060 kg, mass of pendulum 0.200 kg,
distance pivot - center of mass of pendulum 0.250 m, distance pivot - center
of pendulum basket 0.300 m, period of free swing of pendulum 1.0 s.
R = (distance from pivot to center of mass of pendulum)
m = mass of ball
M = mass of pendulum
I = intertia
L = distance from pivot to center of basket
w = angular momentum
H = rise of center of basket until it halts
h = height of gun above floor
d = horizontal distance free alling

mLv1 = angular momentum before collision.

After collision = w2.
v1 = d * sqrt(g/2h)

I = MgRT^2/4pi^2
I = 0.200kg * 9.81 m/s^2 * 0.250 m * 1s^2/ (4 * pi^2)
I = .0124 kg * m^2

I * w2 + mL^2 * w2 = mL* v1
w2 (I + mL^2) = mL * v1
w2 = (mL * v1)/(I + mL^2)
w2 = (0.060 kg *.300m * v1 in eq 1 (5.53658m/s))/ (.0124 kg * m^2 + 0.060 kg * (0.300 m)^2)
w2 = 5.59 N * m/s

#6 by schedule: Viscosity
1. The largest and the smallest balls used in the experiment are with diameter
9.52 mm, and 2.38 mm respectively. For a glycerin with viscosity 1.5 Pa.s,
what is the time necessary for each ball to rich a velocity 99% of the terminal
velocity? Density of the ball material is given in the text. Round the result to
three decimal places.
v(term)= (2g * (ps-pf) * r^(2)) / 9n
v(term)= (2 * 9.81m/s^2) * (1.42-1.3) * (.476^2) / 9 * (1.5)
v(term)= 3.95 x 10^(-4) m/s
v(t) / v(term)= 1 - e^(-t/r)
(3.9105x10^(-4)/3.95x10^(-4) = 1 - e^(-t/.476)
-4.605 = -t/.476
t= .00219 seconds

v(term)=(2g(ps-pf)r^(2))/9n --> v(term)=(2(.0981)(1.42-1.3)(.119^2)/9(1.5) --> 2.47 x 10^-5 m/s

v(t)/v(term)= 1 - e^(-t/r) --> .99 = 1 - e^(-t/.119) --> -4.605 = -t/.119 --> 5.48 x 10^(-1) seconds

2. What is the Reynolds number for the fastest falling ball in the experiment.
Use the same data as in problem 1, glycerin density of 1.30 g/cm^3, and
acceleration of gravity 9.81 m/s^2.
Re = (p * v *L) / n
Re= ((1.3g/cm^3)(.238cm/s))/(1.5) , {g=9.81m/s^2 = 981cm/s^2}
Re= 2.02x10^-2

#7 by schedule: Transverse Waves in a String Under Tension

1. Student observed ten antinodes on a string of length 1.70 m under tension
produced by a mass of 0.22 kg. The string linear density is 1.3 gram/meter.
What is the difference between the transverse wave velocity calculated from
the string material properties and the one following from the standing wave
configuration?
L = n lambda/2
V = lambda f
2L/n = lambda
2*1.70m/10 = v/f
.34f = v

Standing Wave configuration

v = 2L/n F
v = sqrt (T/ mu)
v = sqrt ((0.22g/(1.3g/m))

v = 1.288m/s

2. The experimental strings are not ideally rigid, and have some elasticity: the
stronger the pull, the bigger the elongation. What is the effect on the
transverse wave velocity as compared to the transverse wave velocity in an
ideal string?
Because L is directly proportional to n lambda/2, it would either increase the number of nodes, increase
the lambda or both. This changes the calculations a lot because an increase lambda is causes an
increase in velocity. An ideal string would no allow stretching and would yield true theoretical results.

