2013

Delft University
of technology
Akshay Raju Kulkarni
Student Number :4327837

REPORT OF ASSIGNMENT 1
Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines (AE 4237)

26-September-2013

Table of Contents
Problem : ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Aim: ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction: ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Given Data:.............................................................................................................................................. 4
General characteristics of PW4056 at cruise (0.8M, Alt= 10668 m) ................................................... 4
Assumptions:........................................................................................................................................... 5
Procedure:............................................................................................................................................... 6
Formulae Used for calculation of Thrust and SFC: ..................................................................... 6
Inlet conditions: .................................................................................................................................. 6
Fan Calculations: ................................................................................................................................. 7
LPC Calculations : ................................................................................................................................ 7
HPC Calculations: ................................................................................................................................ 8
Combustion Chamber Calculations: .................................................................................................... 8
High pressure Turbine calculation: ..................................................................................................... 9
Low Pressure Turbine Calculation:...................................................................................................... 9
Nozzle Calculations (Core): ............................................................................................................... 10
Bypass Nozzle Calculations : ............................................................................................................. 10
Total Thrust and SFC: ........................................................................................................................ 11
Results : ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Case 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Case 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Conclusions: .......................................................................................................................................... 16
CASE 1: Temperature T4 is constant ................................................................................................. 16
CASE 2: Mass of the fuel is constant ................................................................................................. 16
Appendix-1: ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Appendix-2: ........................................................................................................................................... 18
MATLAB program to determine thrust and SFC when Temperature T4 is constant: ....................... 18
Appendix-3: ........................................................................................................................................... 21
MATLAB program for thrust and SFC when the mass of the fuel is constant .................................. 21

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Problem :
1. Calculate the variation of Thrust, fuel consumption, specific thrust & specific fuel
consumption with the cooling flow for PW4056. When the cooling flow is varied from 5% to
15 %.
2. How does the system behave if instead of using a constant T4, a constant fuel is used?

Aim:
The aim of the assignment is to completely understand the effect of cooling flow in the working of a
turbofan engine (In this case being PW4056 engine). An instance of cruise condition is to be studied
and thrust generated and specific fuel consumption (SFC) is to be determined for the given
conditions of cooling flow. The effects of variation of the highest temperature of the cycle on the
system are also studied.

Introduction:1
The PW4056 is a member of PW4000 high thrust engines. Its specifications include Bypass
ratio of 4.85.0, Overall pressure ratio of 27.532.3, Fan pressure ratio: 1.651.80 and is
approved for 180 minutes of extended range twin engine operations.

Figure 1: PW 4000 series engine

Since entering revenue service in 1987, Pratt & Whitney has delivered more than 2,500
PW4000-94" engines that have collectively logged more than 120 million flight hours on
commercial aircraft around the world. The aeroplanes it powers includes Boeing 747,
Boeing 767, MD-11, Airbus A300, Airbus A310

Source: http://www.pw.utc.com/PW400094_Engine (Pratt and Whitney official website)

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Given Data:
General characteristics of PW4056 at cruise (0.8M, Alt= 10668 m)

Type: Twin spool turbofan Engine

Intake isentropic efficiency = 0.98 (at cruise)
Air Mass flow rate = 292 kg/s (Actual)
Fan Pressure Ratio = 1.6
Bypass ratio = 5.0
LPC Pressure Ratio = 1.3
HPC Pressure Ratio =12
Combustor Exit Temperature (T4) = 1300K
Fan isentropic efficiency = 0.92
LPC & HPC isentropic efficiency = 0.90
LPT & HPT isentropic efficiency = 0.91
Mechanical efficiency = 0.99
combustor efficiency = 0.99
combustor pressure ratio = 0.96
Nozzle= Convergent
Nozzle efficiency = 0.98
Ambient Temp. = 219K
Ambient Press. = 23842 Pa
Gas constant= 287 J/kg K
Fuel calorific value (LHV) = 43MJ
CP air = 1000; kappa air = 1.4
CPgas = 1150; kappa gas = 1.33
variation of cooling flow from 5 to 15 %

