THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

MATTER

PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

1) To state the particle theory of matter
2) To differentiate and draw the THREE TYPES OF PARTICLE i.e.
atom, ion and molecule

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

1) To state the kinetic theory of matter
2)
3)

To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change

To relate the change of energy in the particle with kinetic particle theory of matter

THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT

1) To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as
the scientists who discovered electron, proton, nucleus, neutron and shell.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
1) To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and
electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass and location.
2) To state the meaning of Proton Number and Nucleon Number based on the
subatomic particle
3) To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number

ISOTOPE
1) To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
1) To know the number of electron shells and electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell
2) To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or
number of electrons and state the number of valence electron

TOPIC 2: THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

2.1: MATTER
1. Particle Theory of Matter: Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles
The tiny particles may be atoms, molecules or ions.
MATTER
ELEMENT:

COMPOUND:

Types of particles

Atom
The smallest neutral
particle of an element
[Normally pure metals
, Noble gases and a
few non-metal
elements such as
carbon and silicon.
Examples:

Molecule

Types of particles

Ion

Molecule

A neutral particle consists

of similar non-metallic
atoms which are
covalently-bonded.
Examples:

A neutral particle
consists of different
non-metallic atoms
which are covalentlybonded.
Examples:

Figure:

Figure:

Positively or negatively
charged particles, which
are formed from metallic
atom and non-metallic
atom respectively. The
force of attraction between
the two oppositely charged
ions is an ionic bond.
Examples:

Figure:
Figure:

ACTIVITY 1: Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Substances

Type of
Particle

Substances

Type of
Particle

Substances

Hydrogen gas
(H2)

Sulphur
dioxide
(SO2)

Tetrachloromethane
(CCl4)

Copper(II)
sulphate
(CuSO4)

Iron
(Fe)

Zink Chloride
(ZnCl2)

Argon
(Ar)

Carbon
(C)

Hydrogen Peroxide
(H2O2)

Type of
Particle

2. The Kinetic Theory of Matter

2

Matter consists of small particles that always collide among each other. The particles move
faster when energy is provided and slower when they are cooled.

3.

The Evidences of Particles Theory of Matter and

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter consists of mobile

particles.
Act 2.1 page 6 [practical book]
-diffusion
Act 2.3 page 9 [practical
book]
-melting and freezing points of
napthelene

Matter is made up of
tiny and discrete
particles
-Estimation of the size
of oil molecule

Particles in matter are

constantly colliding
- Brownian Movement

4. Change of states of matter based on the Kinetic Theory:

a) Comparison of characteristics of Solid, Liquid and gas:
State of matter
Solid
Liquid

Gas

Draw the particles

arrangement

Particle arrangement

The particles are

The particles are

The particles are

Particles movement

arranged
Particles cannot move

..
Particles can move

arranged.
Particles move very

.. but can

..

..

Very ..

at fixed positions
Attractive forces
between the particles

Very..

(Particles are not

Energy content

b)

Energy content

tightly held)
Energy content

Energy content

very ..

.. .high

When heat energy is supplied to matter, kinetic energy of the particles

in the matter increases and the particles in the matter vibrate faster.
When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic energy of the particles also

Matter experiences change

of state when heat energy
is absorbed or released

reduce and they vibrate less vigorously

c)
MELTING

Solid

BOILING

Liquid
FREEZING

Gas

CONDENSATION

The temperature at which a . completely changes to become a liquid is called its

..
Activity 2.4 page 9 [practical book] Description of Experiment
- Apparatus set-up
- Precautions taken

The Explanation of the Heating Process

Temperature/C

B
C
A
Time/s
When the solid is heated, the particles move faster and its energy content increases. This is
because it absorbed heat. Therefore, the state of matter is changed.
Point
A to B

State of matter

Explanation

B to C
C to D

D to E
E to F

Freezing point: Refer to the temperature when a ..

changes to .

During the freezing process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat lost to the
environment is .. by the heat released when the liquid particles rearranged
themselves to become solid.
THE EXPLANATION FOR THE COOLING PROCESS OF MATTER
Temperature/C

P
Q

R
4

S
Time/s
Point
P to Q

State of Matter

Explanation

Q to R

R to S

2.2: THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. History of the development of atomic models
Number
Atomic model [draw]
1
Dalton

Thomson

Rutherford

Neils Bohr

James Chadwick

Discovery
i. Matter is made up of particles called atom
ii. Atom cannot be created, destroyed or divided into smaller
particles.
iii. Atoms from the same element are the same.
iv. Atoms are hard physical body that cannot be penetrated.