#8 by schedule: Gas Laws

1. Student obtained the value 26.5 for the slope of the fitting straight line on
the graph P=const*(1/V) representing the experimental data from the waterbased 2-tube apparatus. The experiment was conducted at temperature 22
degree Celsius. What value for the ideal gas constant follows from the
obtained slope? The additional necessary data are provided in the text.
P = nRT/V
P = nRT * (1/V)

26.5 = nRT
L0 = 0.917m, A = 0.019m, T = 295 K

V1mol@roomT = 22.414 * 10^-3 * 295/273.15

V1mol@roomT = 0.0242

n = A*L0/V1mol@roomT
n = 0.019m*0.917m/0.0242
n = 0.719751

26.5 = nRT

26.5 = 0.719751 * R * 295

R = 0.1248

2. In the pressure versus temperature experiment, the graph

P=const*(T+273.15) of the experimental data (temperature in degree Celsius)
was fitted with a straight line, which appeared to have a slope of 345 and an
intercept of 93770. What temperature (in degree Celsius) will be defined as
the absolute zero by the extrapolation of this fitting line towards zero
pressure?
P = const * (t+273.15)
m = 345, b = 93770.

y = mx + b

y = 345x + 93770
x = -93770/345
x = -271.797

#9 by schedule: Estimation of the Molecular Size and Avogadro Number

1. At room temperature (20 deg. Celsius) there is a low rate sublimation of
iodine molecules. Compare their average velocity after leaving the solid with
that at the temperature of the experiment of diffusion of iodine.
v avg = sqrt ((8 * k * T) / (pi * m))

@ 20 deg Celsius (293.15 K)

v avg = sqrt ((8 * 1.381 * 10^-23 J/K * 293.15 K) / (pi * 1.661 * 10^-27 kg * 254))
v avg = 156.318

@ 100 deg Celsius (373.15 K) Exp Temp

v avg = sqrt ((8 * 1.381 * 10^-23 J/K * 373.15 K) / (pi * 1.661 * 10^-27kg * 254)
v avg = 176.363

Difference: 176.363-156.318 = 20.045

2. A student weighed a chunk of solid CO2 as 1.82 gram. What is the gas-tosolid volume ratio if the sublimated chunk produced gaseous carbon dioxide
with volume 0.85 liter at atmospheric pressure. The additional necessary
datum is given in the text (Analysis).
V gas/ V solid = D^3 / d^3

Density of CO2 is 1.56g/cm^3

p = m/V
Vsolid = m/p
Vsolid = 1.82g / 1.56 g/cm^3
Vsolid = 1.167 cm^3
Vsolid = 1.167 cm^3 * 1 mL/1 cm^3 * 1 L/1000 mL
Vsolid = .001167 L

Vgas/Vsolid = .85L/.001167L = 728.57

#10 by schedule: Measurement of Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion

1. A calorimeter has aluminum inner cup of mass 120 gram containing 200 ml
water at temperature 20 degree Celsius. Brass piece with mass 100 gram is
heated to 100 degree Celsius, and then immersed in the calorimeter.
Calculate the final temperature of the system. The specific heat of brass is
0.09 cal/(gramXdeg.C). The additional necessary data are provided in the
text.
delta Q1,2 + delta Q3 = 0
m1c1(Tf-Ti) + m2c2(Tf-Ti)+ m3c3(Tf-T3) = 0

120g * 0.22cal/gC (Tf - 20C) + 200 mL * 1g/mL * 1.00cal/gC (Tf - 20C) + 100g * 0.09cal/gC (Tf-T3) = 0
26.4 cal/C * (Tf - 20C) + 200 cal/C * (Tf - 20C) + 9 cal/C * (Tf-100C) = 0
26.4 cal/C * Tf - 26.4 cal/C * 20C + 200 cal/C * Tf - 200 cal/C * 20C + 9 cal/C * Tf - 9cal/C * 100C= 0
26.4 cal/C * Tf + 200 cal/C * Tf + 9 cal/C * Tf = 5428 cal
Tf (235.4 cal/C) = 5428 cal
Tf = 23.06 C

2. A chunk of 22 gram ice is pulled from a freezer keeping temperature -25

deg. Celsius, and placed in an identical calorimeter as the one described in
problem 1. The final temperature of the system is measured to be 10 deg.
Celsius. What is the experimental latent heat of fusion of ice? The additional
necessary data are provided in the text.
[m1c1(Tf-Ti) + m2c2(Tf-Ti)] + m3c3'(0-T3) + m3c3(Tf-0) + m3L = 0
[120g * 0.22cal/gC (10C- 20C) + 200 mL * 1g/mL * 1.00cal/gC (10C- 20C)] + 22g * .50cal/gC * (0C-(-25C))
+ 22g*1.00cal/gC*(10C-0C) +22gL = 0
22gL = 1769cal
L = 80.409cal