Figure 2 : Turbofan Nomenclature

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Ambient/ undisturbed
Aircraft-engine interface/ inlet face
First compressor inlet
Inner stream fan exit
Outer stream fan exit
Bypass nozzle throat
Low-pressure compressor exit
High-pressure compressor inlet
Last compressor exit/ cold side heat
Burner exit
First turbine stator exit = rotor inlet
High-pressure turbine exit before
High-pressure turbine exit after
Low pressure turbine inlet
Low-pressure turbine exit after
Jet pipe inlet, reheat entry for turbojet
Reheat exit, hot side heat exchanger
Nozzle throat

0
1
2
21
13
18
24
25
3
4
41
43
44
45
5
6
7
8

Assumptions:
1. The change in kinetic energy in a component is assumed to be zero.
2. The gases in the cycle are considered ideal and composition is assumed to remain
homogeneous.
3. Cp and Cv values are assumed to remain constant throughout.
4. Half of the cooling flow is assumed to enter through NGV and the other half through rotor.
5. Pressure losses at various stations are neglected.
6. In case of cooling flows, the effective specific heat is considered as Cpg as it is a major
contributor to weighted average and does not significantly affect the overall calculation.
7. In variation of temperature of combustion chamber calculation, the mass of fuel is assumed
to be a constant of 0.8 kg/s.

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Procedure:
The procedure for the assignment includes the following parts:
1. Determination of Thrust and SFC for the given cruise condition with cooling flow using
MATLAB program. The formula used for this follow. (Program attached in appendix)
2. Determination of thrust and SFC due to variation in temperature of combustion chamber
when mass flow rate of the fuel is constant and evaluate the cumulative effects. This is done
using the same formulae as above in a MATLAB program which is attached in appendix.

Formulae Used for calculation of Thrust and SFC:

(A sample calculation is carried out for 5% cooling flow)

Inlet conditions:
The dynamic values of pressure and temperature are calculated using mach number at cruise
condition as shown below. The total temperature across the inlet though remains constant as there
is no heat addition during this process.

M=0.8
Pa =23842 Pa
Ta = 219 K

T t,a

P t,a

Ta

Pa

=1+

K a 1

= 1+

M2

K a 1
2

Ka

2 K a 1

, = .
, = . Pa
, = . ( The temperature across the inlet remains constant)
There is a variation in pressure though,

P t,2
P t,a

= 1 + is ,inl

K a 1
2

Ka

2 K a 1

Pt,2 = 36055.448 Pa
Actual Mass flow rate=292 kg/s
Bypass Ratio= 5
BPR =

m bypass
m core

= . /
= . /

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Fan Calculations:
Since the Fan pressure ratio is known, the total pressure at 21 can be calculated. Also, the isentropic
efficiency is used to calculate the temperature as shown.

Fan pressure ratio= 1.6

P t,21
P t,2

= 1.6

, = .

T t,21
T t,2

=1+

P t,21

is fan

P t,2

K a 1
Ka

is fan = 0.92
, = .
= .

= . /

LPC Calculations :
The pressure and temperature after low pressure compressor is calculated as follows. The pressure
ratio and the efficiency of low pressure turbine are given in the cruise condition details :

P t,25
P t,1

= 1.3

is LPC = 0.90

T t,25
T t,21

=1+

P t,25

is LPC

P t,21

K a 1
Ka

, = .
, = .
= . /

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

HPC Calculations:

P t,3
P t,25

= 12

is ,HPC = 0.90

T t,3
T t,25

=1+

P t,3

is HPC

P t,25

K a 1
Ka

, = .
, = .
= . /

Combustion Chamber Calculations:

Some of the flow from the HPC is used for cooling. Assuming 5% of the mass flow is used
for cooling, it is observed only 95% of high pressure compressor air enter combustion
chamber. The fuel consumption for this mass flow rate is calculated.

3 = (1 ) 3 = 46.233 ( Where c is the percentage of cooling flow in

decimals)
= 0.99
=

3 4 ,3

= 0.79

4 =(c/2) 3 + =47.02 kg/s

pressure ratio=0.96
,4 = 0.96*,3
,4 = 863946.2Pa

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

High pressure Turbine calculation:

Cooling flow from the high pressure compressor is added here. The effects of which can be seen in
drop in temperature and consequently pressure. It is noted here that half of the cooling flow that
has exited from HPC enters the main flow through NGV and the other half through the rotor. This is
done to ensure effective cooling of all the blades of the turbine.