2. Subatomic particles
Subatomic particles

Symbol

Charge

Relative
atomic mass

Position

Electron
Proton

Neutron
a. Proton Number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom in an element.

Number of protons =

number of electrons in a neutral atom.

b. Nucleon Number =

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

proton number + number of neutron

c. Symbol of element
A
X
Z
X - Symbol of Element
A - Nucleon number of atom X
Z - Proton number of atom X

Examples:
Oxygen: O,
Magnesium: Mg,
Nitrogen: N,
Sodium: Na,

Aluminum: Al
Calcium: Ca
Chlorine: Cl
Hydrogen: H

d. Example :
i.

39
K The element: . has a nucleon number of , proton number of ,
19
So, the number of neutrons equals the number of protons equal ,
and the number of electrons equals.

Isotope:

Example: 1

Nucleon number =
H Proton number = number of proton=
1 number of neutron =

Nucleon number =
H Proton number = number of proton =
1
number of neutron =

Atoms from the same elements with the .. proton number or the same number of protons but
____________ in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of neutrons.

Isotopes have the same . properties but different properties because

they have the same electron arrangement.

Usage of isotopes:
1.
In the medical field
To detect brain cancer.
To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.

Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.

To kill bacteria in the sterilizing process.

2. In the industrial field

To detect wearing out in machines.
To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
To detect leakage of pipes underground.
To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
3. In the agriculture field
To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.

To sterile insect pests for plants.

4.

In the archeology field

Carbon-14 can be used to date objects.

5. Electron Arrangement
a)

The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number
of electrons. For the elements with atomic number 1-20:First shell can be filled with a maximum of ___

electrons.

Second shell can be filled with a maximum of ______ electrons.

Third shell can be filled with a maximum of _______ electrons.
First shell-filled with 2 electrons (duplet)
Second shell filled with 8 electrons (octet)

Third shell filled with 8 electrons (octet)

b) Symbol of Element

Hydrogen Atom

Helium Atom

Lithium Atom

Beryllium Atom

He

Li

Be

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Sodium Atom

23

11

Na

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

c) Valence electron: Electron in the outermost shell of a neutral atom.

Activity 2: Complete the following:
Atom

Number of
protons

P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W

6
6
11
15
16
19

Number
of
electrons

Number of
neutrons

Nucleon
Number

Electron
arrangement

Valence
electron

6
8
12
15
31
20
12

24
27

2.8.3

.atom and atom are isotopes because they contain the same number of
. but different number of ...

Exercise
1.

An experiment is conducted to study the changes in the state of matter. A black solid is
heated from room temperature until 200 o C as shown in the diagram below. At 180o C the
solid T changed directly into a purple gas.

Ice

Coconut oil
Solid T

Heat
a.

Name the process that solid T undergoes.

b.

Draw the particle arrangement in solid T and gas T.

Solid T

Gas T

c.

Sketch the graph of temperature against time for the heating of solid T.

d.

What can be observed at position R of the round bottom flask?

.

e.

Why cant the coconut oil in the experiment be replaced with water?
.
.

2.

The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts
as shown in the diagram below. Then the temperature of acetamide is recorded every three
minutes when it is left to cool at room temperature.

thermometer
test tube
water bath
acetamide

Heat
a. What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

b. Name another substance that its melting point can also be determined by using water bath
as shown in the above diagram.

c. Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310oC. Can the melting point of
sodium nitrate be determined by using the water bath as shown in the diagram?
Give an explanation.
.
.
..

d. Why do we need to stir the acetamide in the boiling tube in the experiment above?

e. The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
10

temperature/oC
P
100
90
Q

80
70
60

S
time/minutes

i. What is the melting point of acetamide?

.

ii. The temperature between Q and R is constant Explain.

f. Acetamide exists as molecules. Name another compound that is made up of molecules.

.

3. a.

Explain the following terminologies, giving a suitable example for each item.

i. atom
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii. molecule
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii. element
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv. compound
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4) Complete the following table:

11

Elements

Isotopes
1
1

Hydrogen

Number of

Number of

Number of

protons

electrons

neutrons

2
1
3
1
16
8

H
H

O
O
O
8

Oxygen

5.

17
8
18

Table 1 shows the proton number and the nucleon number of four atoms.
Atom
P
Q
R
S
a)

Proton number
5
17
17
20

Nucleon number
11
35
37
40

What is meant by the proton number and the nucleon number of an atom?
..

b)

State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons that are present in atom P.

c)

..
Represent atom Q in the form of ZAQ
..

d)

(i)

Write down the electron arrangement of atom R?