= 25 ,3 ,25 =17.35MW
=

= 17.52 MW

= 4 4 45
41 =4 +((c/2)* 3 )=48.24 kg/s
41 =(4 * *4 +((c/2)* 3 )* *,3 )/( 41 * )=1281.8 K
45 =41 -( /(41 * ))
,45 = ,4 (1 ((1 (45 /4 ))/ ))Kg /(Kg 1)

,45
,4

= 1 1

,45

,4

45 =41 +((c/2)* 3 )
45 =2.2682 105 Pa
45 = 49.455 /
45 ==965.933K

Low Pressure Turbine Calculation:

= 21 ,25 ,21 =1.202MW
= 2 ,21 ,2 =11.268MW

= 45 ,45 ,5

,5
,45

= 1 1

,5

,45

,5 = 7.03 104 Pa
,5 = 744.45 K

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Nozzle Calculations (Core):

Pt,7 = Pt,5
Tt,7 = Tt,5

P t,7

P critical

1
j

P t,7
P t,a

K g 1
K g +1

Kg
K g 1

=1.876

=2.04 ( 7 =2.04, is greater than

. Hence the nozzle is choked.)

T8 = Tt,7

K g +1

T8 =639.018K
P8 =

P t,7
1.876

P8 =37525Pa
v8 =
8 =

K g + RT8 =493.882m/s
P8
RT 8

A8 =

=0.2046Kg/m3

m8
8 v 8

=0.4894m2

v1 = M K a RTa =237.310m/s
= + =19.38KN
Bypass Nozzle Calculations :
Pt,16 = Pt,13
Tt,16 = Tt,13

P t,16

P critical

=
1

1
j

P t,16
P t,a

=2.41 (

Tcr = Tt,16
Pcritical =

16

1.919

=1.919

=2.41, is greater than

K a +1

P t,16

K a 1
K a +1

Kg
K g 1

16

. Hence, the nozzle is choked)

= 238.018K

= 30046.21Pa

v18 = M K a RT18 =309.25m/s

10

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

 18 =
A18 =

P 18
RT 18

=0.439Kg7m3

m8
18 v 18

=1.7923m2

= + =28.599KN
Total Thrust and SFC:
F= + =47.98KN
SFC =

=16.47 g/N.s

Specific thrust= (F/mass of air flow through inlet)= 164.31

11

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Results :
Case 1 : When mass of the fuel varies and temperature of combustion chamber remains
constant:
Since the amount of air entering the combustion chamber from high pressure compressor
varies, the amount of fuel required to reach a designated 1300 K varies. The effect of this is
variation in thrust, SFC and specific thrust. The relevant data for the various percentages of
cooling flow is tabulated below:

Cooling
flow(%)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Thrust(KN)

Fuel
Consumption

Specific thrust
( Ns/ kg)

47.98
47.47
46.93
46.38
45.8
45.2
44.57
43.92
43.23
42.52
41.77

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.745
0.74
0.73
0.724
0.715
0.707

164.31
162.5
160.7
158.8
156.84
154.79
152.63
150.41
148.04
145.6
143.04

Specific fuel
consumption
g/N.s
16.46
16.43145
16.4
16.28
16.37
16.39
16.6
16.62
16.7
16.8
16.9

The variation of different parameters with different cooling flows are plotted below. The
MATLAB program for which is enclosed in appendix.

12

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

13

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Case 2 : When mass of the fuel is constant and temperature of combustion chamber varies:
Here, the mass of the fuel entering the combustion chamber is always constant. So
irrespective of the mass and temperature of the air entering gas turbine, a constant
chemical energy is supplied to the gas turbine. The thrust and SFC for various cooling flows
are noted below.

Cooling Flow

Thrust

SFC

Specific Thrust

T4

0.05

48358.56

16.54

165.6114903

1307.367833

0.06

48193.97

16.6

165.0478578

1314.182

0.07

48022.45

16.66

164.4604489

1321.142707

0.08

47843.62

16.72

163.8480041

1328.254735

0.09

47657.08

16.79

163.2091807

1335.52307

0.1

47462.42

16.86

162.5425467

1342.952925

0.11

47259.2

16.93

161.8465726

1350.549742

0.12

47046.93

17

161.1196246

1358.319214

0.13

46825.11

17.08

160.3599552

1366.267295

0.14

46593.18

17.17

159.5656937

1374.400215

0.15

46350.57

17.26

158.7348362

1382.724497

The graphs of variation of thrust , SFC and temperature T4 with varying percentage of
cooling flow is plotted below. The MATLAB program for this result is attached in the
appendix.

14

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

15

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Conclusions:
CASE 1: Temperature T4 is constant
The net thrust in the given cruise condition decreases with increase in cooling flow rate. This
can be attributed to the fact that the net exit temperature is lower and as a result, the jet
exit velocity decreases which in turn directly affects the total thrust.
The mass of the fuel consumed decreases with increasing the cooling rate. This could be
attributed to lesser energy required in combustion chamber to raise the temperature of the
air to T4
SFC at lower cooling flow rates almost remains constant but rises steadily with increase in
cooling flow percentage. Since SFC depends on mass of the fuel and thrust generated, the
actual trend of the plot depends a lot on the conditions.
Even though the SFC increases in the given conditions, in order to provide working
temperature for the turbine, cooling flow is a must. It something designers need to pay in
return for safety in operation.

CASE 2: Mass of the fuel is constant

The temperature of the combustion chamber increases with increase in cooling flow rate.
This is so because the mass of air entering the combustion chamber reduces with increase in
cooling flow rate. And thus the excess energy produced from burning fuel is used to raise the
temperature.
SFC also increases in general because the mass of the fuel remains constant and the thrust
decreases as is seen in the graphs.
The higher combustion chamber temperature implies requirement of more cooling flow as
the turbine blades are not equipped to function at such high temperatures and this could
lead to reduced life and catastrophic failures.

16

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Appendix-1:
Nomenclature Used for MATLAB Programming:

Intake isentropic efficiency = 0.98 (at cruise)

nis

Air Mass flow rate = 292 kg/s (Actual)

Fan Pressure Ratio = 1.6

Prf

Bypass ratio = 5.0

br

LPC Pressure Ratio = 1.3

Prlpc

HPC Pressure Ratio =12

Prhpc

Combustor Exit Temperature (T4) = 1300K

t4

Fan isentropic efficiency = 0.92

nfis

LPC & HPC isentropic efficiency = 0.90

nlpc , nhpc

LPT & HPT isentropic efficiency = 0.91

nlpt, nhpt

Mechanical efficiency = 0.99

nmech

combustor efficiency = 0.99

ncomb

combustor pressure ratio = 0.96

Prcomb

Nozzle= Convergent

Nozzle efficiency = 0.98

nnoz

Ambient Temp. = 219K

ta

Ambient Press. = 23842 Pa

pa

Gas constant= 287 J/kg K

Fuel calorific value (LHV) = 43MJ

lhv

CP air = 1000; kappa air = 1.4

Cpa, Ka

CPgas = 1150; kappa gas = 1.33

Cpg, Kg

17

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Appendix-2:
MATLAB program to determine thrust and SFC when Temperature T4 is constant:
______________________________________________________________________________
%Program to find the thrust of a Twin spool turbofan engine
%given data
m=292;
nis=0.98;
Prf=1.6;
br=5;
Prlpc=1.3;
Prhpc=12;
t4=1300;
nfis=0.92;
nlpc=0.90;
nhpc=0.90;
nlpt=0.91;
nhpt=0.91;
nmech=0.99;
ncomb=0.99;
Prcomb=0.96;
%convergent
nnoz=0.98;
ta=219;
pa=23842;
R=287;
lhv=43000000;
Cpa=1000;
Ka=1.4;
Cpg=1150;
Kg=1.33;
M=0.8;
Altitude= 10668;
r=0
for c=0.05:0.005:0.15 %Cooling flow percentage
r=r+1;
%start of code
%Inlet condition
tta=ta*(1+((Ka-1)/2)*M^2);
pta= pa*(1+((Ka-1)/2)*M^2)^(Ka/(Ka-1));
pt2=pa*(1+(nis*((Ka-1)/2)*M^2))^(Ka/(Ka-1));
fprintf ('tta=%d \n pta=%d \n pt2=%d \n',tta,pta,pt2);
%mass distribution
m21= m/(br+1);
m13= (m*br)/(br+1);
fprintf ('mass flow ratein core=%d \n mass flow rate in bypass=%d \n', m21,
m13);
%fan
pt21=Prf*pt2;
tt2=tta;
tt21 = tt2*(1+((1/nfis)*((pt21/pt2)^((Ka-1)/Ka)-1)));
fprintf (' Pt21=%d \n Tt21=%d\n', pt21, tt21);
%LPC calculation
pt25=Prlpc*pt21;