(ii)

What is the number of valence electrons in atom R?

..

e)

Which of the atoms are isotopes? State a reason for your answer.
..

f)

6.

(a)

Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of atom S.

Table 2 shows the results of two experiments to study diffusion of particles in solid and
liquid.
Experiment
Experiment I : Diffusion of
potassium manganate(VII) in water

Observation
The purple colour of potassium
manganate(VII) slowly spreaded

12

Experiment II : Diffusion of
potassium manganate(VII) in gel

(i)

throughout the water in a few hours.

The purple colour of potassium
manganate(VII) slowly spreaded into
the gel. After a few days, the gel turned
entirely purple.

What is the meaning of diffusion?

(ii)

Explain why there is a difference in the observation.

..

(b)

Solid X has a melting point of 70 0C. A boiling tube containing solid X is heated at room
temperature using a water bath until its temperature is above its melting point.
(i)
What is the meaning of melting point?
..
(ii)

Sketch the arrangement of particles of X at 800C and 400C respectively.

(iii)

Sketch a graph of temperature against time during the heating.

(iv)

Explain the shape of the graph.

..

(c)

(i)

What is meant by a valence electron?

(ii)

Element Y has proton number 13. State the number of valence electrons in atom Y.
.

6. An experiment was conducted to find out the freezing point of liquid X. A boiling tube containing
molten X at 950C was allowed to cool in a conical flask to room temperature. The temperature
of X recorded at half-minute intervals. Figure 1 shows the reading of the thermometer for this
experiment.

13

Figure 1.
(a) Record the temperature at each time interval in the spaces provided in figure 1.
(b) Construct a table to record the data shown in figure 1.

(c) (i)
(ii)

Draw a graph of temperature against time.

On your graph, mark the freezing point of X.

(d) What happened to the temperature when X was freezing?

(e) Why was the boiling tube placed in the conical flask during the cooling?
........................................................................................................................................

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM

1.

Which of the following substances will become gas when heated without becoming a liquid?
A
Ice

14

B
C
D
2.

Iron
Iodine
Sodium chloride

The diagram shows a model of an atom.

Who introduced this model?

A
Neils Bohr
B
John Dalton
C
James Chadwick
D
Ernest Rutherford
3.

Table 1 shows the melting point of substances P,Q,R and S.

Substances
Melting point/oC
Boiling point/oC
P
-187
-126
Q
-78
70
R
75
130
S
114
444
TABLE 1
A
P
B
Q
C
R
D
S

4.

Which of the following processes is not true?

A
B
C
D

5.

Change of state
Liquid to gas
Liquid to solid
Gas to liquid
Solid to gas

Change of energy content

Energy is absorbed
Energy is produced
Energy is produced
Energy is produced

Which of the following scientist has given the latest accepted structure of an atom?
A
B
C
D

6.

Process
Boiling
Freezing
Condensation
Evaporation

Scientist
Neils Bohr

Structure of the atom

Electrons move in a circular orbit around the
nucleus along a fixed shell
John Dalton The atom is spherical in shape and is made
up positive charges with negative charged
electrons moving around them
Ernest
Every matter consists of small particles
Rutherford
known as atoms
J.J.Thomson The alpha particle is the positively charged
particle

Figure 1 shows graphically the heating effect of substance S?

Temperature/oC

15

80

t1

t2

time/minute

What are the conclusions that can be made from the graph?
I.
The melting point of substances S is 80oC.
II.
At the time t1 substance S begins to melt.
III.
After the time t2, all the mass of substance S has changed to the liquid state.
IV.
Substance S is in both the liquid and solid states from the time t1 to t2.
A.
B.

I and III only

I and IV only

C.
D.

I,II and IV only

I ,II,III and IV

7.

Table 2 shows the proton number for the elements I,J,K,and L.

Element
Proton number
I
3
J
8
K
10
L
19
Table 2
Which of the elements has 4 electrons shells?
A.
I
B.
J
C.
K
D.
L

8.

What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the first shell of an atom?
A
2
C
8
B
4
D
18

9.

Table 3 shows the number of protons for elements P,Q,R,S, and T.

Elements
P
Q
R
S
T
Proton numbers
3
8
10 11 20
Table 3
Which of the following has the same electron valence?
A
B

10.

Element P and element S

Element Q and element S

C
D

Element R and element S

Element S and element T

Which of the following shows that the sodium atom and the potassium have the same
similar feature(s)?
I
The electron number
II
The number of electron shells
III
The number of electrons
IV
The number of neutrons
A
B.

I and II only
II and IV only

C.
D.

I,II and III only

I ,II,III and IV

16