18

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

tt25=tt21*(1+((1/nlpc)*((pt25/pt21)^((Ka-1)/Ka)-1)));
fprintf ('Tt25=%d \n Pt25=%d \n', tt25, pt25);
%HPC calculation
pt3=Prhpc*pt25;
tt3=tt25*(1+((1/nhpc)*((pt3/pt25)^((Ka-1)/Ka)-1)));
fprintf ('Pt3=%d \n Tt3=%d \n', pt3, tt3);
%Combustion chamber1
m3=m21;
m3c =((1-c)*m3);
mf=(m3c*Cpg*(t4-tt3))/(ncomb*lhv);
m4=m3c+mf;
pt4=Prcomb*pt3;
fprintf ('m3=%d \n mf=%d \n m4=%d \n Pt4=%d \n', m3, mf, m4, pt4);
% High pressure turbine
m25=m21;
m41=m4+((c/2)*m3)
Whpc=m25*Cpa*(tt3-tt25);
Whpt=(Whpc/nmech);
tt41=(m4*Cpg*t4+((c/2)*m3)*Cpa*tt3)/(m41*Cpg)
tt45=tt41-(Whpt/(m41*Cpg))
pt45=pt4*(1-((1-(tt45/t4))/nhpt))^(Kg/(Kg-1))
fprintf ('Whpc=%d \n Whpt=%d \n T45=%d\n Pt4,5=%d \n', Whpc, Whpt, tt45,
pt45);
%Low pressure turbine
m27=m21;
m44=m41+((c/2) *m3)
Wlpc=m27*Cpa*(tt25-tt21);
Wfan=m*Cpa*(tt21-tt2);
Wlpt=(Wlpc+Wfan)/nmech;
tt5=tt45-(Wlpt/(m44*Cpg));
pt5=pt45*(1-((1-(tt5/tt45))/nlpt))^(Kg/(Kg-1));
fprintf ('m27=%d \n Wlpc=%d \n Wfan=%d \n Wlpt=%d\n Tt5=%d \n Pt5=%d \n',
m27, Wlpc, Wfan, Wlpt, tt5, pt5);
%nozzle calculations
%pt5 is equal to pt7
%tt7 is equal to tt5
pt7=pt5;
tt7=tt5;
Crr=(1/(1-((1/nnoz)*(((Kg-1)/(Kg+1))))))^(Kg/(Kg-1));
fprintf ('Critical pressure Ratio= %d',Crr);
Apr=pt7/pa
if(Crr>Apr)
fprintf('\n nozzle is not chocked \n')
p8=pa;
else
fprintf('\n nozzle is chocked \n')
p8=pt7/(Crr);
end
t8=tt7*(2/(Kg+1));
v8=sqrt(Kg*R*t8);
density8=(p8/(R*t8));
areacore= (m44/(density8*v8));
v0=M*(sqrt(Ka*R*ta));
Fcore=(m44*(v8-v0))+(areacore*(p8-pa));
fprintf('t8=%d \n p8=%d \n v8=%d \n density8=%d \n areacore=%d \n v0=%d
\n Fcore=%d \n', t8,p8, v8, density8, areacore, v0, Fcore);
%bypass nozzle
tt16=tt21;
pt16=pt21;

19

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Crb=(1/(1-((1/nnoz)*(((Ka-1)/(Ka+1))))))^(Ka/(Ka-1));
Arb=pt16/pa
if (Arb> Crb)
fprintf('\n nozzle is chocked \n')
pcr=(pt16/Crb);
else
fprintf('\n nozzle is not chocked \n')
pcr=pa
end
tcr=tt16*(2/(Ka+1));
v18=sqrt(Ka*R*tcr);
density18= pcr/(R*tcr);
areabypass= m13/(density18*v18);
Fbypass=(m13*(v18-v0))+(areabypass*(pcr-pa));
fprintf('pcr=%d \n tcr=%d \n v18=%d \n density18=%d \n areabypass=%d \n
Fbypass=%d \n', pcr, tcr, v18, density18, areabypass, Fbypass);
Ft= Fcore+Fbypass;
sfc= mf/Ft;
fprintf( '\n TOTAL THRUST=%d SFC=%d \n', Ft, sfc);
x(r)= Ft
y(r)= c
z(r)= sfc
fuel(r)=mf
spt=Ft/m
spth(r)=spt
end
subplot (2, 2 , 1)
plot( y,x)
axis([0.04 0.16 40000 50000 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('total thrust')
subplot (2, 2, 2)
plot (y,z)
axis([0.04 0.16 0.000016 0.000018 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('sfc')
subplot (2,2,3)
plot ( y, fuel)
axis([0.04 0.16 0.7 0.8 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('mass of fuel consumed in kg/s')
subplot (2,2,4)
plot (y, spth)
axis([0.04 0.16 0140 170 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('specific thrust')

______________________________________________________

20

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

Appendix-3:
MATLAB program for thrust and SFC when the mass of the fuel is constant
_____________________________________________________________
%Program to find the thrust of a Twin spool turbofan engine
%given data
m=292;
nis=0.98;
Prf=1.6;
br=5;
Prlpc=1.3;
Prhpc=12;
t4=1300;
nfis=0.92;
nlpc=0.90;
nhpc=0.90;
nlpt=0.91;
nhpt=0.91;
nmech=0.99;
ncomb=0.99;
Prcomb=0.96;
%convergent
nnoz=0.98;
ta=219;
pa=23842;
R=287;
lhv=43000000;
Cpa=1000;
Ka=1.4;
Cpg=1150;
Kg=1.33;
M=0.8;
Altitude= 10668;
r=0
for c=0.05:0.005:0.15 %Cooling flow percentage
r=r+1;
%start of code
%Inlet condition
tta=ta*(1+((Ka-1)/2)*M^2);
pta= pa*(1+((Ka-1)/2)*M^2)^(Ka/(Ka-1));
pt2=pa*(1+(nis*((Ka-1)/2)*M^2))^(Ka/(Ka-1));
fprintf ('tta=%d \n pta=%d \n pt2=%d \n',tta,pta,pt2);
%mass distribution
m21= m/(br+1);
m13= (m*br)/(br+1);
fprintf ('mass flow ratein core=%d \n mass flow rate in bypass=%d \n', m21,
m13);
%fan
pt21=Prf*pt2;
tt2=tta;
tt21 = tt2*(1+((1/nfis)*((pt21/pt2)^((Ka-1)/Ka)-1)));
fprintf (' Pt21=%d \n Tt21=%d\n', pt21, tt21);
%LPC calculation
pt25=Prlpc*pt21;
tt25=tt21*(1+((1/nlpc)*((pt25/pt21)^((Ka-1)/Ka)-1)));
fprintf ('Tt25=%d \n Pt25=%d \n', tt25, pt25);
%HPC calculation
pt3=Prhpc*pt25;

21

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

tt3=tt25*(1+((1/nhpc)*((pt3/pt25)^((Ka-1)/Ka)-1)));
fprintf ('Pt3=%d \n Tt3=%d \n', pt3, tt3);
%Combustion chamber1
m3=m21;
m3c =((1-c)*m3);
mf=0.8;
t4=tt3+((mf*ncomb*lhv)/(m3c*Cpg));
m4=m3c+mf;
pt4=Prcomb*pt3;
fprintf ('m3=%d \n mf=%d \n m4=%d \n Pt4=%d \n', m3, mf, m4, pt4);
% High pressure turbine
m25=m21;
m41=m4+((c/2)*m3)
Whpc=m25*Cpa*(tt3-tt25);
Whpt=(Whpc/nmech);
tt41=(m4*Cpg*t4+((c/2)*m3)*Cpa*tt3)/(m41*Cpg)
tt45=tt41-(Whpt/(m41*Cpg))
pt45=pt4*(1-((1-(tt45/t4))/nhpt))^(Kg/(Kg-1))
fprintf ('Whpc=%d \n Whpt=%d \n T45=%d\n Pt4,5=%d \n', Whpc, Whpt, tt45,
pt45);
%Low pressure turbine
m27=m21;
m44=m41+((c/2) *m3)
Wlpc=m27*Cpa*(tt25-tt21);
Wfan=m*Cpa*(tt21-tt2);
Wlpt=(Wlpc+Wfan)/nmech;
tt5=tt45-(Wlpt/(m44*Cpg));
pt5=pt45*(1-((1-(tt5/tt45))/nlpt))^(Kg/(Kg-1));
fprintf ('m27=%d \n Wlpc=%d \n Wfan=%d \n Wlpt=%d\n Tt5=%d \n Pt5=%d \n',
m27, Wlpc, Wfan, Wlpt, tt5, pt5);
%nozzle calculations
%pt5 is equal to pt7
%tt7 is equal to tt5
pt7=pt5;
tt7=tt5;
Crr=(1/(1-((1/nnoz)*(((Kg-1)/(Kg+1))))))^(Kg/(Kg-1));
fprintf ('Critical pressure Ratio= %d',Crr);
Apr=pt7/pa
if(Crr>Apr)
fprintf('\n nozzle is not chocked \n')
p8=pa;
else
fprintf('\n nozzle is chocked \n')
p8=pt7/(Crr);
end
t8=tt7*(2/(Kg+1));
v8=sqrt(Kg*R*t8);
density8=(p8/(R*t8));
areacore= (m44/(density8*v8));
v0=M*(sqrt(Ka*R*ta));
Fcore=(m44*(v8-v0))+(areacore*(p8-pa));
fprintf('t8=%d \n p8=%d \n v8=%d \n density8=%d \n areacore=%d \n v0=%d
\n Fcore=%d \n', t8,p8, v8, density8, areacore, v0, Fcore);
%bypass nozzle
tt16=tt21;
pt16=pt21;
Crb=(1/(1-((1/nnoz)*(((Ka-1)/(Ka+1))))))^(Ka/(Ka-1));
Arb=pt16/pa
if (Arb> Crb)

22

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1

fprintf('\n nozzle is chocked \n')

pcr=(pt16/Crb);
else
fprintf('\n nozzle is not chocked \n')
pcr=pa
end
tcr=tt16*(2/(Ka+1));
v18=sqrt(Ka*R*tcr);
density18= pcr/(R*tcr);
areabypass= m13/(density18*v18);
Fbypass=(m13*(v18-v0))+(areabypass*(pcr-pa));
fprintf('pcr=%d \n tcr=%d \n v18=%d \n density18=%d \n areabypass=%d \n
Fbypass=%d \n', pcr, tcr, v18, density18, areabypass, Fbypass);
Ft= Fcore+Fbypass;
sfc= mf/Ft;
fprintf( '\n TOTAL THRUST=%d SFC=%d \n', Ft, sfc);
x(r)= Ft
y(r)= c
z(r)= sfc
cctemp (r)= t4
end
subplot (2, 2 , 1)
plot( y,x)
axis([0.04 0.16 45000 50000 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('total thrust')
subplot (2, 2, 2)
plot (y,z)
axis([0.04 0.16 0.000016 0.000018 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('sfc')
subplot (2,2,3)
plot ( y, cctemp)
axis([0.04 0.16 1300 1400 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('Temp in combustion chamber')
subplot (2,2,4)
plot (y, spth)
axis([0.04 0.16 0140 170 ])
xlabel('cooling flow percentage')
ylabel('specific thrust')

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23

Heat Transfer Problems in Gas Turbines Assignment 1